Spectrometer-Goniometer with vernier SG1 35635-03

PHYWE Systeme GmbH & Co. KG

Robert-Bosch-Breite 10
37079 Göttingen
Germany

Phone +49 (0) 551 604–0
Fax +49 (0) 551 604–107
E-mail info@phywe.de
Internet http://www.phywe.com

Operating instructions

Fig. 1: Spectrometer-Goniometer with vernier SG1 35635-03

CONTENTS 2 CONTROLS AND FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS

1 Adjustable entrance slit, holding screw for slit cover
1 SAFETY PRECAUTIONS 2 Lock ring fixing entrance slit
3 Collimator
2 CONTROLS AND FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS 4 Spectrometer table lock screw—for height and angle ad-
justment
5 Spectrometer table with threaded holes for holding
3 PURPOSE AND CHARACTERISTICS screws
6 Spring fitted thumb screws for levelling the spectrometer
4 HANDLING table
7 Ocular telescope
5 SCOPE OF DELIVERY 8 Focus knob for ocular telescope
9 Ocular holder with reticule
6 RECOMMENDED ACCESSORIES 10 Adjustment knob for slit width
11 Focus knob for collimator telescope
12 Fine adjustment knob for spectrometer table rotation
7 TECHNICAL DATA 13 Lock screw for spectrometer table rotation
14 Lock screw for ocular telescope rotation
8 WASTE DISPOSAL 15 Fine adjustment knob for ocular telescope rotation
16 Lock ring fixing the ocular holder
17 Push-in ocular, 15x
18 Prism holder
19 Thumb screws for fixing prism or grating holder
1 SAFETY PRECAUTIONS 20 Holder for diffraction gratings or diaphragms

3 PURPOSE AND CHARACTERISTICS

Caution!
• Carefully read these operating instructions completely
before operating this instrument. This is necessary to
avoid damage to it, as well as for user-safety.
• Only use the instrument for the purpose for which it was
designed.
The spectrometer-goniometer with vernier mainly comprises
a collimator telescope with adjustable light entrance slit, a
telescope with reticule with same focal length as the collima-
tor, and a table that can be rotated and levelled, on which
diffraction gratings or dispersive prisms can be mounted.
The collimator parallelises the light coming through the en-
trance slit, so grating or prism are illuminated with a parallel
beam. The ocular telescope focuses the parallel light and
provides an image of the slit that can be observed by eye-

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sight so that the position of the image of the slit can be com-
pared to the position of the reticule.
The angle through which grating or prism deflect the light de-
pends on the light wavelength—so for each wavelength there
is a separate image of the entrance slit. By rotating the ocular
telescope around the main axis of the device the reticule is
brought to match the image of the slit for the respective
wavelength and the goniometer used to determine the deflec-
tion angle.
The angle between collimator, ocular, and table can be read
Fig. 2: Example for reading the angle
off to the precision of half an arc minute with help of vernier
scales.
Rough angle adjustment is done with the lock screws open
(13 and 14) and else with lock screws tightened using the
fine adjustment knobs (12 and 15) with backlash free me-
chanics.

