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9th International Conference on Applied Energy, ICAE2017, 21-24 August 2017, Cardiff, UK

Using an MVDC Link to Increase DG Hosting Capacity of a

The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling
Distribution Network
QiAssessing the
Qia, Chao Long a feasibility of
, Jianzhong Wua, Kevin usingSmith the bheat, Andrew demand-outdoor
Moonc, James Yub
temperature Institute
function a for ofaEngineering,
of Energy, School long-term district
Cardiff University, heat
Cardiff, demand
CF24 3AA, UK forecast
b
Scottish Power Energy Networks, Birkenhead, CH43 3ET, UK
a,b,c
*, A. Pina , P. Ferrão , J. Fournier ., B. Lacarrièrec, O. Le Correc
a Technology, Capenhurst,
a b 6ES, UK
c
EA Chester, CH1
I. Andrić
a
IN+ Center for Innovation, Technology and Policy Research - Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
Abstract b
Veolia Recherche & Innovation, 291 Avenue Dreyfous Daniel, 78520 Limay, France
c
Département Systèmes Énergétiques et Environnement - IMT Atlantique, 4 rue Alfred Kastler, 44300 Nantes, France
With the rapidly increasing penetration of distributed generation (DG), the hosting capacity of distribution networks has become
a major concern. In this work, a Medium Voltage DC (MVDC) link between the island of Anglesey and the mainland in North
Wales was analyzed to assess its effectiveness in increasing the hosting capacity of DG. Three control strategies of the MVDC
Abstract
link were proposed considering different control objectives: power loss minimization, line utilization balancing and voltage
profile improvement. Performances of the distribution network with the MVDC link were analyzed considering these control
District heating
strategies. Resultsnetworks
illustratedarethatcommonly
the MVDC addressed in the literature
link can significantly as one
increase theofnetwork
the most effective
hosting solutions
capacity of DGfor decreasing
compared the
to the
greenhouse
original AC gas emissions
operation. Thefrom the building
control strategysector. These systems
considering require high
line utilization investments
balancing as thewhich are returned
objective resultedthrough
in morethe DG
heat
sales. Duetotothe
connection thenetwork
changedthan climate
that conditions and power
of considering building renovation
loss policies,
minimization heat demand
or voltage profile in the future could
improvement as the decrease,
control
prolonging the investment return period.
objective.
The main scope of this paper is to assess the feasibility of using the heat demand – outdoor temperature function for heat demand
©forecast.
2017 TheThe districtPublished
Authors. of Alvalade, locatedLtd.
by Elsevier in Lisbon (Portugal), was used as a case study. The district is consisted of 665
buildings that
Peer-review vary
under in both construction
responsibility periodcommittee
of the scientific and typology.
of theThree weather scenarios
9th International (low,onmedium,
Conference Appliedhigh) and three district
Energy.
renovation scenarios were developed (shallow, intermediate, deep). To estimate the error, obtained heat demand values were
comparedDistribution
Keywords: with results from aMedium
network, dynamic heat demand
Voltage model,
DC (MVDC), previously
distributed developed
generation, andcapacity
hosting validated by the authors.
The results showed that when only weather change is considered, the margin of error could be acceptable for some applications
(the error in annual demand was lower than 20% for all weather scenarios considered). However, after introducing renovation
1.scenarios,
Introduction
the error value increased up to 59.5% (depending on the weather and renovation scenarios combination considered).
The value of slope coefficient increased on average within the range of 3.8% up to 8% per decade, that corresponds to the
decrease in thegeneration
Distributed number of heating hours of 22-139h
(DG) technology during the
is considered as heating seasonsolution
a promising (depending on the combination
to energy of weather and
crisis and environmental
renovation scenarios considered). On the other hand, function intercept increased for 7.8-12.7% per
pollution [1]. However, the ability of distribution networks to host a large amount of DG is restricted due to voltage decade (depending on the
coupled scenarios). The values suggested could be used to modify the function parameters for the scenarios considered, and
violations, thermal overloads, and protection issues.
improve the accuracy of heat demand estimations.
The rapid development of power electronic technologies provides alternative solutions to overcome the technical
issues
© 2017brought by DG
The Authors. and facilitate
Published theLtd.
by Elsevier integration of DG. From the applications of power electronics to High
Voltage (HV) transmission networks and Low Voltage (LV)
Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of Thedistribution networks,
15th International analogies
Symposium can beHeating
on District made with
and the
applications
Cooling. to Medium Voltage (MV) distribution networks [2]. DC technology has been used to some degree at
* Corresponding author.
Keywords: Heat demand; Forecast; Climate change
E-mail address: WuJ5@cardiff.ac.uk
This work has been partially supported by Ofgem Electricity Network Innovation Competition project ANGLE-DC 2016-2020 and Flexis
(Flexible Integrated Energy Systems). Flexis is part-funded by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), through the Welsh
Government.
1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling.
1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 9th International Conference on Applied Energy .
10.1016/j.egypro.2017.12.622
 Qi Qi et al. / Energy Procedia 142 (2017) 2224–2229 2225
2 Q. Qi. et al. / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000

