UNIT III.

: Unit Learning Outcomes (ULO): At the end of this unit, you are expected to:
a. Explain the nature and history of drug abuse and drug abuse terminologies
and jargons.

b. Discuss the adverse effects of drugs and its related vices towards the
individual, family and the community.

c. Analyze the different approaches in dealing with the drug problem such as
the law enforcement, drug education, rehabilitation and treatment
approach.

Big Picture in Focus: ULO c.

Analyze the different approaches in dealing with the drug problem such as
the law enforcement, drug education, rehabilitation, and treatment approach.

Metalanguage
The most essential terms relevant to the study of this course and to demonstrate ULOc
are operationally defined to establish a common frame of reference as to how the texts
work in the course. You will encounter these terms as we go through the study of course.
Hence, to be able to fully appreciate the topics presented in this course, unlocking the
meaning of these terms is crucial.

• Manufacture - the production, preparation, compounding or processing of any

dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and essential chemical, either directly
or indirectly or by extraction from substances of natural origin, or independently by
means of chemical synthesis or by combination of extraction and chemical
synthesis, and shall include packaging or repackaging of such substances, design
or configuration of its form, or labeling, or relabeling of its container;

• Marijuana - (Cannabis) or “Indian Hemp” or by its any other name. Embraces

every kind, class, genus, or specie of the plant Cannabis Sativa L, hashish, bhang,
gauza, churrus and ganjab and embraces every kind, class, character of
marijuana, whether dried or fresh and flowering, flowering or fruiting tops, or any
part or portion of the plant and seeds thereof, and all its geographic varieties,
whether as a reefer, resin, extract, tincture or in any form whatsoever.
• Planting of Evidence - the willful act by any person of maliciously and
surreptitiously inserting, placing, adding or attaching directly or indirectly, though
any overt and covert act, whatever quantity of any dangerous drug and/or
controlled precursor and essential chemical in the person, house, effects or on the
immediate vicinity of an innocent individual for the purpose of implicating,
incriminating or imputing the commission of any violation of Republic Act 9165.

• Protector/Coddler - any person who knowingly and willfully consents to the

unlawful acts provided for in this Act uses his/her influence, power or position in
shielding, harboring, screening or facilitating the escape of any person he/she
knows, or has reasonable grounds to believe on or suspects, has violated the
provision of Republic Act 9165 in order to prevent the arrest, prosecution and
conviction of the violator.

• Pusher - any person, who sells, trades, administer, dispenses, delivers or gives
away to another, on any terms whatsoever, distributes, dispatches in transit or
transport dangerous drugs or who acts as a broker in any of such transactions, in
violation of Republic Act 9165.

• Physical Dependence - an adaptive state caused by repeated drug use that

reveals itself by development of intense physical symptoms when the drug is
stopped (withdrawal syndrome).

• Psychological Dependence - an attachment to drug use which arises from a drug

ability to satisfy some emotional or personality needs of an individual.

• Rehabilitation - it is a dynamic process directed towards the changes of the health

of the person to prepare him from his fullest life potentials and capabilities and
making him law abiding and productive member of the community without abusing
drugs.

• Screening Test - a rapid test performed to establish potential/presumptive positive

result.

• Trading - transactions involving the illegal trafficking of dangerous drugs and/or

controlled precursor and essential chemicals using electronic devices such as, but
not limited to, text messages, email, mobile or landlines, two-way radios, internet,
instant messengers and chat rooms or acting as a broker in any of such
transactions whether for money or any other consideration in violation of Republic
Act 9165.

• Tolerance - it is the tendency to increase dosage of drugs to maintain the same

effect in the body.
 • Treatment - a medical service rendered to a client for the effective management
of his total condition related to drug abuse. It deals with physiological and
psychosocial complications arising from drug abuse.

• Use - any act of injecting, intravenously or intramuscularly, of consuming,

otherwise introducing into the physiological system of the body, and of the
dangerous drugs.

Essential Knowledge
To perform the aforesaid big picture (unit learning outcomes) for the last two (2) weeks of
the course, you need to fully understand the following essential knowledge that will be
laid down in the succeeding pages. The topics presented in this section is taken from the
approved textbook of the course. Please note that you are not limited to exclusively refer
to the resources. Thus, you are expected to utilize other books, research articles and
other resources that are available in the university’s library e.g. ebrary,
search.proquest.com etc.

