SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

General Biology 1
Quarter 1 – Module __:
Title: Cell Cycle
General Biology 1 – Grade 11
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 1: The Cell Cycle
First Edition, 2019

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Published by the Department of Education

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Development Team of the Module

Author/s: Rachelle M. Nazareno
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 11

General Biology1
Quarter 1 – Module __
Cell Cycle
This instructional material was collaboratively developed and
reviewed by educators from public and private schools, colleges, and
or/universities. We encourage teachers and other education stakeholders to
email their feedback, comments, and recommendations to the Department of
Education at action@deped.gov.ph.

We value your feedback and recommendations.

Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the General Biology 1 /Grade 11 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM)

Module on Cell Cycle.

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators

both from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or facilitator in
helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while
overcoming their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help
learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration
their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of
the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that will
help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module.
You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to
manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist
the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.

2
 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help
you master the cell at the basic structural and functional unit of life. The scope of
this module permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The
language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are
arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you
read them can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.

The module is divided into three lessons, namely:

 Lesson 1 – Cell Cycle

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. characterize the phases of the cell cycle and their control points.

At the end of the lesson the students should be able to:

1. define cell cycle and checkpoints;
2. discuss the phases of cell cycle and its checkpoint; and
3. show the role of cell cycle in cell growth and cancer cell formation.

4.

3
 What I Know (Pre-Test)

Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter
on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Cells that rarely divide will spend most of their time in what particular
phase of the cell cycle?
a. G0
b. G1
c. G2
d. S

2. If the cell contains 20 chromatids, how many centromeres are present

inside the cell?
a. 10
b. 20
c. 30
d. 40

3. This phase of cell cycle is commonly known as growth phase, because

during this stage cell grows.
a. G0
b. G1
c. G2
d. S

4. This check point of the cycle dictates whether the cell will
continuously divide or stop, and it also checks the cell size, presence
of growth factors and damage of the DNA.
a. G1 checkpoint
b. G2 checkpoint
c. S checkpoint
d. M checkpoint

5. In this phase, the cell is preparing for the cell division in the mitotic
stage.
a. G0
b. G1
c. G2
d. S

4
6. In the eukaryotic cell, it is the longest stage of the cell cycle and
generally its function is to prepare the cell to division process.
a. Interphase
b. Mitotic phase
c. Synthesis Phase
d. All of the above

7. DNA replication occurs in what phase of cell cycle?

a. Interphase
b. Growth phase
c. Mitotic phase
d. Synthesis Phase

8. Which checkpoint ensures sister chromatids are positioned to be split

correctly?
a. G1 checkpoint
b. G2 checkpoint
c. S checkpoint
d. M checkpoint

9. What is the main prerequisite for clearance at the G2 checkpoint?

a. G1 checkpoint
b. G2 checkpoint
c. S checkpoint
d. M checkpoint

10. Inactivation of what kind of gene that can lead to the development of
cancer cells.
a. Cancer cell
b. Oncogene
c. Proto-oncogene
d. Tumor suppressor gene

11. In this phase, the cell is preparing for the cell division of the mitotic
phase.
a. G0
b. G1
c. G2
d. S

5
12. If the M checkpoint is not cleared, what specific stage of mitosis will
be blocked?
a. Anaphase
b. Metaphase
c. Prophase
d. Telophase

13. Majority of the negative regulator proteins of the cell cycle can be
found in what kind of cells?
a. Cancer cells
b. Gametes
c. Stem cells
d. All of the above

14. What type of gene can code a positive cell cycle regulator?
a. Apoptosis
b. Oncogene
c. Proto-oncogene
d. Tumor suppressor gene

15. Programmed cell death is known as ____________.

a. Apoptosis
b. Oncogene
c. Proto-oncogene
d. Tumor suppressor gene

6
 Lesson

1 Biology: Cell Cycle

“The fundamental biological variant is DNA”. – Jacques Monod

One of the basic characteristic of all living organisms is the ability to

reproduce. It is either asexually in unicellular organisms or sexually in
multicellular organism. Sexual reproduction requires fertilization resulting to a
fertilized egg cell called zygote. All the cells in our body came from the division of
the pre-existing one.

In prokaryotes, cell division can be observed through binary fission. While in

the eukaryotes, cell cycle consists of two distinct phases: Interphase and Mitotic
phase. Cell cycle is a means for the continuity of life. So before the cell divides it
spends most of its life in the period of cell growth called Interphase with three sub-
stages: G1 phase, S phase and G2 phase followed by M phase or Mitotic phase.

7
 What’s In

In learning the phases of cell cycle and its checkpoints, it is important that
the students must have a prior knowledge and deep understanding of the
differences between plant and animal cell specifically their parts and functions.
Students should also know the role of nucleus and DNA to cellular reproduction.

