This article was downloaded by: [Memorial University of Newfoundland]

On: 25 January 2015, At: 23:46

Publisher: Taylor & Francis
Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House,
37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK

Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology

Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information:
http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/ldis20

Novel Gel with Controllable Strength for In-Depth

Conformance Control: Bulk Gelation Performance and
Propagation Properties in Porous Media
a a b c
Hong He , Yefei Wang & Jian Zhang
a
College of Petroleum Engineering , China University of Petroleum (East China) , Qingdao ,
Shandong , P. R. China
b
State Key Laboratory of Offshore Oil Exploitation , Beijing , P. R. China
c
CNOOC Research Institute , Beijing , P. R. China
Accepted author version posted online: 16 Jun 2014.Published online: 20 Dec 2014.

Click for updates

To cite this article: Hong He , Yefei Wang & Jian Zhang (2015) Novel Gel with Controllable Strength for In-Depth Conformance
Control: Bulk Gelation Performance and Propagation Properties in Porous Media, Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology,
36:5, 626-633, DOI: 10.1080/01932691.2014.933436

To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01932691.2014.933436

PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE

Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the “Content”) contained
in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no
representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the
Content. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors, and
are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and
should be independently verified with primary sources of information. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for
any losses, actions, claims, proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilities whatsoever
or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or arising out of the use of
the Content.

This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic
reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any
form to anyone is expressly forbidden. Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://
www.tandfonline.com/page/terms-and-conditions
 Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 36:626–633, 2015
Copyright # Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
ISSN: 0193-2691 print=1532-2351 online
DOI: 10.1080/01932691.2014.933436

Novel Gel with Controllable Strength for In-Depth

Conformance Control: Bulk Gelation Performance and
Propagation Properties in Porous Media
Hong He,1 Yefei Wang,1 and Jian Zhang2,3
1
College of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao,
Shandong, P. R. China
2
State Key Laboratory of Offshore Oil Exploitation, Beijing, P. R. China
3
CNOOC Research Institute, Beijing, P. R. China

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
Downloaded by [Memorial University of Newfoundland] at 23:46 25 January 2015

Polymer gel has been widely used to control excessive water production in mature oilfields.
However, in view of reservoir conditions characterized by serious heterogeneous thick oil layers,
high strength and in-depth propagation are required of polymer gel to achieve good treatment
efficiency. Based on the concept of in-depth conformance control, a novel gel with controllable
strength composed of polymer, resorcinol/hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA), acetic acid and
gel strength modifier was developed. The effects of component concentrations on bulk gelation
properties were investigated. The microstructures of conventional gel and novel gel at different
aging time were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which can provide insight into
the mechanism of controllable gel strength. Moreover, sandpack flow experiments were carried
out on sandpacks (U2.5  100 cm) with multi-point pressure taps to investigate whether the novel
gel can propagate in porous media. Compared with the conventional gel, SEM results showed that
the three-dimensional network structure of novel gel was weakened more seriously, resulting in
the decrease of gel strength. Due to decreased gel strength at different aging time, the novel
gel can propagate in porous media to achieve in-depth conformance control.
Keywords Controllable gel strength, in-depth conformance control, microstructure, polymer
gel, propagation properties, scanning electron microscopy (SEM)

Received 13 May 2014; accepted 8 June 2014.
Address correspondence to Hong He, No. 66, West
Changjiang Road, Huangdao, 266580, Qingdao, P. R. China.
E-mail: hehong1103@gmail.com
Color versions of one or more of the figures in the article can
be found online at www.tandfonline.com/ldis.
1. INTRODUCTION
Polymer flooding has been proved as an effective
method to improve oil recovery in the offshore oilfield of
Bohai Bay in China.[1,2] However, due to reservoir hetero-
geneity and long-term flushing by polymer solution,
breakthrough of injected polymer solution along the high
permeability channel occurs, resulting in poor sweep

