MODULE – IV

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STRESSES IN BEAMS

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Noushad. K

Assistant Professor

Department of Civil Engineering

MEA Engineering College, Perinthalmanna

Email: noushadk@meaec.edu.in

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 4. STRESSES IN BEAMS
A member subjected to bending and shear undergoes certain deformations (bending). In this
chapter we discuss about the bending due to moment

4.1 THEORY OF SIMPLE BENDING

Simple bending or Pure Bending: If a member or part of a member subjected to bending only due to
moment. i.e. if no shearing force exist in this part

Assumptions of pure bending

1) Beam is subjected to pure bending (free from shear force)

2) Material of the beam is homogenous and isotropic
3) The value of young’s modulus (E) is same in tension and compression
4) The section of the beam which is plane before bending will remain plane even after bending
5) The Hooke’s law is valid
6) The resultant force on the section of the beam is zero
7) The radius of curvature of bending is very large

Consider a part of beam subjected to simple bending as shown in the figure 4.1 (a). The part of

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length δx has deformed as shown in figure 4.1 (c).

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Fig 4.1 (a) Fig 4.1 (c)

A fiber AC has been shortened and takes the shape A1C1. The fiber BD has been elongated and
takes the shape B1D1. Hence it is found that all the fibers in the section have changed their shape;
some of them have been shortened while some of them have been elongated. But in between, there
will be a layer which is neither shortened nor elongated. This layer is called neutral layer or neutral
surface

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 Let A1B1 and C1D1 meet at O. Let the angle between the planes be θ. Let the radius of neutral
layer is R. Consider a fiber GH which is distance y from neutral layer

Original length of GH = δx =Rθ

After bending the fiber takes the shape of G1H1, the new length of the fiber =

(R+y)θ Change in length = (R+y)θ – Rθ = yθ

Strain in GH = e ℎ

ℎ
ℎ

= yθ

Rθ
=

The stress f (flexural stress or bending stress) in the fiber = Ee = Or

we have
=

4.2 NEUTRAL AXIS (NA)

It is the line of intersection of neutral layer with the section.

The neutral axis passes through the centroid of the beam section

4.3 MOMENT OF RESISTANCE

It is the internal moment caused by compressive and tensile force at the section
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Moment of resistance is equal to the bending moment at the section

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Consider an elemental area δa at adistance y from neutral axis

The stress intensity on the elemental area = f =

Force on the elemental area = f δa = δa

Moment of resistance by the elemental area = moment of the force about the neutral Axis
Moment of resistance = δa 2

Total moment of resistance = M = ∑ δa

2
2

But ∑ δa is the moment of inertia (I) of the beam about neutral axis

So = or =

But we have =

Hence = = ………………The Bending Equation or flexural formula

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 4.4 LIMITAIONS OF SIMPLE BENDING

1) In practical cases, the beam will be subjected to different bending and shear forces
2) Due to warping of the beam, the plane before bending will not be plane after bending
3) Flexural formula does not give accurate results in the region close to the supports and close
to a concentrated load

4.5 SECTION MODULUS (Z)

ℎ

Section Modulus (Z) = ℎ

i.e. Z=

4.6 BEAM OF TWO MATERIALS

In this topic, we discuss about stress in beams which is made up of two materials

Flitched Beam is an example which is a beam with wood and steel

In flitched beam

Moment Resistant of the section M = Moment of resistant of wood + Moment of

resistant of steel

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=+

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The strain in wood is equal to that in steel at a given vertical distance from NA
U
Stress at a distance y from NA =

4.7 STRAIN ENERGY DUE TO BENDING

Strain Energy due to bending U = ∫

(1) Simply supported beam with central point load

2

U =∫

2
2

1×2

= 2 ∫( 2 )

23

=
96

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(2) Simply supported Beam with UDL, w
2

= 2 − 2

2
1
2

= 2 ∫( 2 − 2 )

25

=
240

(3) Cantilever with UDL, w

2

=
2

1 2
2

= 2 ∫( 2 )

25

=
40

4.8 SHEAR STRESS IN BEAMS

Shear stress in Beams
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= ( ̅)

F – Shear force
I – Moment of inertia K T U N
Z – width of section at y distance from NA
̅ −

Shear stress distribution for a Rectangular Section

2
2
= ( ̅) = ( − )
2 4

Where d – depth of rectangular beam

y – distance to the section

Shear stress distribution for a Circular Section

2 2
= ( ̅) = ( − )
3

Where

r – radius of circular beam

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