CE6501 Structural Analysis I 2 Marks Unit 3 PDF

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CE6501-Structural Analysis I III year/ V Sem Dept of Civil
UNIT-III
ARCHES
1.What is an arch? Explain.
An arch is defined as a curved girder, having convexity upwards and supported at its ends.The supports
must effectively arrest displacements in the vertical and horizontal directions. Only then there will be
arch action.
2.What is a linear arch?
If an arch is to take loads, say W1, W2, and W3 (fig) and a Vector diagram and funicular polygon
are plotted as shown, the funicular polygon is known as the linear arch or theoretical arch.
W2
q Q R
W1 D W3
W1 W2
W3
P Q R S O t P C O E S
A T B
r
Space Diagram
s
H
Vector Diagram
The polar distance ‘ot’ represents the horizontal thrust. The links AC, CD, DE, and EB will be under
compression and there will be no bending moment. If an arch of this shape ACDEB is provided, there will be
no bending moment.
For a given set of vertical loads W1, W2…..etc., we can have any number of linear arches depending
on where we choose ‘O’ or how much horizontal thrust (ot) we choose to introduce.
3.State Eddy’s theorem.
36
N.Sathishkumar 2015-2016
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Eddy’s theorem states that “ The bending moment at any section of an arch is proportional to the
vertical intercept between the linear arch (or theoretical arch) and the centre line of the actual arch.”
4.What is the degree of static indeterminacy of a three hinged parabolic arch?
For a three hinged parabolic arch, the degree of static indeterminancy is zero. It is statically
determinate.
6.Which of the two arches, viz. circular and parabolic is preferable to carry a uniformly distributed load? Why?
Parabolic arches are preferably to carry distributed loads. Because, both, the shape of the arch and the
shape of the bending moment diagram are parabolic. Hence the intercept between the theoretical arch and
actual arch is zero everywhere. Hence, the bending moment at every section of the arch will be zero. The
arch will be under pure compression which will be economical.
7.What is the difference between the basic action of an arch and a suspension cable?
An arch is essentially a compression member which can also take bending moments and shears.
Bending moments and shears will be absent if the arch is parabolic and the loading uniformly distributed.
A cable can take only tension. A suspension bridge will therefore have a cable and a stiffening girder.
The girder will take the bending moment and shears in the bridge and the cable, only tension.
Because of the thrusts in the cables and arches, the bending moments are considerably reduced.
If the load on the girder is uniform, the bridge will have only cable tension and no bending moment
on the girder.
8.Under what conditions will the bending moment in an arch be zero throughout.
The bending moment in an arch throughout the span will be zero, if
(i) the arch is parabolic and (ii) the arch carries uniformly distributed load throughout the span.
9.Draw the ILD for bending moment at a section X at a distance x from the left end of a three hinged
parabolic arch of span ’l’ and rise ‘h’.
Mx = µ x – Hy
µx Hy
(+) (-)
x(l-x)/ l x(l-x)/ l
37
10. Indicate the positions of a moving point load for maximum negative and positive bending moments in
a three hinged arch.
Considering a three hinged parabolic arch of span ‘l’ and subjected to a moving point load W, the
position of the point load for
a. Maximum negative bending moment is 0.25l from end supports.

b. Maximum positive bending moment is 0.211l from end supports.
11. Draw the influence line for radial shear at a section of a three hinged arch.
Radial shear is given by Fx = H sinθ - V cosθ,
where θ is the inclination of tangent at X.
l sinθ
l – x cosθ 4r
l
x cosθ
l
12. Sketch the ILD for the normal thrust at a section X of a symmetric three hinged parabolic arch.
Normal thrust at X is given by P = H cosθ + V sinθ,

where θ is the inclination of tangent at X.
l cosθ
4yc
x sinθ
l
(l-x)sinθ
l
38
13. Distinguish between two hinged and three hinged arches.
Sl.No. Two hinged arches Three hinged arches

