ROVUMA UNIVERSITY

TASK OF ENGLISH YEAR II

CHAPTERS:

1.;Writing

2. Structure of Paragraph

Lecture: Carlos David

Undergraduet: Eugénio Suhuti Muatie

 Eugenio Suhuti Muatie

Work of english year II

Work to be presented on
departament of letter and social
sciences for avaluet.

Tutor: Carlos David

Rovuma university
INDEX

Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………1

DEFINITION OF WRITING………………………………………………………………2

SIMPLE SENTENCE………………………………………………………………………2
COMPLEX SENTENCE…………………………………………………………………...3

PARAGRAPH………………………………………………………………………………4

CONTROLING IDEAS…………………………………………………………………….4
SUPPORTING ARGUMENTS…………………………………………………………….5

CONCLUDING IDEA…………………………………………………………………6

ESSAY STRUTURE………………………………………………………………………7

THESIS STETEMENT ON AN ESSAY…………………………………………………8

WRITING A THESIS STATEMENT……………………………………………………..9

CONCLUSION……………………………………………………………………………10

BIBLIOGRAPH……………………………………………………………………………11
Introduction

The present work hás been done purposely to clafify the difinition of writing, simple sentence,
complex sentence, what is a paragraph, a controling of ideas, the supporting of arguments. A
concluding ideas, essay structure, the thesis statements, na essay structure, thesis statements on na
essay, and a writing thesis statements. Writing is a medium of human communication that involves
the representation of a language with symbols.

Hopping all the wishes on reading, in order to discover how eficienc a writing and structure of
paragraph must be na man other important aspect whish takes a part of.

The work was organized in five parts to know’: cover, intercover, introduction, development,
conclusion and, resouces.

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DEFINITION OF WRITING

Writing is a medium of human communication that involves the representation of a language with

symbols. While not all languages utilize a writing system, those with systems of inscriptions can
complement and extend capacities of spoken language by enabling the creation of durable forms of
speech that can be transmitted across space and stored over time or other public records It has also
been observed that the activity of writing itself can have knowledge-transforming effects, since it
allows humans to externalize their thinking in forms that are easier to reflect on and potentially
rework.

Writing systems are not themselves human languages (with the debatable exception of computer
languages) but are means of rendering a language in a readable form. Writing relies on many of the
same semantic structures as the speech it represents, such as lexicon and syntax, with the added
dependency of a system of symbols to represent that language's phonology and morphology. The
result of the activity of writing is called a text, and the interpreter or activator of this text is called
a reader

SIMPLE SENTENCE
A simple sentence is a sentence composed of one independent clause and doesn’t contain any depend
or subordinate clauses. Like any other sentence, it has a subject and a predicate, and it is intended to
express a complete thought.
A simple sentence is also referred to as a clausal sentence. In addition to the subject, verb, and
object, a simple sentence may also have a modifier. A simple sentence, even though it is simple, may
contain compound verbs and subjects at times. There may be the use of commas, but the construction
of the sentence remains simple. An example of this might be:

 An exam is meant to test, evaluate, and determine the understanding level of students.

COMPLEX SENTENCE
A complex sentence is a sentence that contains one independent and at least one dependent clause
(sometimes called a subordinate clause). An independent clause is a phrase that would make sense if
it were a sentence on its own, whereas a dependent clause will not form a sentence on its own. When
these two types of clauses appear in a sentence, we create a complex sentence.

Consider this example:

In the examples of complex sentences below, the dependent clause comes first. Notice that the
dependent clause begins with a subordinating conjunction (words like since, because, while) and that
the clauses are separated by a comma:

Because he was late again, he would be docked a day’s pay.

While I am a passionate basketball fan, I prefer football.

Although she was considered smart, she failed all her exams.

Whenever it rains, I like to wear my blue coat.

PARAGRAPH
A paragraph is a component of fictional prose and non-fiction writings.

When writing essays, research papers, books, etc., new paragraphs are indented to show their
beginnings. Each new paragraph begins with a new indentation.

The purpose of a paragraph is to express a speaker’s thoughts on a particular point in a clear way that
is unique and specific to that paragraph. In other words, paragraphs shouldn’t be mixing thoughts or
ideas. When a new idea is introduced, generally, a writer will introduce a new paragraph.

CONTROLING IDEAS

Is a topic sentences that contain a generalization and a controlling, or defining, idea. This idea tells
the reader how the paragraph is held together. It indicates the structure of the paragraph in order to
help the reader comprehend the relationship between the various sentences in the paragraph.

In the paragraph on the previous page about the role in the social dimension of globalization, the
topic sentence is:

For the ILO to play its full role in building a social dimension of globalization, a policy of
strategic alliance building is needed.

The controlling idea is: strategic alliance building.

Look again at the complete paragraph to see how these words control and order the content of the
paragraph. You’ll notice right away that the paragraph focuses both on potential allies and on the
nature of the proposed alliances.

For the ILO to play its full role in building a social dimension of globalization, a policy of
strategic alliance building is needed. Among the Organization’s potential allies are a
number of civil society organizations. democratic civil society organizations in ways that
are consistent with the goals of the Organization and of its constituents.

SUPPORTING ARGUMENTS
An supporting argument is a series of statements (in a natural language), called the premises or
premisses (both spellings are acceptable), intended to determine the degree of truth of another
statement, the conclusion.The logical form of an argument in a natural language can be represented
in a symbolic formal language, and independently of natural language formally defined "arguments"
can be made in math and computer science.