As part of the lesson, a short activity will be given to the students to assess
their knowledge about cell cycle and its checkpoint.

FACT OR BLUFF
Tell whether the following statement about the phases of cell cycle and its
checkpoint is a FACT or BLUFF.
1. The correct sequence of the cell cycle phase is G1 → S → G2 → M.
2. Cell division in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell is the same.
3. The results of DNA replication is duplicated DNA.
4. Interphase consists of mitosis and cytokinesis as its stage.
5. Bacterial cell divides through binary fission.
6. Unregulated cell division can lead to cancer cells formation.
7. Cell spends most its time and life in the first gap phase.
8. Cell cycle is a repeating series of events that describes the life cycle of a
cell.
9. A mass of abnormal cells is called a tumor.
10. The process in which a cell divides is known as mitosis.

8
 What’s New

Activity 1. Create Me Now!

Direction: Make a creative diagram that illustrates the continuous set of events
(stages) that occur during the cell cycle. Make sure to labels each phases of the cell
cycle.
*Note: Rubric will be used to give points/grade for the output.

Materials:
Coloring materials ¼ Manila paper
Pentel pen Ballpen/Pencil

Rubric:

Criteria Outstanding Excellent Fair (4pts) Poor 2pts

(10pts) (8pts)

Content All parts of the 1 part of the 2 parts of the 3-4 parts of the
content are content is content are content are
covered. missing. missing. missing.

Creativity Students were Students were Students Students were

very creative in somewhat attempted to be not creative in
their creative in their creative in their their
presentation and presentation presentation presentation
output. and output. and output. and output.

9
 What is It

Cell cycle is the series of events that occur in a cell to prepare cell division
and to produce two new daughter cells.

Phases of cell cycle include two major activities:

1. Interphase
2. M-phase (Mitotic phase)

Interphase is the longest phase of the cell cycle process. It is also the
known as the resting phase. Although the cell is at rest but it is metabolically
active. The metabolic activities of the cell can be observed through cell growth,
production of nutrients and enzymes and replication of DNA.

Interphase has 3 sub-stages:

1. G1 phase (Gap1 phase/Growth 1 phase)
2. S-phase (Synthesis phase)
3. G2 phase (Gap2 phase/Growth 2 phase)

G1 phase (Gap1 phase/Growth 1 phase) the cell increases in size,

proteinsynthesis also occurs enable the cell to increase the amount of cytosol.
Synthesis phase is the longest and the most essential stage of interphase. It
is due to the complexity of the replication of genetic material which results to the
duplication of DNA prior to the cell division process.
G2 phase (Gap2 phase/Growth 2 phase) is the final stage where the cell
prepares itself for cell division process, and also ensures that the DNA replication
completes.

10
 Cell cycle checkpoints verify whether all the cellular activities are
accurately completed at each stage of interphase.

In eukaryotic cells, there are three major checkpoints that control the cell
cycle process. They are:
1. G1 checkpoint at the G1/S transition
2. G2 checkpoint at the G2/M transition
3. Spindle checkpoint, transition from metaphase and anaphase

G1 checkpoint checks the following:

a. Cell’s size (Does the cell large increase its size or large enough for
cell division?)
b. Nutrients (Does the cell have enough reserve energy and nutrients
for cell division?)
c. DNA integrity (Is any part of the DNA damaged?)
d. Molecular signals (Does the cell receives growth factors and other
signals from neighboring cell?)

If the cell does not comply with the following factors, cell cycle will
stop and enters the G0 phase called the resting state. Some cell stays in G 0
phase permanently, while others proceed to divide if the condition of the cell
improves.
G2 checkpoint checks the following:
a. DNA integrity (Is any part of the DNA damaged?)
b. DNA replication (Is the DNA replication completed in the S phase?)

If there is an error, the cell will pause at the G 2 phase and allow for
some repairs. If the damage is within the DNA, the cell cycle will paused and
let the cell complete the DNA replication or repair it. But if the damage cell is
irreparable, the cell will undergo apoptosis or cell death. It is the self-
destruction mechanism of the cell to ensure that the damaged DNA is not
passed on the daughter cells and also important in preventing cancer. There
are some cells that never or rarely divide like matured cardiac muscle and
nerve cell that permanently retains in G0.

Metaphase checkpoint or Spindle checkpoint occurs at metaphase stage

of mitosis. It is regulated by Anaphase-promoting complex (APC). It checks
whether all chromosomes are properly attached to the spindle fibers and its
alignment at the metaphase plate. If there are mistakes, the cell delays it
anaphase process.