4 HANDLING
3.1 Adjustment of the device
Pull out the push-in ocular 17 a little from the ocular holder 9
to focus the reticule as good as possible.
If necessary, loosen the ocular holder with the lock ring 16
and turn the reticule until it is precisely vertical and fix again
well with 16.
Point the ocular telescope to a distant object and focus this
with focus knob 8. This adjustment is essential, because the
angle precision depends also on the parallelism of the light
beam passing prism or grating. In order that the free opening
of the telescope would appear at an angle of half an arc mi-
nute, it would have to be 220 m away.
Now point the ocular telescope to the collimator. Focus the
slit with knob 11 on the collimator not altering the adjustment
of the ocular telescope focus. Then the light between collima-
tor and ocular is parallel. If necessary, loosen the slit with lock
ring 2 and adjust it precisely vertical—parallel to the reticule.
The slit has a fixed and a movable edge. For angle meas-
urement the reference should be the fixed edge. This should
be brought to match the reticule using fine adjustment knob
15 for ocular angle. This should be observed as the slit width
might be changed to adapt to different brightness of different
spectroscopic lines.
If without prism or grating the slit does not appear in the ver-
tical middle of the field of view or if the line of sight does not
match the centre of the table which is the main turning axis of
the device, then a realigning of the device may be necessary,
refer to section 3.6.
3.2 Reading the angle with help of vernier scale
One degree equalling 60 arc minutes is separated into three
divisions corresponding to 20 arc minutes (0°20‘). The divi-
sion of the vernier scale into 20 times two lines then corre-
sponds to arc minutes (0°1‘0“) resp. half arc minutes, that is
30 arc seconds (0°0‘30“). To the angle of 40 lines of the ver-
nier scale corresponds the angle of 39 lines on the main
scale.
In the example of Fig. 2 the zero line of the vernier scale is in
between 305° and 306°, more precise: in the second third of
this degree, that is beyond the first 20 arc minutes. This
reads thus: 305° 20‘ plus the number of divisions, where the
vernier scale best matches the main scale. In this example it
is the ninth of the 20 main divisions, which results to
305°20‘ + 9‘ = 305°29‘.
If the smaller division between eighth and ninth main division
on the vernier scale would match best the main scale, (that is
the 17th times 0°0‘30“ = 0°8‘30“), the read-off result would be
305°28‘30“.
Fig. 3: Photograph of the angle scales: upper scale: position of the
spectrometer table; middle scale: fixed with the collimator
telescope; lower scale: fixed with the ocular telescope
3.3 General remarks
For all measurements angle differences are significant, but
the position of the zero point does not play a role. By loosen-
ing the lock screw for table rotation 13 and the spectrometer
table lock screw 4 the zero point of the table rotation angle
can be adjusted to any value. The zero point of the relative
angle between collimator and ocular is fixed and in general
not at the position, where collimator and ocular are in a
straight line. Thus the reference angle, with respect to which
is measured, always has to be denoted.
Understanding of the basics properties of diffraction gratings
and dispersive prisms is essential for successful operation of
this device and they can be found in textbooks on optics or
on the web, e.g. starting with Wikipedia:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snell's_law
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispersion_(optics)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffraction_grating
3.4 Measurements with a diffraction grating
Fig. 4: Observation of the undeflected light
Mount the grating holder to the spectrometer table and insert
the grating. Align the table with the optical axis of the tele-
scopes. Lock the table well with the lock screw for table rota-
tion 13 and illuminate the slit with the light to be examined—
for adjustment, a source showing lines is necessary.
Darken the room. Swing the ocular telescope to the side and
observe the image of the slit through the grating. If your face
is illuminated from front, then the surface reflex of the grating
shows your eye. Tilt the grating about the axis perpendicular

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to main light beam and perpendicular to the grating lines with
help of table levelling screws 6 such that the pupil appears at
vertical centre of the slit image—such a tilt causes the dif-
fracted slit images on the sides to be vertically lifted or low-
ered to both sides. Then turn the table with 12 until the pupil
appears laterally centred about the slit image.
Now observe diffracted light on one side of the main beam
through the ocular telescope and turn the grating in its holder
about the surface normal of the grating along main beam axis
until the diffracted slit image appears vertically centred with
the reticule—a rotation about the surface normal causes the
images of the slit to the sides to be vertically lifted on one and
lowered on the other side. Cross check on the other side of
the undeflected main beam.

Fig. 7: Horizontal alignment of the table

If this is not successful though the prism is cut precisely, then

check realignment of the device, see section 3.6.
Now attach the prism to the table as in Fig. 8. To find the
rough position for prism and ocular, the ocular can first be
turned to the side and the collimator viewed through the
prism by eyesight. If you see the slit through the prism, then
move the ocular to about the angle position where your eye
has been.
Fig. 5: Observation of the deflected light

Alternatively adjustment can be done exploiting the surface

reflex of the main beam on the grating observed through the
telescope with the grating at 45° and the ocular at right an-
gles with the main beam, also using diffracted light with the
grating operating as reflex grating.
Finally measure for a specific spectral line the deflection an-
gle between deflected and undeflected beam to both sides of
the undeflected beam. Average the values and move the tel-
escope with fine adjustment 15 to the according average an-
gle position. Then use the table fine adjustment 12 to bring
the diffracted slit image to match the reticule. Check the re-
sult of this procedure and repeat, if necessary.
Only if this turns out to be impossible, then consider realign-
ing of the device, refer to section 3.6.
The angle is to be read on the outer scale.

