Q2 - Types of gridding and examples of various reservoir processes where these are

used?

 Cartesian grid, which to date has been the most common type of grid used, we denote the
block size as Δx, Δy and Δz and these may or may not be equal.

 1D linear grids may be used to simulate 1D Buckley-Leverett type water displacement

calculations (x-direction) or for single column vertical displacements (z-direction) such
as gravity stable gas displacement of oil (Figures 1(a) and 1(b));

 2D Cartesian grids: 2D cross-sectional (x/z) grids may be used to; (a) study vertical
sweep efficiency in a heterogeneous layered system; (b) calculate water/oil displacements
in a geostatistically generated cross-section; (c) generate pseudo-relative permeabilites
(can be used to collapse a 3D calculation down to a 2D system); (d) to study the
mechanism of a gas displacement process - e.g. to determine the importance of gravity
etc. (Figure 1(e))

 2D areal (x/y) grids may be used to; (a) calculate areal sweep efficiencies in a waterflood
or a gas flood; (b) to examine the stability of a near-miscible gas injection within a
heterogeneous reservoir layer; (c) examine the benefits of infill drilling in an areal pattern
flood etc. (Figures 1(c) and 1(d));

 3D (x/y/z) Cartesian grids are used to model a very wide range of field wide reservoir
production processes and would often be the default type of calculation for a typical full
field simulation of waterflooding, gas flooding, etc

N
1
k̄ ar= ∑ ki
N i=1

N
1
k̄ har =N ∑
i =1 ( k)i
−1

N
k̄ geom=Exp
[ 1
N
∑ ln ( k i )
i=1 ]
A 2D x/z cross-sectional model (with dip if necessary) may be used to study the effects of vertical
heterogeneity - layering for example - on the sweep efficiency or water breakthrough time.

For a near-well coning study, an r/z grid is usually more appropriate since it more closely
resembles the geometry of the near well radial flow.

2D x/z grids are also used to generate pseudo relative permeabilities for possible use in 2D areal
models.

For full field simulations, 3D grids are generally used which in most models are still probably
Cartesian with varying grid spacing in all three dimensions.

Other types of grid such as distorted or corner point grids are being applied in some studies to
model major faults in reservoirs.

2D x/z grids are also used to generate pseudo relative permeabilities for possible use in 2D areal
models.