11
 Cancer is the result of the unregulated process of the cell cycle due to the
breakdown of the mechanisms that controls the entire process. It happens during
the synthesis phase, wherein the cell cannot determine the changes in the DNA
sequence that code for the specific regulatory molecules.

Oncogenes are the genes that cause the cell to become cancerous.
Proto-oncogenes are the genes that code for positive regulators during cell
cycle. When these normal genes are altered by mutation it can be an oncogenes
leading to cancer cells formation.
Tumor suppressor genes are healthy normal genes that slow down cell
division, helps to repair DNA mistakes and also cell apoptosis or cell death. It
codes for the negative regulator protein, when activated can prevent the cell from
uncontrolled division. But when tumor suppressor gene does not work properly,
cell division will be out of control and it can also lead to cancer.

12
 What’s More

Activity 1.1
Match Me, Match Me!!!
Matching Type: Match the terms in Column A, with different words related to cell
cycle and checkpoints in Column B. Write your answer on separate answer
sheet/paper.
Column A Column B
_____ 1. Cell cycle A. Cell’s series of events
_____ 2. G0 phase B. Chromosomes alignment and
attachment
_____ 3. Interphase C. DNA replication
_____ 4. Metaphase checkpoint D. Period of cell growth
_____ 5. Synthesis phase E. Resting state

Activity 1.2
Check, check, checkpoints!
Put a check mark on each checkpoints that corresponds to its function.

Functions
Checkpoint Chromosomes Chromosomes
Cell alignment to attachment DNA DNA Molecular
s size the equatorial to the spindle integrity replication signals
Nutrients
plate fibers
Gap1
Gap2
Metaphase

13
Activity 1.3
Cell Cycle and Checkpoints Story
Make a creative short story about the phases of cell cycle and its checkpoints.
Highlight each function of the checkpoints and the characteristics of the cell during
the different stages of the cycle.

Rubric:

Criteria Outstanding Excellent Fair (4pts) Poor 2pts

(10pts) (8pts)

Content All of content are 1 part of the 2 parts of the 3-4 parts of the
covered and content is content are content are
presented. missing. missing. missing.

Story The story is very The story is The story is still The story needs
interesting and good and well developing and improvement
well organized organized needs to be and not
organized organized
Creativity Students were Students were Students Students were
very creative in somewhat attempts to be not creative in
their short story. creative in their creative in their their short
short story. short story. story.

What I Have Learned

14
1. Cell cycle is the series of events that occur in a cell to prepare cell division
and to produce two new daughter cells.
2. Cell cycle checkpoints verify whether all the cellular activities are accurately
completed at each stage of interphase.
3. Interphase is the longest phase of the cell cycle process. It is also the known
as the resting phase.
4. G0 phase called the resting state.
5. G1 phase (Gap1 phase) the cell increases in size, proteinsynthesis also
occurs enable the cell to increase the amount of cytosol.
6. Synthesis phase is the longest and the most essential stage of interphase. It
is due to the complexity of the replication of genetic material which results
to the duplication of DNA prior to the cell division process.
7. G2 phase (Gap2 phase) is the final stage where the cell prepares itself for cell
division process, and also ensures that the DNA replication completes.
8. G1 checkpoint checks the cell size, nutrients, DNA and molecular signals.
9. G2 checkpoint checks the DNA and complete DNA replication in S phase.
10. Metaphase checkpoint or Spindle checkpoint occurs at metaphase stage of
mitosis and regulated by Anaphase-promoting complex (APC).
11. Cancer is the result of the unregulated process of the cell cycle due to the
breakdown of the mechanisms that controls the entire process. It happens
during the synthesis phase, wherein the cell cannot determine the changes
in the DNA sequence that code for the specific regulatory molecules.
12. Oncogenes are the genes that cause the cell to become cancerous.
13. Proto-oncogenes are the genes that code for positive regulators during cell
cycle. When these normal genes are altered by mutation it can be an
oncogenes leading to cancer cells formation.
14. Tumor suppressor genes are healthy normal genes that slow down cell
division, helps to repair DNA mistakes and also cell apoptosis or cell death.
It codes for the negative regulator protein, when activated can prevent the
cell from uncontrolled division. But when tumor suppressor gene does not
work properly, cell division will be out of control and it can also lead to
cancer.

What I Can Do

15
Think Critically!
Let us have an example, imagine that the cell is a car. For the car to work
properly there are factors that need to be consider like the gas pedal and a brake
pedal. If the gas pedal works normally it helps the cell to divide. But when the gas
pedal gets stuck, it can cause uncontrolled cell division leads to cancer formation.
How about if the brake pedal gets stuck, and the car cannot slow down, accident
happens and causes cell death.

