Since now there was no proper rulling of muslims and no centralized government.

There was
one expedition during dynasty Abbasids which was won. Their centralized government was
from 750-850 AD.In 998 Sultan Mehmood Ghaznavi came here. His famous expeditions were on
Temples of Somnat. He conquered these temples and made his government here. This was the
proper Muslim government in 10th century.

Dynasties:
• In 10h century there was Ghazna Dynasty held by Mehmood ghaznavi
• In 11th century there was Ghori Dynasty held by Muhammad Ghori
• In 13th century there was Slave Dynasty held by Qutbudin Aebaq
• In 14th century there was Khilji Dynasty held by Khilji Allaudin
• In 15th century there was Saljooks Dynasty
• In 16th century there was Mughal Dynasty in 1526
Mughal Dynasty (1527-1857):
First king was Babar in 1526 Babr died in 1530. Then his son Humayun came to the throne but
Shair Shah Soori attacked him in 1545 and snatched the throne and Humayun ran, but in 1555
he came and ruled again. Then government of Akbar, Jhagir and Shajahan came. The period
from 1527 to 1707 was called the great Mughals because they were defeated by none Afy=ter
the death of Aurangzaib, East india Company came forward, before this in the period of
Jahangir they came forward and Shahjahan limited it but Auraingzaib limited it at wide extend.
After the death of Auraingzaib all the rulers were weak and incompetent.
East India Company;
East India Company were actually traders, but when they saw wealth here and they did
expeditions East india company started disturbing things. The first war was War of Plessey in
1757. After that A big war was War of Buxer in 1764. Things came to at that verge that Muslims
and non-Muslims decided in 1857 to send out the English, and the war named War of
Independence. While English called it War of mutiny because they think that it was a revolt but
revolt was that against the government and English were not the governmet of the time. As
English were not the government so war against them was not a revolt. According to English
there was nothing to fight with them and Muslims and Non-Muslims made it a fight against
them. Although they created all the sources and grounds that there was no way only war
Causes Of War Of Independence:
They created damages in every field like politics,economy, religion, military
Political Causes:
They first created a political chaos in which they improvised a fight between Muslims and also
created fight between non-muslims
Role of trators:
War strategy was always kept secret, they set such people with kings who tell everything to
them in the very same way that Mir Sadiq and Mir Jafar did with Tipu Sultan. Britsih honour this
act and hired such peole that could do anything for money. They introduced a new law Doctrine
of Lapse according to which kings whom children died and they adopt child, such child could not rule.
Automatically when adopted children could not rule they sieze the government, for this purpose they
also started killing children of kings
Anexxation Of state:
According to this they said there are only two ways either come to our side or fight, and
obviously if people of subcontinent fight they will defeat because they didn’t have technology
so people started going their side and small number of natives left behind :
Economical causes:
The most important thing of every country’s economy is the part through which its economy
runs and if it was destroyed economy automatically destroys. When british came they were
captivated by their wealth and wanted to seize it but in a civilized way. Economy of
subcontinent was based on agriculture.
New agrarian Policy:
According to this policy they demanded the records of lands. In subcontinent at that time there
was no system of registration after father the son took care of the lands and after him his son
and the system continues. When no records were found they seized the lands
Destructin of local industry:
Agriculture produces the raw material that runs the industry. As there was no raw material
industries destroyed and no products produced
Increase in Imports:
As British seized the agriculture the raw material that produced started going to Britain. So they
started impoting products from Britain.It damges the economy.
Unemployment:
When there were no products to buy and sell unemployment increases. Unemployment
increased the rate of murders and robbery and people started fighting with each other. To add
more burden British introduced fees of court (court fee stamp) and it became difficult to seek
justice
Religious Causes:
East India Company asked for the propagation of Christianity in british parliament but they
refused three times. In fourth time they agreed and when Christianity came it damages the
religion for this purpose they choked orphans to prepare them as they wanted
Anti-Religion Laws:
They introduced such laws that finishes the customs of people of subcontinent. For example,
they finished the hindu custom of ‘Sati’ ( that wife should die with the death of huband). They
banned more than one marriage at a time which was against islamic law. They prohibied young
marriages even they considered the marriage at 18 an immature marriage. While according to
islam marriage is permissible after puberty
Social causes:
Mockery of heritage Culture:
Christians mocked the muslims and hindu. Muslims celebrate Eid but they didn’t made fun of it
because they too celebrate the easter. They made fun of customs of hindus like holi, brith of
krishan and the turban.
Racism:
They used to say that we are white and you the natives of subcontinent are black so we are
superior
Military Cuases
Disbanded Armies:
Like today there is a system that a fix number of lieutenant work under this major and a fix
number of major work under this person. Such system was not present in the subcontinent
they have different army for state different for king different for prince etc
Greased Cartridges:
These were the Cartridges made of the skin of cow and pig and it was used by bitting it in
mouth. Hindu and Muslim refused to use it as pig is haram in islam and hindu considered
cow very pious