Professional Documents
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1. Estimation
i i i
( ˆ
u
i 1
) 2
( y ˆ
y
i 1
) 2
n
( yi ˆ0 ˆ1 xi1 ˆ2 xi 2 ˆk xik ) 2
i 1
2011-3-20 Lectured by Dr Jin Hongfei 8
Some Important Notation
• xij is the i’th observation on the j’th
explanatory variable
• e.g. x32 is the 3rd observation on explanatory
variable 2
• Not such a problem when we use variable
names e.g. educ3
n
(uˆ i ) 2 n
i 1
2 xik ( y i ˆ0 ˆ1 xi1 ˆ 2 xi 2 ˆ k xik ) 0
ˆ k i 1
xi1 x1
2
xi1
x x xi1 x1 ui
1 2 1 i 2
xi1 x1 xi1 x1
2 2
xi1 x1
2
so E 1 1 2 1
Var ˆ j , where
SSTj 1 R j
2
~
From the second conclusion, it is clear that 1
is preferred if 2 0.
ˆ
thus, se( j ) ˆ /[ SST j (1 R j )]
2 1/ 2
df = n – (k + 1), or df = n – k – 1
df (i.e. degrees of freedom) is the (number
of observations) – (number of estimated
parameters)
2011-3-20 Lectured by Dr Jin Hongfei 36
Goodness-of-Fit
R2 can also be used in the multiple regression
context.
R2 = SSE/SST = 1 – SSR/SST
0 < R2 < 1
R2 has the same interpretation - the
proportion of the variation in y explained by
the independent (x) variables
2011-3-20 Lectured by Dr Jin Hongfei 37
More about R-squared
R2 can never decrease when another
independent variable is added to a
regression, and usually will increase
This is because SSR is non-increasing in k
Because R2 will usually increase with the
number of independent variables, it is not a
good way to compare models
R 2
1
SSR n k 1
SST n 1
ˆ 2
1
SST n 1
2011-3-20 Lectured by Dr Jin Hongfei 39
Adjusted R-Squared (cont)
It’s easy to see that the adjusted R2 is just
(1 – R2)(n – 1) / (n – k – 1), but Eviews will
give you both R2 and adj-R2
You can compare the fit of 2 models (with
the same y) by comparing the adj-R2
You cannot use the adj-R2 to compare
models with different y’s (e.g. y vs. ln(y))
R 2
̂ R2
2011-3-20 Lectured by Dr Jin Hongfei 41
Summary: Multiple Regression
Many of the principles the same as simple
regression
Functional form results the same
Need to be aware of the role of the
assumptions
Have only focused on estimation; consider
inference in the next lecture