626
 NOVEL GEL FOR IN-DEPTH CONFORMANCE CONTROL
efficiency and excessive water production, which significantly
increases the operation cost. Conformance control that gen-
erally refers to using chemical or mechanical methods to
reduce undesired water production has been proved as an
effective water control technology, which can improve sweep
efficiency and thus result in an increase in ultimate oil recov-
ery.[3–8] Polymer gels have been successfully applied to con-
trol water production from hydrocarbon wells in many
mature oilfields. Due to the covalent bonds between polymer
and the organic crosslinker, organically cross-linked gels
have good long term thermal stability such as
phenol-formaldehyde polymer gel, which has been widely
used to control water production in high temperature reser-
voirs.[9–13] However, the key issues associated with phenol
and formaldehyde are that they are not environment
Downloaded by [Memorial University of Newfoundland] at 23:46 25 January 2015
friendly. To overcome the toxicity, phenol and formaldehyde
could be substituted for less toxic derivatives like resorcinol
and hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA), respectively.[14–19]
Polymer gel has been widely used to control excessive water
production in mature oilfields. However, in view of oilfield
reservoir characterized by serious heterogeneous thick oil
layers, to achieve good treatment efficiency, the conventional
gel should have some characteristic properties such as high
gel strength and good in-depth propagation ability.
However, there exists a contradiction between gel strength
and in-depth propagation ability. Previous literatures have
shown that weak gel composed of low concentration
polyacrylamide and organic metallic Cr3þ can propagate in
porous media. While for strong gel, the gel could only pen-
etrate from the fractures in the matrix.[20–22] To improve
gel treatment efficiency, different conventional polymer gels
with different gel strength have been combined to achieve
in-depth conformance control. Compared with in-depth con-
formance control treatment, the conventional near wellbore
conformance control has some limitations as follows:
1. The remaining oil saturation is low in the immediate
vicinity of wellbore, especially after multiple conform-
ance control treatments, which makes in-depth
conformance control needed to make better results.
2. For serious heterogeneous thick oil layers, the conventional
near wellbore conformance control can no longer meet the
demand of improving conformance efficiency, resulting in
short term fluid diversion of near wellbore. Once injected
fluid bypass near wellbore into deep formation, the valid
period of conformance control treatment will shorten.
Therefore, in-depth conformance control has become an
important technology to improve water flooding and
polymer flooding efficiency in recent years.[23,24]
Based on the concept of in-depth conformance control,
in this article, a novel gel with controllable strength that
composed of polymer, resorcinol, HMTA, acetic acid and
gel strength modifier was developed for in-depth conform-
ance control. The objectives of this research are to: (1)
627
investigate the effect of component concentrations on bulk
gelation properties; (2) study the effect of gel strength
modifier concentration on gelation properties and gel
morphology to reveal the mechanism of controllable gel
strength; and (3) evaluate the gel propagation properties
in porous media to demonstrate whether the gel can
propagate in porous media.
2. EXPERIMENTAL SECTION
2.1. Materials
The polymer used in this study was partially hydrolyzed
polyacrylamide with high molecular weight of 2  107
Dalton and a hydrolysis degree of 24.25%. The crosslinkers
used in this study were resorcinol and hexamethylenetetra-
mine in AR grade. The gel strength modifier used in this study
was tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) in AR grade. The
synthetic formation brine with TDS of 2902.22 mg  L1
contained 950.89 mg  L1 Naþ, 11.78 mg  L1 Ca2þ,
18.83 mg  L1 Mg2þ, 845.52 mg  L1 Cl, 43.62 mg  L1
SO4 2 , 107.14 mg  L1 CO3 2 , and 924.25 mg  L1 HCO 3.
2.2. Preparation of the Gelant Solution
The gelant solution was prepared by adding predeter-
mined amounts of polymer, crosslinker, acetic acid and gel
strength modifier. Then 15.0 mL gelant solution was injected
into the ampule tube sealed by a torch, after which, the
ampule tube was placed into a thermostat water bath and
periodically removed from the water bath for observation.
2.3. Gelation Time and Gel Strength Measurement
Gelation time and gel strength are important parameters
determining gel placement and plugging efficiency. The gel-
ation time should be long enough to make sure the gelant
solution can be pumped into the target zone safely. The gel-
ation time is semi-quantitatively measured by Sydansk
gel-strength code method. In this study, the gelation time
is defined as the time when the gel strength of gelant
solutions reaches grade G (Grade G: the gel is described
as moderately deformable non-flowing gel and flows
approximately half way down the bottle upon inversion).
The gel strength is measured by using the breakthrough
vacuum method.[25,26] Figure 1 shows the schematic dia-
gram of gel strength measurement apparatus. The gel
strength is reflected by the pressure difference between
the atmospheric pressure and the pressure of suction bottle.
The procedures are as follows: About 15.0 mL gelant sol-
ution was injected into the ampule tube sealed by a torch
for gelation at a constant temperature of 57 C.Then the