MV for industrial and back-to-back applications. The use of shunt-connected voltage source converters (VSCs) in
rural networks for voltage regulation was described in [3]. In [4], the control concept for a series controller
implemented with several VSCs was proposed to extend the power limits of feeders and to improve the voltage
performance. More recently, a back-to-back application of VSC, which has also been called soft open point (SOP),
was particularly studied in the literature. The capability of SOP for voltage regulation in order to increase DG
penetration was quantified in [5]. The benefits of using SOPs in a distribution network were analyzed in [6]. A
sensitivity method to define the optimal operating region of SOP was proposed in [7].
Previous studies investigated the application of DC technology to provide controllability and flexibility in
distribution network operation. However, a point-to-point application of a Medium Voltage DC (MVDC) link in a
distribution network with the use of existing AC circuits, converted to DC operation, has not been considered.
In this work, as part of an Ofgem Electricity Network Innovation Competition (ENIC) project Angle-DC [8], an
MVDC link will be constructed by converting an existing double 33kV AC circuit to DC operation. The benefit
from the deployment of VSCs at both ends of the link, rather than a back-to-back application (i.e. SOP), is that it
enables flexible power and voltage control over a wider area and increases the capacity of existing circuits. The
capability of the MVDC link to increase DG hosting capacity was previously assessed in [9], where a control
strategy for power loss reduction was considered. This paper expanded the work in [9] by proposing different
control strategies of the MVDC link and providing a comparison between them. In addition to power loss
minimization, line utilization balancing and voltage profile improvement were also considered as control objectives,
since voltage and thermal violations are the limiting factors for a network to accommodate a large amount of DG
capacity. The effectiveness of the MVDC link using proposed control strategies was demonstrated on the Anglesey
network model used by SP Energy Networks for network planning and design.

2. Modelling of Anglesey Network and MVDC Link

2.1 Modelling of Anglesey Network

Fig. 1. The 33kV Anglesey network Fig. 2. The updating process of PSO

Fig. 1 shows the simplified 33 kV Anglesey network and a part of the network on mainland. The meshed 33 kV
Anglesey network is supplied by three 132/33kV transformers at Amlwch and Caergeiliog. Three wind farms with a
total capacity of 34.7 MW and two solar farms with a total capacity of 28.5 MW are already installed on Anglesey as
shown in Fig. 1. Three more DGs, with a total capacity of 67.75 MW, have been accepted and will be installed in the
next few years.
2226 Qi Qi et al. / Energy Procedia 142 (2017) 2224–2229
Q. Qi. et al. / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000 3

2.2 Modelling of MVDC Link

At each terminal of the MVDC link, a VSC model was used for the conversion between AC and DC. 𝑃𝑃𝑉𝑉𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 −
𝑉𝑉𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑉𝑉𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 was selected as the control mode. Therefore reactive power at each terminal is adjusted to maintain the
voltage at specified value, e.g. 1 pu. The model of the MVDC link was obtained considering the following
constraints.
The active power constraints:

𝑃𝑃𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉1 + 𝑃𝑃𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉2 + 𝑃𝑃𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷−𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 = 0 (1)

where 𝑃𝑃𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉1 , 𝑃𝑃𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉2 are the MW flow of each VSC. 𝑃𝑃𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷−𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 is the power loss within the MVDC link, which is
relatively low (approximate 1 ~ 2%) compared to the total loss within the network and thus can be neglected.
Therefore, Eq. 1 is simplified as:

𝑃𝑃𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉1 = −𝑃𝑃𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉2 (2)

The reactive power constraints:

𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝑄𝑄𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉,𝑛𝑛 ≤ 𝑄𝑄𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉,𝑛𝑛 ≤ 𝑄𝑄𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉,𝑛𝑛 (𝑛𝑛 = 1,2) (3)

𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
where 𝑄𝑄𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉,𝑛𝑛 is the reactive power at the 𝑛𝑛𝑡𝑡ℎ terminal of the MVDC link. 𝑄𝑄𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉,𝑛𝑛 and 𝑄𝑄𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉,𝑛𝑛 are the lower and upper
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
limits of the reactive power provided by the VSC at terminal 𝑛𝑛. Normally 𝑄𝑄𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉,𝑛𝑛 is positive which means reactive
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
power injection to the grid, and 𝑄𝑄𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉,𝑛𝑛 is negative which means reactive power absorption from the grid.
The capacity constraints:

2 2
√𝑃𝑃𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉,𝑛𝑛 + 𝑄𝑄𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉,𝑛𝑛 ≤ 𝑆𝑆𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉,𝑛𝑛 (4)

where 𝑆𝑆𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉,𝑛𝑛 is the rated capacity of the VSC at the 𝑛𝑛𝑡𝑡ℎ terminal of the MVDC link.

3. Possible MVDC Link Control Strategies

It was assumed that the real-time measurements at Grid Transformers (GTs) on Anglesey were available and
provided directly to the controller of the MVDC link, and this means the total MW flow through GTs was used to
specify the MW set-point of the MVDC link [10].

3.1 Grid Transformer MW Flow

Different scenarios of demand and generation were considered. For the demand on Anglesey, five demand levels
from 24.56 MVA to 81.82 MVA were taken into account, corresponding to: summer minimum (24.56 MVA),
summer maximum (37.64 MVA), existing winter maximum (74.70 MVA), existing winter maximum uniformly
increased by 5%, which denotes forecasted winter maximum in 2019 (77.94 MVA) and existing winter maximum
uniformly increased by 11%, which denotes forecasted winter maximum in 2023 (81.82 MVA). Regarding the
generation on Anglesey, five generation levels between 0 MW and maximum capacity of 125 MW were considered,
including both connected and contracted generation. The variation in DG output was scaled uniformly.
Table 1 shows the MW flow through GTs under different scenarios of demand and generation. A positive sign
means the power is imported from the mainland to Anglesey, and a negative sign means the power is exported from
Anglesey to the mainland.

3.2 MVDC Link Operational Curves

 Qi Qi et al. / Energy Procedia 142 (2017) 2224–2229 2227
4 Q. Qi. et al. / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000

The operational curves of the MVDC link were obtained by optimal power flows. For each demand and
generation scenario, the set-point of the MVDC link was taken as decision variable varying between -25 MW and 25
MW, where negative values indicate export of active power from Anglesey to the mainland. The reactive power at
both terminals was varied between -15 MVAr and 15 MVAr accordingly to maintain the terminal voltage at 1 pu.
The optimizations along three objectives were carried out separately, which were: active power loss minimization,
line utilization balancing and voltage profile improvement.