1. Statically indeterminate to first degree Statically determinate
2. Might develop temperature stresses Increase in temperature causes increase in
central rise. No stresses.
3. Structurally more efficient Easy to analyse. But in costruction, the central
hinge may involve additional expenditure.
4. Will develop stresses due to sinking of Since this is determinate, no stresses due to
supports support sinking.
14. Explain rib-shortening in the case of arches.
In a two hinged arch, the normal thrust which is a compressive force along the axis of the arch will
shorten the rib of the arch. This in turn will release part of the horizontal thrust. Normally, this effect is not
considered in the analysis (in the case of two hinged arches).
Depending upon the importance of the work we can either take into account or omit the effect of rib
shortening. This will be done by considering (or omitting) strain energy due to axial compression along with
the strain energy due to bending in evaluating H.
15. Explain the effect of yielding of support in the case of an arch.
Yielding of supports has no effect in the case of a 3 hinged arch which is determinate. These
displacements must be taken into account when we analyse 2 hinged or fixed arches under
∂U = ∆H instead of zero
∂H
∂U = ∆VA instead of zero
∂VA
Here U is the strain energy of the arch and ∂H and ∆VA are the displacements due to yielding of supports.
16. Write the formula to calculate the change in rise in three hinged arch if
Change in rise l2 + 4r2 α T

4r
39
where l = span length of the arch

r = central rise of the arch
α = coefficient of thermal expansion

T = change in temperature
17. In a parabolic arch with two hinges how will you calculate the slope of the arch at any point.
Slope of parabolic arch = θ = tan-1 4r (l – 2x)

l2
where θ = Slope at any point x (or) inclination of tangent at x.

l = span length of the arch
r = central rise of the arch
18. How will you calculate the horizontal thrust in a two hinged parabolic arch if there is a rise in temperature.
Horizontal thrust = l α TEI

l y2dx
where l = span length of the arch

y = rise of the arch at any point x
α = coefficient of thermal expansion

T = change in temperature
E = Young’s Modulus of the material of the arch
I = Moment of inertia
19. What are the types of arches according to the support conditions.
i. Three hinged arch
ii. Two hinged arch iii.

Single hinged arch
iv. Fixed arch (or) hingeless arch
20. What are the types of arches according to their shapes.

i. Curved arch
40
ii. Parabolic arch
iii. Elliptical arch
iv. Polygonal arch
Analysis of 3-hinged arches
It is the process of determining external reactions at the support and internal quantities such as normal
thrust, shear and bending moment at any section in the arch.
Procedure to find reactions at the supports
Step 1. Sketch the arch with the loads and reactions at the support.
Apply equilibrium conditions namely  Fx  0,  Fy  0 and  M  0
Apply the condition that BM about the hinge at the crown is zero (Moment of all the forces either to the left or
to the right of the crown).
Problem 1 : Solve for unknown quantities.
A 3-hinged arch has a span of 30m and a rise of 10m. The arch carries UDL of 0.6 kN/m on the left half of the
span. It also carries 2 concentrated loads of 1.6 kN and 1 kN at 5 m and 10 m from the ‘rt’ end. Determine the
reactions at the support. (sketch not given).
0.6 kN/m 1 kN 1.6 kN