U tube was quickly put into the gel, and the biggest value
on the pressure gage was defined as the breakthrough vac-
uum value. The bigger the breakthrough vacuum value is,
the higher the gel strength is. Before measuring the gel
 628
FIG. 1. Schematic diagram of gel strength measurement apparatus.
strength, water can be used to calibrate the measurement
apparatus. The breakthrough value of water is 0.007 MPa.
Each sample was measured three times, and the average
Downloaded by [Memorial University of Newfoundland] at 23:46 25 January 2015
value was used as the gel strength of the sample.
2.4. Sandpack Flow Experiments
Figure 2 shows the schematic diagram of sandpack flow
experimental apparatus used to determine whether the
novel gel can propagate in porous media with aging time.
The sandpack (U2.5 cm  100 cm) with multi-point press-
ure taps was used to simulate porous media. The experi-
mental procedure was as follows:
1. The sandpacks were filled with clean quartz sand of dif-
ferent mesh size and saturated with synthetic formation
brine.
2. The sandpacks were flooded with synthetic formation
brine at a flow rate of 1 mL  min1 until the pressure
drop across the sandpacks was stable. The permeability
of sandpack was measured by use of Darcy’s law.
3. Then 0.3PV (pore volume) of gelant solution was
injected into the sandpacks at a flow rate of
1 mL  min1. Then the sandpacks were shut in for a
period of time at the reservoir condition.
4. Then several pore volumes of synthetic formation brine
were injected into the sandpacks to measure the
multi-point pressure at different aging time. According
FIG. 2. Schematic diagram of sandpack flow experimental apparatus.
H. HE ET AL.
to the pressure changes, it can be inferred whether the
novel gel can propagate or not in porous media.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1. Idea and Mechanism of Novel Gel with
Controllable Gel Strength
3.1.1. Idea of Novel Gel with Controllable Strength
Based on the concept of in-depth conformance control, the
idea of novel gel with controllable gel strength is referred to as
the variable gel strength that can be controlled by adding gel
strength modifier. There exist some differences between the
conventional gel and novel gel. For the novel gel, the gel
strength can be controlled by adding gel strength modifier
and change with time under reservoir condition. The novel
gel with controllable strength has some characteristic proper-
ties as follows: (1) easy to be injected and can propagate into
in-depth formation; (2) changeable gel strength with gel
strength modifier concentration and aging time; (3) possible
synergic effects of conventional gel with variable strength,
which can achieve in-depth fluid diversion in different loca-
tions in reservoir. For the conventional gel, although the gel
strength can change with time, only the weak gel can propa-
gate into in-depth formation. Figure 3 shows the transport
schematics of combined conventional polymer gel with differ-
ent strength and novel gel during propagation into formation.
3.1.2. Gelation Mechanism
The gelation mechanism is as follows:
1. The hexamethylenetetramine can decompose formalde-
hyde slowly under high temperature and acidic condition:
Hþ
ðCH2 Þ6 N4 þ 6H2 O ! 6CH2 O þ 4NH3 : ½1
2. Then the formaldehyde can react with resorcinol to
form hydroxymethyl resorcinol:
 NOVEL GEL FOR IN-DEPTH CONFORMANCE CONTROL
Downloaded by [Memorial University of Newfoundland] at 23:46 25 January 2015
FIG. 3. Schematics of combined conventional polymer gel with different
strength and novel gel during propagation into formation: (a) conventional
gel with different strength and (b) novel gel with controllable strength.
3. The formaldehyde and hydroxymethyl resorcinol react
with the amide groups of polyacrylamide to form
three-dimensional network structure. The reaction
equation are listed as follows:
629
3.1.3. Controllable Mechanism of Gel Strength
The controllable mechanism of gel strength is as follows:
1. The gel strength modifier TBHP can decompose sponta-
neously to release free radicals under reservoir temperature
ðCH3 Þ3 COOH ! ðCH3 Þ3 CO  þHO: ½4
2. Then the free radicals can destroy the polymer chain,
weakening three-dimensional network structures and
decreasing the gel strength.
3.2. Bulk Gelation Performance
3.2.1. Effect of Polymer and Crosslinker Concentration
The effect of polymer and crosslinker concentration on
gelation was studied by preparing polymer and crosslinker
solutions with different mass concentrations. The crosslin-
ker was composed of resorcinol and HMTA, of which the
concentration ratio was 1:4. Figures 4 and 5 show the gel-
ation time and gel strength as a function of polymer and
crosslinker concentration. As polymer and crosslinker con-
centration increased, the gelation time decreased and gel
strength increased. The reaction chances between the amide
groups (-CONH2) and hydroxymethyl (-CH2OH) groups
increased, which resulted in a decrease in gelation time
and an increase in gel strength.
3.2.2. Effect of Gel Strength Modifier Concentration
The novel gel with controllable strength can be con-
trolled by adding TBHP as gel strength modifier. The gel
strength modifier was added to control the gel strength,
which can alter the gel strength with aging time. Figure 6
shows the gelation time and gel strength as a function of
TBHP concentration. Figure 7 shows the gel strength of
novel gel with different TBHP concentrations as a function
FIG. 4. Effect of polymer concentration on gelation time and gel
strength (57 C).
 630 H. HE ET AL.