3.2.1 Objectives of operational curves

3.2.1.1 Power loss minimization (PLM)

Power losses in the 33kV Anglesey network and the 132 and 400kV networks that are connecting Anglesey
network to the transmission lines were considered. The objective function is formulated as:

𝑁𝑁
𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏ℎ 2
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 = ∑𝑘𝑘=1 𝐼𝐼𝑘𝑘 × 𝑟𝑟𝑘𝑘 (5)

where 𝐼𝐼𝑘𝑘 is the current flowing through branch 𝑘𝑘. 𝑟𝑟𝑘𝑘 is the resistance of that branch, and 𝑁𝑁𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏ℎ is the total number
of branches including feeders and transformers.

3.2.1.2 Line utilization balancing (LUB)

Line utilization balancing is achieved by minimizing the line utilization balance index, which is defined as:

2
𝑁𝑁 𝑆𝑆𝑘𝑘
𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 = ∑𝑘𝑘=1
𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏ℎ
( ) (6)
𝑆𝑆𝑘𝑘,𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟

where 𝑆𝑆𝑘𝑘 is the complex power flow through branch 𝑘𝑘 and 𝑆𝑆𝑘𝑘,𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 is the rated capacity of that branch.

3.2.1.3 Voltage profile improvement (VPI)

The improvement in voltage profile is achieved by minimizing the voltage profile index, which is defined as:

𝑁𝑁 2
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 = ∑𝑖𝑖=1
𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏
(𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖 − 𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖,𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 ) (7)

where 𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖 and 𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖,𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 are the real and nominal voltage of bus 𝑖𝑖, i.e. 1 pu. 𝑁𝑁𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 is the total number of buses in the
network.

3.2.2 Determination of optimal set-points of the MVDC link

Optimal MW set-points of the MVDC link were obtained by using the Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm
(PSO), which is a population-based multi-point global search technique developed by Eberhart and Kennedy [11].
PSO is one of the most recently used evolutionary algorithms, with attractive features of simple concept, easy
implementation, fast computation and robust search ability. As such, it has been widely used in power system
optimization problems. The search starts with a population of random search points named particles. Each particle is
encoded by a position vector (𝑥𝑥), which denotes the decision variables. The position vector (𝑥𝑥) is updated using the
particle’s velocity in successive iterations. In each iteration, 𝑣𝑣 is updated using two optimal values. The first is the
individual best position (𝑝𝑝𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 ) achieved by each particle itself. The other is the global best position (𝑔𝑔𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 ) obtained
by any particle in the population, which is used as a guide leading the population towards optimum. The velocity
and position update equations for the 𝑖𝑖𝑡𝑡ℎ particle are shown below, and such updating process is visualized in Fig. 2.
2228 Qi Qi et al. / Energy Procedia 142 (2017) 2224–2229
Q. Qi. et al. / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000 5

𝑣𝑣𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖+1 = 𝜔𝜔𝑣𝑣𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 + 𝑐𝑐1 𝑟𝑟1 (𝑝𝑝𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏,𝑖𝑖

𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
− 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 ) + 𝑐𝑐2 𝑟𝑟2 (𝑔𝑔𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏,𝑖𝑖
𝑖𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡
− 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 ) (8)

𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖+1 = 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 + 𝑣𝑣𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖+1 (9)

where 𝜔𝜔 is the inertia weight controlling the effect of the particle’s previous velocity on the current one. 𝑐𝑐1 is the
cognitive learning factor representing the attraction that a particle has toward its own best position. 𝑐𝑐2 is the social
learning factor representing the attraction that a particle has toward the best position among its neighbors. 𝑟𝑟1 and 𝑟𝑟2
are two random numbers ∈ [0,1], which are used to keep away from entrapment on local optimum as well as to
permit the diversity of particles in the search space.

4. Control Strategy Comparison

The network model was built and analyzed in IPSA 2 software, and the proposed control strategies were
implemented with python scripting. Performances of the MVDC link using different control strategies were
compared by their capability to increase the network’s DG hosting capacity, which refers to the maximum capacity
of DG a network can host before any violation occurs. For comparison purposes, the performance of the original AC
circuit operation was also examined.
During the optimization procedure, the network voltage and thermal limits under the intact network condition and
the constraints of the MVDC link were taken into account. The optimal set-points of the MVDC link are shown in
Table 2. The operational curves, considering different control objectives shown in Fig. 3, were obtained by a linear
approximation of the MW flow through GTs (Table 1) and the corresponding optimal set-points of the MVDC link
(Table 2). The least squares method was used for the linear approximation to find the most appropriate operational
curve.