Logic is the study of the forms of reasoning in arguments and the development of standards and
criteria to evaluate arguments. Deductive arguments can be valid or sound: in a valid argument,
premisses necessitate the conclusion, even if one or more of the premisses is false and the conclusion
is false; in a sound argument, true premisses necessitate a true conclusion. Inductive arguments, by
contrast, can have different degrees of logical strength: the stronger or more cogent the argument, the
greater the probability that the conclusion is true, the weaker the argument, the lesser that
probability The standards for evaluating non-deductive arguments may rest on different or additional
criteria than truth,for example, the persuasiveness of so-called "indispensability claims"
in transcendental arguments, the quality of hypotheses in retroduction, or even the disclosure of new
possibilities for thinking and acting.

CONCLUDING IDEA
Is the topic sentence and the that completed, it remains only to end the paragraph. This is
accomplished through a "concluding sentence," essential to the stand-alone paragraph. The
purpose of this concluding sentence is two-fold: (1) to reiterate the main point developed by
the body sentences and (2) to signal the reader that this is the end of the paragraph. The
concluding sentence for a stand-alone paragraph should accomplish one of the following:

(a) Restate the topic sentence of the paragraph;

(b) Summarize by referring to the key points in the paragraph;
(c) Draw a conclusion based on the information set forth in the paragraph;
(d) Offer a final observation about the controlling idea;
(e) Make a prediction based on the details of the paragraph;

The concluding sentence often begins with a transition word to signal the reader. Here are
some examples of transitions used with concluding sentences:

all in all;
in other words;
in any event;
in brief;
in short;
therefore.

ESSAY STRUTURE
Writing an academic essay means fashioning a coherent set of ideas into an argument. Because
essays are essentially linear, they offer one idea at a time, they must present their ideas in the order
that makes most sense to a reader. Successfully structuring an essay means attending to a reader's
logic.

The focus of such an essay predicts its structure. It dictates the information readers need to know and
the order in which they need to receive it. Thus your essay's structure is necessarily unique to the
main claim you're making. Although there are guidelines for constructing certain classic essay types
(e.g., comparative analysis), there are no set formula.

The Parts of an Essay

The essay contains many different kinds of information, often located in specialized parts or sections.
Even short essays perform several different operations: introducing the argument, analyzing data,
and raising counterarguments, concluding. Introductions and conclusions have fixed places, but
other parts don't. Counterargument, for example, may appear within a paragraph, as a free-standing
section, as part of the beginning, or before the ending. Background material (historical context or
biographical information, a summary of relevant theory or criticism, the definition of a key term)
often appears at the beginning of the essay, between the introduction and the first analytical section,
but might also appear near the beginning of the specific section to which it's relevant.

THESIS STETEMENT ON NA ESSAY

A thesis statement clearly identifies the topic being discussed,includes the points discussed in the
paper, and is written for a specific audience. Your thesis statement belongs at the end of your first
paragraph, also known as your introduction. Use it to generate interest in your topic and encourage
your audience to continue reading..

Another option is to think of a thesis statement as one complete sentence that expresses the
position as:

Narrows the topic down to a specific focus of an investigation;

Establishes a direction for the entire paper;

Points forward to the conclusion;

Always stated in your introduction;

Always take a stand and justify further discussion.

However it dissertation embodying results of original research and especially substantiating a

specific viewespecially : one written by a candidate for an academic degree and a proposition to
be proved or one advanced without proof .

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WRITING A THESIS STATEMENT

Every paper that we write should have a main point, a main idea, or central message. The argument
we make in our paper should reflect this main idea. The sentence that captures our position on this
main idea is what we call a thesis statement.

Tips and Examples for Writing Thesis Statements

1. Determine what kind of paper we are writing:
 An analytical paper breaks down an issue or an idea into its component parts, evaluates the
issue or idea, and presents this breakdown and evaluation to the audience.
 An expository (explanatory) paper explains something to the audience.

 An argumentative paper makes a claim about a topic and justifies this claim with specific
evidence. The claim could be an opinion, a policy proposal, an evaluation, a cause-and-effect
statement, or an interpretation. The goal of the argumentative paper is to convince the
audience that the claim is true based on the evidence provided.

If we are writing a text that does not fall under these three categories (e.g., a narrative), a thesis
statement somewhere in the first paragraph could still be helpful to our reader.

 Our thesis statement should be specific, it should cover only what you will discuss in your
paper and should be supported with specific evidence.
 The thesis statement usually appears at the end of the first paragraph of a paper.
 Our topic may change as you write, so you may need to revise your thesis statement to reflect
exactly what we are have discussed in the paper.

Thesis Statement Examples:

An analysis of the college admission process reveals one challenge facing counselors: accepting
students with high test scores or students with strong extracurricular backgrounds.

The paper that follows should:

 Explain the analysis of the college admission process
 Explain the challenge facing admissions counselors 9
CONCLUSION

During the work i conclud that, Writing is a medium of human communication that involves the
representation of a language with symbols, A simple sentence is a sentence composed of
one independent clause and doesn’t contain any depend or subordinate clauses, A complex sentence
is a sentence that contains one independent and at least one dependent clause sometimes called a
subordinate clause, A paragraph is a component of fictional prose and non-fiction writings,controling
ideas is a topic sentence that contain main ideas, essay means fashioning a coherent set of ideas into
an argument.

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BIBLIOGRAPH
Alice Savage, Patricia Mayer - Effective Academic Writing 2_ The Short Essay (Student Book) (v.
Oxford University Press, USA (2006)  

Learningexpress Read Better Remember More 2nd Edition.

Stephen Bailey - Academic Writing_ A Handbook for International Students-Routledge (2004).

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