of aging time. As we can see from Figure 6, the gelation

time and gel strength changed slightly with increasing
TBHP concentration, which indicated that the TBHP
could not affect the gelation. However, the gel strength
changed with increasing TBHP concentration at different
aging time. The higher the TBHP concentration was, the
lower the gel strength was.
Therefore, on the basis of bulk gelation performance
studies, according to proper gel strength and gelation time,
the gel formulation was optimized as follows: (1500–2000)
mg  L1 polymer þ (1000–1500) mg  L1 resorcinol=
HMTA crosslinker þ (1000–1500) mg  L1 acetic acid þ
(100–300) mg  L1 gel strength modifier.
Downloaded by [Memorial University of Newfoundland] at 23:46 25 January 2015

FIG. 5. Effect of crosslinker concentration on gelation time and gel

strength (57 C).
3.3. Gel Morphology Study
To determine the mechanism of decreased gel strength,
we investigate the effect of aging time on the morphology
of conventional gel and novel gel. The gel morphology that
corresponds to different aging time was studied by scan-
ning electron microscopy (SEM). Figure 8 shows the gel
microstructures of conventional gel and novel gel after
aging for different time. The conventional gel formulation
was composed of 2000 mg  L1 polymer, 1250 mg  L1
resorcinol=HMTA crosslinker, and 1250 mg  L1 acetic
acid. The novel gel was composed of 2000 mg  L1 poly-
mer, 1250 mg  L1 resorcinol=HMTA crosslinker,
1250 mg  L1 acetic acid, and 300 mg  L1 gel strength
modifier. The gel microstructure of conventional gel aged
for 3 days was similar to the novel gel. The gel microstruc-
tures were both tight network structure. However, after
aging for 30 days, the network structure of novel gel was
destroyed more seriously than conventional gel. SEM
FIG. 6. Effect of TBHP concentration on gelation time and gel
strength (57 C). results showed that due to the free radical released from
TBHP, it can destroy the polymer chain, resulting in
decreasing the gel strength.

3.4. Propagation Properties in Porous Media

FIG. 7. The gel strength of novel gel with different TBHP concentra-
tions versus aging time (57 C).
To evaluate the in-depth propagation of the novel gel in
porous media, sandpack flow experiments were carried out
on long sandpack with diameter of 2.5 cm and length of
100 cm, which can help us determine whether the novel
gel can propagate into formation. The sandpack was div-
ided into three sections and the pressure distribution along
the sandpack was monitored during water flooding at dif-
ferent aging time. Figure 1 shows the schematic of the test
sandpack. The initial permeability and pore volume of the
sandpack were 2.07 mm2 and 190.0 mL respectively.
Figures 9 and 10 show the propagation properties of novel
gel in porous media at different aging time. After aging for
3 days, with increasing injected pore volumes, the inlet
pressure first increased, while the pressure of sections 1
and 2 remained stable. However, after aging for 30 days,
 NOVEL GEL FOR IN-DEPTH CONFORMANCE CONTROL 631
Downloaded by [Memorial University of Newfoundland] at 23:46 25 January 2015