Drug trafficking
• Is a global illicit trade/black market involving the cultivation, manufacture,
distribution and sale of substances which are subject to drug prohibition laws.
The following are some techniques used by drug traders when crossing borders:
Avoiding border checks, such as by small ships, small air craft, and through overland
smuggling routes.
Submitting to border checks with the drugs hidden in a vehicles, between other
merchandise, in luggage in or under clothes, inside the body, etc.
Buying off diplomats to smuggle drugs in diplomatic mail/luggage, to avoid border checks.
Mule
• a person who agrees to carry illegal drugs into another country in return for
payment by the person selling the drugs.
• is a lower-echelon criminal recruited by a smuggling organization to cross a
border carrying drugs or sometimes an unknowing person in whose bag or
vehicle the drugs are planted, for the purpose of retrieving them elsewhere.
 Two primary means of distribution:
Hierarchical
→Arrangement includes the manufacturer who uses his men to smuggle,
wholesale and store, and distribution the drugs.
Hub – and – Spoke layout
→takes advantage of local gangs and other localized criminal organizations.

Drug syndicate
- Is a group of organized and professional criminals with a formal hierarchy of
organization set in illicit drug cartel trade. It is also otherwise known as “a drug
cartel”.

Drug cartels
- are criminal organizations developed with the primary purpose of
promoting and controlling drug trafficking operations. They range from
loosely managed agreements among various drug traffickers to formalized
commercial enterprises.

Basic structure of the drug cartels:

Falcons (Halcones):
Considered the "eyes and ears" of the streets, the 'falcons' are the lowest
rank in any drug cartel. They are responsible for supervising and reporting the activities
of the military and their rival groups.
Hitmen (Sicarios):
The armed group within the drug cartel that are responsible for carrying out
assassinations, kidnappings, thefts, extortions, operating protection rackets, and
defending their 'plaza' from rival groups and the military.

Lieutenants (Lugartenientes):
The second highest position in the drug cartel organization that are
responsible for supervising the hit men and falcons within their own territory. They are
allowed to carry out low-profile executions without permission from their bosses.

Drug lords (Capos):

The highest position in any drug cartel that are responsible for supervising
the entire drug industry, appointing territorial leaders, making alliances, and planning
high-profile executions.

Medellin Cartel
→was an organized network of drug suppliers and smugglers originating in the
city of Medellín, Colombia. It was founded and run by Ochoa Vazquez brothers Jorge
Luis, Juan David, and Fabio together with Pablo Escobar.
Cali Cartel
→was a drug cartel based in southern Colombia, around the city of Cali and
the Valle del Cauca Department. The Cali Cartel was founded by the Rodríguez Orejuela
brothers, Gilberto and Miguel, as well as associate José Santacruz Londoño. The group's
nickname as "Cali's Gentlemen."

Norte del Valle Cartel, or North Valley Cartel

-was a drug cartel that operated principally in the north of the Valle del Cauca
department of Colombia. It rose to prominence during the second half of the 1990s, after
the Cali Cartel and the Medellín Cartel fragmented, and it was known as one of the most
powerful organizations in the illegal drugs trade. The drug cartel was led by the brothers
Luis Enrique and Javier Antonio Calle Serna, alias Los Comba, until its delivery in 2012
to the authorities of the United States.

Tijuana Cartel
-is a Mexican drug cartel based in Tijuana. The cartel was described as "one
of the biggest and most violent criminal groups in Mexico".

