UNIT-III (PART A)

MICROWAVE TUBES
Basic operating principle of microwave tube is
to produce the power required for maximum
frequency
LIMITATIONS OF CONVENTIONAL TUBES AT
MICROWAVE FREQUENCIES:-
1. Effects of inter electrode capacitance
2. Effect due to lead inductance
3. Effect due to transit time
4. Limitations of gain bandwidth product
 EFFECTS OF INTER ELECTRODE CAPACITANCE

1
Xc 
2 f c
OPERATION:-
As fc increases,
Xc decreases,
voltage deceases,
power decreases
Distance between plates
decreases,
Short circuit occurs
Circuit may damage
REMEDY:-
To increase the plate distance
 0 r A
C
d
A= area of the electrode
d= distance between electrode
 = free space permittivity
0


r = relative permittivity
 EFFECT DUE TO LEAD INDUCTANCE

X L  2 f L
OPERATION:-
As fL increases,
XL increases,
gain deceases,
bandwidth decreases

REMEDY:-
To decrease XL
l
L
0  r A

A= area of the electrode

l= length of the coil
 = free space permeability
0

 = relative permeability
r
 EFFECT DUE TO TRANSIT TIME

The time required for the electrons to travel from cathode to anode plate is
called transit time(Ʈ)
 LIMITATIONS OF GAIN BANDWIDTH PRODUCT

gm
Am XBW 
C

Am= maximum voltage gain at resonance

BW= bandwidth
g m = trans conductance
C=the capacitance of the tank circuit

OPERATION:-
Maximum gain is achieved at a
particular frequency
As frequency increases,
gain deceases,
bandwidth decreases

REMEDY:-
To use RE-ENTRANT CAVITY
Which produces maximum gain at
larger frequencies
LOSSES OF CONVENTIONAL TUBES
AT MICROWAVE FREQUENCIES:-

• SKIN EFFECT LOSSES OR CONDUCTOR LOSSES

OR I2R LOSSES
• DIELECTRIC LOSSES
• RADIATION LOSSES
CLASSIFICATION OF MICROWAVE TUBES
RE-ENTRANT CAVITIES
COAXIAL CAVITY RADIAL CAVITY
RE-ENTRANT CAVITIES / IRREGULAR-SHAPED
RESONATORS
• Used to produce high frequencies by
reducing inductance & capacitance values
• Easily incorporated into microwave device
structures
• Easily couples and take out the signal
from these devices
• Commonly used re-entrant cavity is
coaxial cavity
• re-entrant cavity reduces inductance
losses, resistance losses and radiation
losses
 LINEAR BEAM (O TYPE) TUBES

SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF A GENERIC LINEAR BEAM TUBE

 TYPES OF LINEAR BEAM (O TYPE)
TUBES
(1) One type of tube uses electromagnetic cavities
(2) Other type of tube uses slow-wave structure
Both types of tubes uses electron beam
OPERATION:-
Electrons from cathode posses kinetic energy interacts with electron
beam and RF input interacts with electron beam and both gets converted
in microwave energy. At the RF output this microwave energy is
extracted by using re-entrant cavity which is present in electron beam
and remaining portion of electron beam is dissipated in the form of heat
to the collector. Magnetic fields are used to propagate the electrons into
electron beam from cathode with out any reflections.
2 CAVITY KLYSTRON AMPLIFIER
INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF 2 CAVITY KLYSTRON AMPLIFIER
 OPERATION OF 2 CAVITY KLYSTRON
AMPLIFIER
• Consists of 2 cavities
– One is buncher cavity :-produces RF i/p signal which is
to be amplified
– Another is Cather cavity:- produces RF amplified o/p
signal
• VDC provides 300v energy to electron beam and emits
electrons by potential energy
• At GAP A electrons from cathode interacts with RF i/p
signal and form a bunch
• One bunch consists of one complete cycle
• Remaining electrons which consists of low frequency
will be dissipated from collector
APPLE GATE DIAGRAM OF 2 CAVITY
KLYSTRON(operation at drift space)

re-reference
electron
le-late
electron
ee- earlier
electron
 PARAMETERS IN APPLE GATE

• DC BEAM VOLTAGE (Vdc upto 300v)

• DRIFT SPACE (SPACE BETWEEN GAP A & GAP
B)
• SIGNAL AMPLITUDE
 REFLEX KLYSTRON
• It is a single cavity klystron
• It provides variable frequency (4GHZ-
200GHZ)
• Generates low power(1mW-2.5mW) and low
efficiency (22.78%)
• Maximum theoretical efficiency ranges from
20% to 30%
STRUCTURE OF REFLEX KLYSTRON
OPERATION OF REFLEX KLYSTRON
• It consists of an electron gun, anode cavity (RF
output) and a repeller.
• It uses only a single re-entrants microwave
cavity as resonator. The electron beam
emitted from the electron gun(-ve charge)
which passes to the repeller space(-ve charge)
, repelles back and attract to the anode cavity
(+ve charge), form a bunch of electrons and
comes out as a output
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF SIMPLE
REFLEX KLYSTRON
APPLEGATE DIAGRAM OF REFLEX
KLYSTRON

T=n+3/4
 OSCILLATING MODES AND OUTPUT
CHARACTERISTICS OF REFLEX KLYSTRON

T=n+3/4

Where n is any integer that depends on repeller voltage & anode voltage
EFFECT OF REPELLER VOLTAGE ON POWER
OUTPUT
INTRODUCTION
• TWTs represents Travelling Wave Tubes
• It is nonresonant circuit
• Wave will propagate in helical line
• It is a slow wave structure
• It provides high output
• It has very long life period
• It consists of high gain of about 40dB, with low
noise , high power and high bandwidth.
• Its frequency range is about 300MHz-50GHz
 TYPES OF SLOW WAVE
STRUCTURES

HELICAL LINE FOLDED BACK LINE ZIGZAG LINE

INTER DIGITAL LINE CORRUGATED WAVE GUIDE

 HELICAL LINE

• It is the most commonly

used slow wave structure
• It consists of a thin
ribbon of metal that is
wound into a helical
structure
• It is constructed with a
round wire that act as a
slow wave structure
    DIAGRAM FOR HELICAL STRUCTURE

• The    diagram is
very useful in designing
a helix slow-wave
structure.
   DIAGRAM FOR SPACIAL HARMONICS
OF A HELICAL STRUCTURE
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF A TRAVELLING-
WAVE-TUBE
AMPLIFICATION PROCESS
INTRODUCTION
• M represents magnetic, which deals with the
propagation of electric field and magnetic
field in cylindrical wave guide.
• Both electric field and magnetic field are
perpendicular to each other
 M-TYPE TUBES

CROSSED-FIELD TUBES LINEAR BEAM TUBES

OUTER VIEW OF CYLINDRICAL
MAGNETRON
 8-CAVITY CYLINDRICAL
MAGNETRON

STRUCTURE OF A CAVITY CYLINDRICAL MAGNETIC FIELD

MAGNETRON CONFIGURATION
 ELECTRON TRAJECTORIES AT
VARIOUS MAGNETIC FIELDS

SMALL MAGNETIC FIELD

NO MAGNETIC FIELD

MAGNETIC FIELD > Bc

MAGNETIC FIELD =Bc
MODES OF RESONANCE &
𝝅 𝑴𝑶𝑫𝑬 𝑶𝑷𝑬𝑹𝑨𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵
HARTREE CONDITION
STRAPPING OF MAGNETRONS