FIG. 8. SEM images of conventional gel and novel gel aged for 30 days: (a) initial SEM image of conventional gel; (b) initial SEM image of novel
gel; (c) SEM image of conventional gel aged for 30 days; (d) SEM image of novel gel aged for 30 days.

FIG. 9. The propagation of novel gel in porous media (sandpack) FIG. 10. The propagation of novel gel in porous media (sandpack)
after aging for 3 days. after aging for 30 days.

the pressure of section 1 increased slightly with injected 5. CONCLUSIONS

pore volumes and the pressure of section 2 remained stable. Based on the concept of in-depth conformance control,
The results indicated that the gel could propagate in porous this article involves bulk gelation performance, gel morpho-
media according to the pressure change in different logy, and propagation properties of a novel gel with control-
sections of sandpack. lable strength. The gel strength of novel gel with controllable
 632 H. HE ET AL.
strength was adjusted by adding gel strength modifier
TBHP rather than changing component concentration.
The TBHP decompose spontaneously to release free
radicals under reservoir temperature, which can destroy
the polymer chain, weakening three-dimensional network
structures and decreasing the gel strength. The gelation
time and gel strength changed slightly with increasing
TBHP concentration, which indicated that the TBHP
could not affect the gelation. However, the gel strength
changed with increasing TBHP concentration at different
aging time. The higher the TBHP concentration was, the
lower gel strength was. SEM results showed that the initial
gel microstructure of conventional gel was similar to that
of the novel gel. However, after aging for 30 days, the net-
work structure of novel gel was weakened more seriously
Downloaded by [Memorial University of Newfoundland] at 23:46 25 January 2015
than conventional gel, resulting in the decrease of gel
strength, which can further confirm the mechanism of con-
trollable gel strength. Propagation properties in porous
media demonstrated that according to the pressure change
in different sections of sandpack during water flooding pro-
cess at different aging time, the novel gel could propagate
in porous media to achieve in-depth conformance control.
This study could provide direct evidence of mechanism of
controllable gel strength, provide a basis for the appli-
cation of novel gel with controllable gel strength for
in-depth conformance control in reservoir conditions
characterized by serious heterogeneous thick oil layers.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Thanks to all individuals associated with the project.
FUNDING
The authors gratefully acknowledge financial support
provided by National S&T Major Project (Grant No.
2011ZX05024-004) on chemical flooding in Bohai heavy
oil reservoir, Program for Changjiang Scholars and
Innovative Reserch Team in University (IRT1294) and
the ‘‘Taishan Scholars’’ Construction Engineering (No.
ts20070704).
REFERENCES
[1] Zhou, W., Zhang, J., Feng, G., Jiang, W., Sun, F., Zhou, S.,
and Liu, Y. (2008) Key technologies of polymer flooding in
offshore oilfield of Bohai Bay, Paper SPE 115240, presented
at SPE Asia Pacific Oil and Gas Conference and Exhibition,
October 20–22, Perth, Australia.
[2] Kang, X., Zhang, J., Sun, F., Zhang, F., Feng, G., Yang, J.,
Zhang, X., and Xiang, W. (2011) A review of polymer EOR
on offshore heavy oil field in Bohai Bay, China, Paper SPE
144932, presented at SPE Enhanced Oil Recovery Confer-
ence, July 19–21, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
[3] Sydansk, R. (1988) A new conformance-improvement-treat-