3.5 Measurements with a prism

Fig. 6: Observation of the undeflected light

Illuminate the entrance slit with the light to be examined and

denote the angle position of the ocular telescope, where the
slit image of the undeflected light matches the reticule.
The surface reflex of the prism can be exploited to align the
table precisely horizontal: Turn the ocular through 120° from
straight position. Then always one of the levelling screws 6
(refer to the arrow in Fig. 7) can be used to align the reflected
slit image to vertical centre of the reticule. For this loosen the
lock screw for the table 13 but keep the lock screw 4 fixed.
Turn the table each time through 60° and repeat the align-
ment until the table is horizontally aligned.
Fig. 8: Beam path at the angle of least deflection
If you can see the image of the slit in the ocular, then find the
angle of least deflection by turning the table with the prism
until the slit image does no further move towards straight po-
sition. At the angle of least deflection the dependence of the
slit image position on table position is least. Further at this
position the set up is symmetrical and the surface normal of
the prism is the bisectrix between collimator and ocular tele-

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scopes. Now tighten lock screws 13 and 14 and use the fine The table can be mounted such that the height matches the
adjustment knobs for angle measurement. For each light top level of the telescopes. Then the marking of the table and
wavelength the angle of least deflection is to be found sepa- the telescopes are brought into a straight line looking along
rately and denoted along with the angle between collimator the upper edge of the telescopes.
and ocular axis.
The exact position of the prism on the table is not so relevant,
if the parallelism of the light beam in use is precise, since 5 SCOPE OF DELIVERY
changes in the prism position would only effect a parallel shift All items depicted in Fig. 1, and additionally a clamping ring
of the beam and all parallel beams would be focussed to the that can be used to set the table height. The ring must be
same point by the perfect lenses of the telescope. But in real- fixed to the holding stem of the table with a 1.5 mm Allen key.
ity there are lens aberrations and thus the beam path should
be kept as symmetrical as possible and the prism position
should allow for the largest possible clear width of the light. 6 RECOMMENDED ACCESSORIES
Refer to experimental manuals:
3.6 Realigning the device
P2210301 Dispersion and resolving power of a prism and a
For the holding screws of the pillars of ocular- and collimator grating spectroscope
telescopes (4 in Fig. 9) a 6 mm Allen key is necessary. A P2510601 Fine structure: one and two electron spectra
3 mm Allen key is necessary for the levelling screws (1 and 3
in Fig. 9) that fix the fulcrum (2 in Fig. 9).
7 TECHNICAL DATA
Height light path above table 180 mm
Focal length:
Collimator telescope 178 mm
Ocular telescope 178 mm
Magnification ocular 15x
Clear beam width 32 mm
Spectrometer table diameter 85.5 mm
Scale diameter 176 mm
Fig. 9: Changing the telescope alignment
Reading accuracy 0°0‘30“
In order that in a configuration like in Fig. 4 the slit appears
vertically centred to the reticule, both collimator and ocular
can be rotated about fulcrum 2 by first slightly loosening one 8 WASTE DISPOSAL
of the screws 1 and 3 and then tightening the other. The tele- The packaging mainly consists of environmentally-friendly
scopes should be aligned along a straight line as seen in materials that should be returned to the local recycling sta-
Fig. 10. tions.

Do not dispose of this product with normal

household waste.
If this unit needs to be disposed of, please
return it to the address that is stated below
for proper disposal.

PHYWE Systeme GmbH & Co. KG

Customer Service
Fig. 10: Telescope alignment along a straight Robert-Bosch-Breite 10
37079 Göttingen
In order that the telescopes are aligned along a straight line Germany
that runs through the main axis of rotation of the goniometer,
refer to Fig. 11, the holding screws of the pillars (4 in Fig. 9) Phone +49 (0) 551 604-274
have to be loosened so the telescopes can be rotated around Fax +49 (0) 551 604-246
the axis of the pillar.

Fig. 11: Telescope alignment along a straight through centre of rotation

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