Table 1. MW flows through GTs on Anglesey under 25 scenarios of demand and generation

DEMAND (MW)
SMIN SMAX WMAX WMAX_2019 WMAX_2023
0 23.45 36.06 75.08 78.47 82.58
31.25 -8.04 4.45 43.12 46.48 50.51
DG (MW)
62.50 -39.08 -26.69 11.61 14.94 18.89
93.75 -69.66 -57.39 -19.42 -16.13 -12.20
125.0 -99.69 -87.55 -49.94 -46.67 -42.80
0

Table 2. Optimal MW set-points of the MVDC link for the proposed three control strategies

DEMAND (MW)
DG
(MW) SMIN SMAX WMAX WMAX_2019 WMAX_2023
PLM LUB VPI PLM LUB VPI PLM LUB VPI PLM LUB VPI PLM LUB VPI

0 6.24 5.91 24.56 9.71 9.73 24.42 18.78 19.33 25 20.27 20.92 22.88 21.25 22.06 25
31.25 4.45 2.47 25 6.23 6.18 19.48 15.35 18.68 25 16.54 17.22 25 17.98 18.71 25
62.50 -0.88 -0.67 23.39 2.94 3.02 20.99 12.04 12.71 18.23 13.51 14.12 25 3.88 15.70 25
93.75 -4.03 -3.49 12.62 -0.43 0.08 14.16 9.58 10.35 19.90 9.92 10.78
24.4 12.73 12.01 12.49
0
125.00 -7.41 -4.52 -2.65 -5.74 -2.63 0.46 6.28 7.31 13.54 6.65 7.76 10.14 8.28 9.45 12.5
Optimal set-points of the MVDC link using: PLM: power loss minimization; LUB: line utilization balancing; VPI: voltage profile improvement.2
 Qi Qi et al. / Energy Procedia 142 (2017) 2224–2229 2229
6 Q. Qi. et al. / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000

Simulations were carried out considering five demand scenarios. For each scenario, the capacity of total DG
installations on Anglesey was increased from 0 with an increment of 5MW. The hosting capacity of DG is the
maximum capacity of DG the Anglesey network can accommodate before any constraint violations occurred, which
is shown in Fig. 4. It can be seen that the control strategy for line utilization balancing allowed for the greatest DG
capacity to be accommodated, followed by the strategy for loss minimization. The control strategy for voltage
profile improvement achieved the lowest DG hosting capacity, but still outperformed significantly compared to the
AC operation.
30 250
DC link set-point (MW)

DG Hosting Capacity (MW)

25 Voltage Profile
Load 200
20 Improvement
Balancing
15 150

10
Power Loss 100
5 Minimization
0 50

-5 0
-10 SMIN SMAX WMAX WMAX_2019 WMAX_2023
-150 -100 -50 0 50 100
AC Voltage Profile Power Loss Load
Power flow through Anglesey GTs (MW) Improvement Minimization Balancing

Fig. 3. Operational curves of the MVDC link considering different Fig. 4. Anglesey network’s hosting capacity of DG achieved by using
control objectives different approaches

5. Conclusion

In this paper, an MVDC link connecting Anglesey and the mainland in North Wales was considered as an
effective solution to increase the network’s DG hosting capacity. Three control strategies of the MVDC link were
proposed, whereby the MW flow through GTs on Anglesey was used to find the optimal set-point of the MVDC
link, considering three different control objectives which are power loss minimization, line utilization balancing and
voltage profile improvement. Results showed that the use of the MVDC link significantly increased the DG hosting
capacity compared to the original AC operation. The control strategy considering line utilization balancing as the
control objective outperformed other control strategies in increasing in DG hosting capacity of the network.

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