THE GREEN TRIANGLE OF THE PHILIPPINES

➢ Benguet

➢ Kalinga, Apayao

➢ Mt. Province
 IMPORTANT DRUG ROUTES
The Law Enforcement
Approach
ANTI-DRUG DRIVES AND OPERATIONAL CONCEPTS
The Operational Plan (OPLANS) against the Drug Problem
1. Oplan Thunderbolt 1-operation to create impact to the underworld
2. Oplan Thunderbolt 11- operation to neutralize suspected illegal drug laboratories.
3. Oplan Thunderbolt 111- operation for neutralization of big time drug pushers drug
dealer’s and drug lords.
4. Oplan Iceberg-special operations team in selected drug prone areas in order to get
rid of illegal drug activities in the area.
5. Oplan Hunter-operation against suspected military and police personnel who are
engage in illegal drug activities.
6.Oplan Mercurion-operation against drug store which are violating existing regulation
on the scale of regulated drug in coordination with DDB,DOH,BFAD.
7. Oplan Tornado-operation in drug notorious and high profile places
8. Oplan Greengold –nation wide MJ eradication operations in coordination with the
local governments and NGO’S.
9. Oplan Sagip-Yagit- a civic program initiated by NGO’S AND local governments
offices to help eradicate drug syndicates involving street children as drug conduit.
10. Oplan Banat- the newest operational plan against drug abuse focused in the
barangay level in cooperation with the barangay officials.
11.Oplan Athena- operation conducted to neutralize the 14k, the bamboo gang and
other local organized crimes groups involved in illegal drug trafficking
12. Oplan Cyclops-operation against chinese triad members involved in illegal drug
operation s particularly methamphetamine hydrocloride .
WHAT IS DANGEROUS DRUGS BOARD (DDB)?
DDB is the policy-making and strategy-formulating body in the planning and
formulation of policies and programs on drug prevention and control.

- under the Office of the President

Composition: 17 members (3 as permanent, 12 as ex-officio, 2 regular members)

3 permanent members: to be appointed by the president, one to be the Chairman with a
rank of Secretary and the 2 members as Undersecretary.

WHAT IS THE PDEA?

PDEA means Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency.

It is the implementing arm of the DDB and responsible of the efficient and effective
law enforcement of all the provisions on any dangerous drugs and/or precursors
and essential chemicals.

The PDEA shall be headed by a Director General with the rank of Undersecretary,
who shall be responsible for the general administration and management of the
Agency. -Appointed by the President of the Republic.
 UNLAWFUL ACTS AND PENALTIES

UNLAWFUL ACTS PENALTIES

Importation of dangerous drugs Life imprisonment to death and a fine ranging from
and/or controlled precursors and P500,000 to P10 million
essential chemicals
Sale, trading, administration, Life imprisonment to death and a fine ranging from
dispensation, delivery, distribution P500,000 to P10 million
and transportation of drugs.
Maintenance of a Den, dive or resort Life imprisonment to death and a fine ranging from
where drugs are used or sold in any P500,000 to P10 million
form.

Being an employee or visitor of a Imprisonment ranging from 12 yrs and 1 day to 20 yrs
den, dive or resort (sec. 7) and a fine ranging from P100,000 to P500,000

Manufacture of dangerous drugs Life imprisonment to death and a fine ranging from
and/or controlled precursors and P500,000 to P10 million
essential chemicals (sec. 8)
Illegal chemical diversion of Imprisonment ranging from 12 yrs and 1 day to 20 yrs
controlled precursor and essential and a fine ranging from P100,000 to P500,000
chemicals (sec 9)
Manufacture or Delivery of Imprisonment ranging from 12 yrs and 1 day to 20 yrs
Equipment, apparatus and other and a fine ranging from P100,000 to P500,000
paraphernalia for dangerous dugs
(sec. 10)
Possession of Dangerous drugs Life imprisonment to death and a fine ranging from
(sec. 11) P500,000 to P10 million
If the quantity involved is less than the foregoing, the penalties shall be
graduated as follows;
Life imprisonment and a fine ranging from P400,000 to P500,000 if shabu is 10
grams or more but less than 50 grams;
Imprisonment of 20 yrs and 1 day to life imprisonment and a fine of ranging
P400,000 to P500,000 if the quantities of drugs are 5 grams or more but less than
10 grams of opium, morphine, heroine, cocaine, MJ resin shabu, MMDA and 300
grams or more but less than 500 grams of marijuana.
Imprisonment of 12 yrs and 1 day to 20 yrs and a fine ranging from P300,000 to
P400,000 if the quantities of dangerous drugs are less than 5 grams of opium,
morphine, heroine, cocaine, mj resin, shabu, MMDA, and less than 300 grams of
marijuana.

The Unlawful Acts Punishable by Death Penalty

Importation or bringing into the Philippines of dangerous drugs using diplomatic
passport or facilities or any means involving his/her official status to facilitate
unlawful entry of the same.
Upon any person who organizes, manages or acts as financiers of any of the
activities involving dangerous drugs.
Sale, trading, administration, dispensation, delivery, distribution and transportation
of dangerous drugs and/or controlled precursors and essential chemicals with in
100 meters from the school
When dangerous drugs is administered, delivered or sold to minor who is allowed
to used the same in such place.
Upon any person who uses a minor or mentally incapacitated individual to deliver
equipment, instrument apparatus and other paraphernalia for dangerous drugs.
If the victim of the offense is a minor or mentally incapacitated individual, or should
a dangerous drug and/or controlled precursors and essential chemical involved in
the offense be the proximate caused of death of the victim.
 Drugs pusher who use minors or mentally incapacitated individuals as runners,
couriers and messengers or in any other capacity directly connected to the
dangerous drug trade.
Possession of dangerous drugs during parties, social gatherings or meetings.

