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Tensile Test PDF
Tensile Test PDF
Tensile test is one of the most common tests for steel. The test is described by standard EN 10 002.
The test involves straining a test piece by tensile force, generally to fracture, for the purpose of
determining tensile strength, yield strength, event. ductility and reduction of area.
16.1.1 Definitions
gauge length (L) - length of cylindrical or prismatic portion of the test piece on which elongation is
measured at any moment during the test [m]
original gauge length (L0) - gauge length before application of force [m]
final gauge length (Lu) - gauge length after rupture of the test piece [m]
elongation - increase in the original gauge length at the end of the test
ductility – percentage elongation after fracture (A) - permanent elongation of the gauge length
after fracture , expressed as the percentage of the original length:
A=
Lu - L0
[%]
L0
extension – increase of the original length at a given moment of the test
percentage reduction of area (Z) - maximum change of cross sectional area, which was
occurred during the test, expressed as a percentage of the original cross-sectional area .
Z=
S0 - S u
[%]
S0
where S0 is original cross-sectional area before testing [m2]
Su minimum cross-sectional area after fracture [m2]
maximum force (Fm) - the greatest force which the test piece withstand during the test [N ]
stress (σ) - force at any moment during the test divided by the original cross-sectional area (S0) of
the test piece :
σ=
F
[MPa]
S0
Rm =
Fm
[MPa]
S0
yield strength (Ry) – when metallic material exhibits a yield phenomenon, a point is reached
during the test at which plastic deformation occurs without any increase in the force :
Ry =
Fy
[MPa]
S0
where Fy is force at the point of yield [N]
proof strength (Rp) – stress at which extension is equal to a specified percentage of the gauge
length. the symbol used is followed by a suffix giving the prescribed percentage,for example Rp, 0,2
page 1
Fig.:46 Stress –strain diagram
a) steel with yield point b) steel with proof strength Rp,0,2
σ [N/mm2] σ [N/mm2]
( F [N] ) ( F [N] )
fracture
Ry yield strenght
elastic limit
proportionality limit
ε [-] ε [-]
( Δl [mm] ) 0,2 % ( Δl [mm] )
S0 =
π.d 2
4
[mm ] 2
where d is the arithmetic mean of two measurements carried out in two perpendicular direction
for products of ribbed surface S0 may be determined from the mass of a known length L and its
density (7850 kg/m3) according the formula :
ρv =
m
V
=
m
S0 × L
and from it : S0 =
m
ρv × L
[m ] 2
page 2
Vocabulary.
strain deformace
cold worked steel ocel tvářená zastudena
ductility tažnost
elongation prodloužení
extension protažení
final gauge length konečná měřená délka
gauge length měřená (odměrná) délka
grip pevně uchytit
jaw čelist
original gauge length počáteční měřená délka
percentage elongation after fracture tažnost
percentage reduction of the area stažnost (kontrakce)
proof strength smluvní mez kluzu
reinforcing steel betonářská ocel
ribbed žebrovaný, s vroubkovaným povrchem
stress napětí
stress-strain diagram pracovní diagram
weldability svařitelnost
yield kluz, průtažnost
yield strength mez kluzu
page 3