C
5m 5m
h = 10m
HB = 4.275 A B HB = 4.275
VA = 7.35 L = 30m VB = 4.25
F  0
x
HA  HB  0
HA  HB ------ (1)
To find vertical reaction.
F  0
y
41
VA  VB  0.6 x 15  1  1.6
------ (2)
 11.6
M  0A
 VB x 30  1.6 x 25  1 x 20  (0.6 x 15) 7.5  0
V B  4.25 kN
VA  4.25  11.6
A A  7.35 kN
To find horizontal reaction.
MC  0
 1x 5  1.6x10  4.25x15  H B x10  0
H B  4.275kN
H A  4.275kN
OR
MC  0
7.375x15  H A x10  (0.6 x15)7.5
H A  4.275kN
H B  4.275kN
To find total reaction
VA = 7.35 kN RB VB = 4.25 kN
RA
A HB = 4.275 kN
A
A HA = 4.275 kN
42
R A  H A  VA
2 2
4.275 2  7.35 2
 8.5kN
V 
 A  tan 1  A   59 0.82
 HA 
R B  H B  VB  6.02kN
2 2
V 
 B  tan 1  B   44.83
 HB 
A 3-hinged parabolic arch of span 50m and rise 15m carries a load of 10kN at quarter span as shown in figure.
Calculate total reaction at the hinges.
10 kN
C
15 m
HA A B HB
12.5 m
VA 50 m VB
F  0
x
HA  HB
 Fy  0
V A  VB  10 ------ (1)
M  0 A
43
 VB x 50  10 x 12.5  0
VB  2.5 kN VA  7.5 kN
To find Horizontal reaction
MC  0
VB  25  H B 15  0
To find total reaction.
VA = 7.5
VB = 4.25
RB
RA
A
A HA = 4.17 HB = 4.17
H B  4.17 kN  H A
R A  4.17 2  7.5 2
R A  8.581 kN
V 
 A  tan 1  A   60 0.92
 HA 
R B  H A  VB
2 2
R B  4.861 kN
V 
 B  tan 1  B   30 0.94
 HB 
44
Problem: Determine the reaction components at supports A and B for 3-hinged arch shown in fig.
180 kN
C
10 kN/m
2.5 m
HA A B HB
10 m
VA
2 .4 m
8m 6m
VB
To find Horizontal reaction
F  0
x
HA  HB  0
HA  HB ------ (1)
F  0
y
VA  VB  180  10 x 10
------ (2)
VA  VB  280
M  0 A
45
 VB x 24  H B x 2.4  180 x 18  10 x 10 x 5  0
2.4H B  24VB   3740 ------ (3)
H B  10VB   1558.33
MC  0
 180 x 8  VB x 14  H B x 4.9  0
H B x 4.9  VB 14  1440 ------ (4)
 H B  2.857 VB  293.87
Adding 2 and 3
 10VB  2.857 VB   1558.33  293.87
VB  177 kN
VA  103kN
H B  10 x 177   1558.33
H B  211.67 kN  H A
Problem: A symmetrical 3-hinged parabolic arch has a span of 20m. It carries UDL of intensity 10 kNm over
the entire span and 2 point loads of 40 kN each at 2m and 5m from left support. Compute the reactions. Also
find BM, radial shear and normal thrust at a section 4m from left end take central rise as 4m.
46
40 kN 40 kN 10 kN/m
M C
4m
2m 3m 20 m
F 0
x
HA  HB 0
------ (1)
HA  HB
F 0
y
VA  VB  40  40 10 x 20  0
------ (2)
VA  VB  280
M 0 A
 40 x 2  40 x 5  (10 x 20) 10  VB x 20  0
VB  114 kN
VA  166 kN
Mc  0
47
 (10 x 10) 5  H B x 4  114 x 10  0
H B 160 kN
H A 160 kN
VERTICAL
10 kN/m 40 kN NORMAL
M 64.35
 = 25.64
160 kN HORIZONTAL
y = 2.56
86 kN
4m REDIAL
160 kN 2m
166 kN
BM at M
= - 160 x 2.56
+ 166 x 4 – 40 x 2
- (10 x 4)2
= + 94.4 kNm
4hx
y L  x 
L2
4x4x4
 20  4 
20 2
y  2.56m
4h
tan   L  2x 
L2
4x4
= 20  2 x 4
20 2
48
  25 .64
0
Normal thrust = N = + 160 Cos 25.64
+ 86 Cos 64.36
= 181.46 kN
S = 160 Sin 25.64
- 86 x Sin 64.36
S = - 8.29 kN
49

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1.What is an arch? Explain.

2.What is a linear arch?

4.What is the degree of static indeterminacy of a three hinged parabolic arch?

The bending moment in an arch throughout the span will be zero, if

a. Maximum negative bending moment is 0.25l from end supports.

Normal thrust at X is given by P = H cosθ + V sinθ,

13. Distinguish between two hinged and three hinged arches.

Sl.No. Two hinged arches Three hinged arches

14. Explain rib-shortening in the case of arches.

∂U = ∆VA instead of zero

Change in rise l2 + 4r2 α T

where l = span length of the arch

α = coefficient of thermal expansion

Slope of parabolic arch = θ = tan-1 4r (l – 2x)

where θ = Slope at any point x (or) inclination of tangent at x.

Horizontal thrust = l α TEI

where l = span length of the arch

α = coefficient of thermal expansion

ii. Two hinged arch iii.

iv. Fixed arch (or) hingeless arch

20. What are the types of arches according to their shapes.

Analysis of 3-hinged arches

Procedure to find reactions at the supports

Apply equilibrium conditions namely  Fx  0,  Fy  0 and  M  0

Problem 1 : Solve for unknown quantities.

0.6 kN/m 1 kN 1.6 kN

VA = 7.35 L = 30m VB = 4.25

To find vertical reaction.

 VB x 30  1.6 x 25  1 x 20  (0.6 x 15) 7.5  0

To find horizontal reaction.

 1x 5  1.6x10  4.25x15  H B x10  0

7.375x15  H A x10  (0.6 x15)7.5

To find total reaction

To find Horizontal reaction

To find Horizontal reaction

To find vertical reaction.

2.4H B  24VB   3740 ------ (3)

H B x 4.9  VB 14  1440 ------ (4)

 10VB  2.857 VB   1558.33  293.87

Normal thrust = N = + 160 Cos 25.64

S = 160 Sin 25.64

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