THE TREATMENT AND REHABILITATION APPROACH

Assisting the Drug Abuser
Treatment- the medical service rendered to a client for the effective management of
physical and mental conditions related to drug abuse.
Detoxification
It is a medically supervise elimination of drugs from the system of any addicted
person.
Rehabilitation
• the dynamic process directed towards the physical, emotional/psychological,
vocation list, social and spiritual change to prepare for the fullest life compatible
with his capabilities and potentialities, and render him able to become a law
abiding and productive member of the community without abusing drugs.

CONCEPTS OF REHABILITATION
Medical, physical, mental and moral Rehabilitation
Medical services by the doctors and his staff include:
1. History of drug abuse, where the kind of substance taken is determined, the period or
length of drug abuse, the reason and means to support vice.
2. Evaluation of the conditions of the user by the doctor if the patient needs work-up
treatment and observation.
3. Assessment of the patient by the psychologist for the kind of program the user needs
to start.
4. Referral system to psychologist and/or National Center for Mental Health.
Physical Fitness Program:
1. Physical Calisthenics
2. Martial Arts
3. Sports Activities
4. Aerobics
5. Low impact workout such as walking/jogging.
6. Worthwhile physical activities.

Mental Rehabilitation Services:

1. Formal education services for users who have not attained secondary education level.
2. Post-secondary school which offers vocational courses for skills acquisition.
3. Non-formal education covering handicraft works and the like.
4. Special classroom instruction covering medical use of drugs, its effects as well as
consequences
5. College education is done on a case to case basis.

Personality Development: assisted by the social worker and psychologist

1. Social welfare community development.
2. Sociological services by learning the origin and cause of substance abuse, different
contributory factors, respect to authority and elders, courtesy, interpersonal relationships,
ethics, good manners and right conduct.
3. Psychological services where there is upliftment of moral values, personality
development, and role model in their own community.
Spiritual services by Religious Authorities
1. Faith and morals
2. Religious doctrines
3. Involvement in church movements and church organizations.
 Methods of Rehabilitation
Psychotherapeutic Methods
Individual therapy- this involves a one to one relationship whose aim is to help
the patient reduce his drug abusing behavior and develop insight into his condition.

Group Therapy- this is a form of therapy where the individual is helped through
group process.

Unstructured Group therapy- the role of therapist can be assumed by the entire
group or groups members.

The Family Therapy- this form of intervention is based on recognition that while
the family as a primary social unit, can be a source of problem leading to drug
abuse, can also be a powerful factor in improving the behavior of the drug
dependent.

The Spiritual and Religious Means- this is the development of moral and spiritual
values of drug dependent.

The Follow-up and after-care- the process of rehabilitation does not end upon
the release or discharge of client from the center.

- shall report for follow up treatment, including urine testing for at least 18
months
Self Help
References:

1. Guevara R M (2013). Dangerous Drugs and Vice Control. Wiseman’s Books Trading,
Inc. Quezon City
2. Manwong, RK. (2013) Instructional Materials in Drug Education and Vice Control 3 rd
Edition, Wiseman’s Books Trading, Inc.
3. Republic Act 9165 and Its Implementing Rules and Regulations “The Comprehensive
Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002”, Dangerous Drugs Board

You can also access:

4. Proquest central: https:// search.proquest.com/

a. Username: 33h3wsp28s
b. Password: welcome
5. Proquest Ebook Central (formerly ebrary) :
https:// ebookcentral.proquest.com/auth/lib/uniofminadano-ebooks
a. Username: umlic.dl2@gmail.com
b. Password: umebook2
a. Gale Reference: https://go.gale.com/ps
a. Password: Present
b. Oxford Reference: https://www.oxfordreference.com/
a. Username: minduniversity
b. Password: Oxford 2018
c. Philippine E-Journals: https://ejournals.ph/
a. Username: adminum
b. Password: adminum