Guide Questions:

1. Gas pedal that works normally and helps the cell to divide can be
compare to what kind of gene? Is it oncogene, proto-oncogene or
tumor suppressor gene? Explain your answer.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

2. Gas pedal that gets stuck and causes uncontrolled cell division leads
to cancer is what kind of gene? Is it oncogene, proto-oncogene or
tumor suppressor gene? Explain your answer.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

3. Brake pedal that gets stuck causes car accident and even death can
be compare to what kind of gene? Is it oncogene, proto-oncogene or
tumor suppressor gene? Explain your answer.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

Assessment

Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter
on a separate sheet of paper.

16
1. Cells that permanently or rarely divide, spend most of their time in
this phase of cell cycle?
a. G0
b. G1
c. G2
d. S

2. During this cell cycle phase, cell increase its size and grows.
a. G0
b. G1
c. G2
d. S

3. Programmed cell death is known as ____________.

a. Apoptosis
b. Oncogene
c. Proto-oncogene
d. Tumor suppressor gene

4. In this phase, the cell is preparing for the cell division of the mitotic
stage.
a. G0
b. G1
c. G2
d. S

5. In the eukaryotic cell, it is the longest stage of the cell cycle and
generally its function is to prepare the cell to division process.
a. Interphase
b. Mitotic phase
c. Synthesis Phase
d. All of the above

6. DNA replication occurs in what phase of cell cycle?

a. Interphase
b. Growth phase
c. Mitotic phase
d. Synthesis Phase

7. What type of gene codes a positive cell cycle regulator?

17
 a. Apoptosis
b. Oncogene
c. Proto-oncogene
d. Tumor suppressor gene

8. Which checkpoint ensures sister chromatids are positioned to be split

correctly?
a. G1 checkpoint
b. G2 checkpoint
c. S checkpoint
d. M checkpoint

9. What is the main prerequisite for clearance at the G2 checkpoint?

a. G1 checkpoint
b. G2 checkpoint
c. S checkpoint
d. M checkpoint

10. Inactivation of what kind of gene that can lead to the development of
cancer cells.
a. Cancer cell
b. Oncogene
c. Proto-oncogene
d. Tumor suppressor gene

11. In this phase, the cell is preparing for the cell division of the mitotic
phase.
a. G0
b. G1
c. G2
d. S

12. If the M checkpoint is not cleared, what specific stage of mitosis will
be blocked?
a. Anaphase
b. Metaphase
c. Prophase
d. Telophase

18
 13. Majority of the negative regulator proteins of the cell cycle can be
found in what kind of cells?
a. Cancer cells
b. Gametes
c. Sex cells
d. Stem cells

14. What type of check point dictates whether the cell will continuously
divide or stop, and also checks the cell size, presence of growth factors
and DNA damage?
a. G1 checkpoint
b. G2 checkpoint
c. S checkpoint
d. M checkpoint

15. Cancer cell formation happens during this phase, wherein the cell
cannot determine the changes in the DNA sequence that code for the
specific regulatory molecules.
a. G0
b. G1
c. G2
d. S

Additional Activities

Search Me!
Research one topic and answer the guide questions below.

19
 1. RB as tumor suppressor gene
2. Cancer chemotherapy

Guide Questions:
A. Make a research about tumor suppressor gene.
1. Why Rb protein can be considered as a tumor suppressor gene?

2. Write the reference where did you get your answer.

B. Make a research about cancer.

1. Chemotherapy for cancer, how it works?

2. Write the reference where did you get your answer.

C.

20
 21
What I Know What's More Assessment
A A A
A E B
B D A
A B C
C C A
A D
D C
D D
B B
D D
C C
A A
A A
C A
A D
Answer Key
References:
Belardo, G. M., et. al. (2016). General Biology 1 Textbook for Senior High School.
Vibal Group. 105-107.

Belardo, G. M. (2016). General Biology Philippine Adaptation. Vibal Group, 100-101

Dela Cruz, S. B. (2003). Biology. Phoenix Publishing House, Inc. 88-91.

De la Paz, R. M., et. al. (2003). Essentials of Biology. ACLC Trading Entp. 58-60.

Online Sources:
https://factslegend.org/20-interesting-cell-facts-you-should-know/ Retrieved: April
29, 2020
https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Book
%3A_General_Biology_(Boundless)/10%3A_Cell_Reproduction Retrieved: April 29,
2020
https://www.sparknotes.com/biology/cellreproduction/cellcycle/section1/
Retrived May 08, 2020
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-wmopen-biology1/chapter/cell-cycle-
checkpoints/ Retrieved May 07, 2020
cancer.org/cancer/cancer-causes/genetics/genes-and-cancer/oncogenes-tumor-
suppressor-genes.html Retrieved May 06, 2020

22
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