ment chromium gel technology. Paper SPE 17329, presented
at the SPE Enhanced Oil Recovery Symposium, April 16–21,
Tulsa, Oklahoma.
[4] Sydansk, R. and Southwell, G. (2000) SPE Production &
Facilities, 15 (4): 270–278.
[5] Chung, T., Bae, W., Nguyen, N., Dang, C., Lee, W., and
Jung, B. (2011) Energy Sources, Part A, 2011, 34 (2):
122–133.
[6] Al-Muntasheri, G.A. (2012) Arabian Journal for Science and
Engineering, 37 (4): 1131–1141.
[7] Liu, Y., Bai, B., and Shuler, P. (2006) Application and Develop-
ment of Chemical-Based Conformance Control Treatments in
China Oilfields, Paper SPE 99641-MS presented at SPE=DOE
Symposium on Improved Oil Recovery, April 22–26, Tulsa,
Oklahoma, 2006.
[8] Liu, Y., Bai, B., and Wang, Y. (2010) Oil & Gas Science
and Technology–Revue d’IFP Energies Nouvelles, 65 (6):
859–878.
[9] Moradi-Araghi, A., Bjornson, G., and Doe, P. (1993) SPE
Advanced Technology Series, 1 (1): 140–145.
[10] Moradi-Araghi, A. (2000) Journal of Petroleum Science and
Engineering, 26 (1): 1–10.
[11] Albonico, P., Bartosek, M., Malandrino, A., Bryant, S., and
Lockhart, T. (1995) Studies on phenol-formaldehyde cross-
linked polymer gels in bulk and in porous media, Paper
SPE 28983 presented at SPE International Symposium on
Oilfield Chemistry, February 14–17, San Antonio, Texas.
[12] Bryant, S.L., Bartosek, M., and Lockhart, T.P. (1997) Jour-
nal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 17 (3): 197–209.
[13] Hutchins, R., Dovan, H., and Sandiford, B. (1996) Field
applications of high temperature organic gels for water
control. Paper SPE 35444 presented at SPE=DOE
Improved Oil Recovery Symposium, April 21–24, Tulsa,
Oklahoma.
[14] Zhuang, Y., Pandey, S., McCool, C., and Willhite, G.
(2000) SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering, 3 (5):
386–393.
[15] Banerjee, R., Ghosh, B., Khilar, K., Boukadi, F., and Bemani,
A. (2006) Energy Sources, Part A, 30 (19): 1779–1787.
[16] Gommes, C.J. and Roberts, A.P. (2008) Physical Review E,
77 (4): 041409.
[17] Jia, H., Pu, W.-F., Zhao, J.-Z., and Liao, R. (2011) Energy &
Fuels, 25 (2): 727–736.
[18] Sengupta, B., Sharma, V., and Udayabhanu, G. (2012)
Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 81: 145–150.
[19] Yadav, U.S. and Mahto, V. (2013) Industrial & Engineering
Chemistry Research, 52 (28): 9532–9537.
[20] Pingping, S., Dong, H., Li, W., and Shiyi, Y. (2000) Experi-
mental evidence for the mobility of weak gel in the porous
media. Paper SPE 64729, presented at SPE international oil
and gas conference and exhibition, November 7–10, Beijing,
China.
[21] Wang, W., Liu, Y., and Gu, Y. (2003) Colloid and Polymer
Science, 281 (11): 1046–1054.
[22] Wang, W., Gu, Y., and Liu, Y. (2003) Journal of Canadian
Petroleum Technology, 42 (6).
 NOVEL GEL FOR IN-DEPTH CONFORMANCE CONTROL 633

[23] Smith, J., Liu, H., and Guo, Z. (2000) Laboratory studies of
in-depth colloidal dispersion gel technology for Daqing oil
field, Paper SPE 62610, presented at SPE=AAPG Western
Regional Meeting, June 19–22, Long Beach, California.
[24] Bai, B., Wang, Q., Du, Y., et al. Factors affecting in-depth
gel treatment for reservoirs with thick heterogeneous oil
Downloaded by [Memorial University of Newfoundland] at 23:46 25 January 2015
layers. Paper 2004–140, presented at Canadian International
Petroleum Conference, June 8–10, Calgary, Alberta.
[25] Kuang, Q., Cheng, G., and Zhao, J., Li, Y. (2006) Journal of
Applied Polymer Science, 100 (5): 4120–4126.
[26] You, Q., Mu, L., Wang, Y., and Zhao, F. (2013) Oil & Gas Science
and Technology–Revue d’IFP Energies Nouvelles, 68 (2): 355–361.