MODULE-II

ELONGATION OF BARS

TEMPRATURE EFFECTS

STRAIN ENERGY AND COMPLEMENTARY ENERGY

Noushad. K

Assistant Professor

Department of Civil Engineering

MEA Engineering College, Perinthalmanna

Email: noushadk@meaec.edu.in
 ELONGATION OF BARS

ELONGATION OF UNIFORM SECTION DUE TO SELF WEIGHT

Consider a bar of uniform section hanging freely under its own weight W. The bar having length
L
𝑊𝐿
Elongation = 2𝐴𝐸

ELONGATION OF UNIFORMLY TAPERING SECTION DUE TO SELF WEIGHT

Consuder a bar of uniformly tapering section of length L and diameter d, hanging freely under its
own weight W
2𝑊𝐿
Elongation = 𝜋𝑑2 𝐸

UNIFROMLY TAPERING CIRCULAR BARS

Consider a uniformly tapering circular bar, subjected to an axial force P. The bar of length L and
diameter d1 at one end and d2 at the other end (d2 > d1)
4𝑃𝐿
Elongation = 𝜋𝐸𝑑1𝑑2

UNIFROMLY TAPERING RECTANGULAR BARS

Consider a uniformly tapering rectangular section with length L and thickness t. The width of bar
at one end is b1 and width at the other end is b2.(b2>b1). The bar is subjected to axial force P
𝑃𝐿 𝑏2
Elongation =𝑡𝐸(𝑏2−𝑏1) log 𝑒 𝑏1

COMPOSITE BARS OR COMPOUND BARS

A structural member composed of two or more elements of different material. The total load is
shared by these materials.

Modular Ratio : The ratio of Modulus of Elasticity (E) two different material
𝐸1
Ie Modular ratio = 𝐸2

TEMPRATURE STRESS

When temperature of an object changes its dimensions are also changes. If the object is free to
expand no stress will be developed. If the expansion is prevented stress will be developed in the
object.

Consider a bar of length L subjected to a temperature increase T. The increase in length (free
expansion) of the bar will be

Free expansion = 𝐿𝛼𝑇

α = Coefficient of thermal expansion

If the expansion is prevented, stress will be developed in the bar

𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑑
Temperature strain = 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔ℎ𝑡

If the expansion is fully prevented

𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐿𝛼𝑇
Temperature strain = = = 𝛼𝑇
𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝐿

Temperature stress = strain x E = 𝐸𝛼𝑇

If the bar is allowed to expand only by δ
𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐿𝛼𝑇− 𝛿
Temperature strain = =
𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝐿

𝐿𝛼𝑇− 𝛿
Temperature stress = strain x E =𝐸 𝐿

STRAIN ENERGY

When a material is deformed due to external load, work is done on the material against the
internal stress. This work is stored as Strain Energy.

STRAIN ENERGY DUE TO AXIAL LOAD

1
Strain Energy (U) = 2 𝑥 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑥 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒

1
U=2 𝜎𝑒 𝑣

𝑃2 𝐿
U = 2𝐴𝐸

𝐸𝐴𝛿 2
U= 2𝐿

For axial loading,

𝑈
= 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑉
STRAIN ENERGY DUE TO SHEAR LOAD
1
Strain Energy (U) = 2 𝑥 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑥 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒

1
U=2 𝜏∅ 𝑣

𝜏2 𝑣
U= 2𝐺

For shear loading,

𝑈
= 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑉
END