YASHPAL SINGH’s PHYSICS CLASSES XI-Derivations

Ch – 3 Motion In a Straight Line

1. What do you mean by motion of an object?
2. What do you mean by ‘Path length’ or ‘Distance’ of an object?
3. Explain the statement clearly: To call a dimensional quantity ‘large’ or ‘small’ is meaningless
without specifying a standard for comparison.
4. Define ‘Average speed’ of an object.
5. What is meant by scalar and vector quantities? Give examples.
6. Define displacement. Give its SI unit.
7. What is meant by position vector of an object? Express displacement vector of an object in
terms of its initial and final positions.
8. What do you mean by ‘uniform motion’ of an object?
9. Define ‘Average velocity’ of an object. What is meant by instantaneous velocity of an object?
10. When a particle moves with constant velocity, its average velocity, its instantaneous velocity
and its speed are all equal. Comment on this statement.
11. What is meant by instantaneous acceleration?
12. Deduce the ‘velocity – time’, ‘position – time’ relation and ‘position - velocity’ relation for a
uniformly accelerated motion along a straight line by graphical method. (N)
13. Obtain an expression for the distance traveled by the body in nth second of its motion under
uniform acceleration in one dimension.
14. Deduce the ‘velocity – time’, ‘position – time’ relation and ‘position - velocity’ relation for a
uniformly accelerated motion along a straight line by calculus method. (N)
15. Plot a position-time graph for a constantly retarded motion along a straight line.
16. What do you mean by free fall of an object?
17. What is meant by reaction time of a driver of a vehicle? (N)
18. What is meant by stopping distance of a vehicle? (N)
19. Stopping distance of vehicles is an important factor for road safety and depends on the initial
velocity (v0) and the braking capacity, or deceleration, -a that is caused by the braking. Derive
an expression for stopping distance of a vehicle in terms of v0 and a. (N)
20. “For one dimensional motion, sometimes, the direction in which an object moves is given by the
direction of its velocity and not by the direction of acceleration.” Explain the above statement
with suitable example.
21. Express equation of motion of object under free fall when (i) it is dropped from a certain height
above the ground, (ii) it is thrown vertically upwards.
22. A ball is dropped from a certain height above the ground so that it is case of free fall. Write
equation of motion for the ball to calculate (i) its velocity when it strikes the ground, (ii)
distance traveled by it in time ‘t’. Take vertically downwards direction as negative. Also plot
acceleration-time, velocity-time and distance-time graph for the motion. (N)
23. Define relative velocity of an object with respect to another.
24. Show that the relative velocity of an object A with respect to the object B can be expressed as
the difference in the velocities of the objects.
9782573723 1
 YASHPAL SINGH’s PHYSICS CLASSES XI-Derivations
Ch - 4 Motion In a Plane
1 State the triangle law of vector addition and hence obtain an expression for the magnitude and
direction of the resultant vector of the sum of the two vectors.
2 State the parallelogram law of vector addition. Using the concept of parallelogram law of
 
vector addition, obtain an expression for magnitude of A  B .(N)
sin  sin  sin 
3 Prove that for a plane triangle,   , where α, β, γ are the angles and A, B and C
A B C
are the sides of the triangle opposite to the angles α, β and γ respectively.
4 What do you mean by a projectile? Show that the path followed by a projectile thrown
horizontally with a uniform velocity from the top of a tower is parabolic.
5 A horizontal stream of water leaves an opening in the side of a tank. If the opening is h metre
above the ground and the stream hits the ground D metre away, then what is the speed of
g
water as it leaves the tank in terms of g, h and D? Ans: u  D
2h
6 What do you mean by angular projectile?
7 Prove that the trajectory of a projectile thrown from ground at an angle θ with horizontal is
parabolic.
8 Show that for two complementary angle of projection of a projectile with the same velocity,
horizontal ranges are equal.
9 Prove that the horizontal range is same when angle of projection is (i) greater than 45 0 by
certain value and (ii) less than 450 by the same value. (N)
10 A point object projected at an angle θ 0 with the horizontal with velocity u0 at instant t = 0 from
ground and the object strikes the ground on the same level as that of projection after some
time. Obtain an expression for the
(i) equation of trajectory of the projectile, (ii) maximum height attained,
(iii) Horizontal range, (iv) time of flight.
11 An object is projected from the ground at an angle of β with vertical in the vertical plane with

an initial velocity u to move under the effect of gravity. Neglect air resistance and other such
dissipative forces. Obtain an expression for the
(i) equation of trajectory of the body, (ii) Maximum height attained,
(iii) time of flight, (iv) horizontal range of the body.
12 Define centripetal acceleration.
13 Derive an expression for the centripetal acceleration on a particle moving with uniform speed
 along a circular path of radius r. Discuss the direction of this acceleration.
14 Explain the geometrical meaning of the cross product of two vectors.
15 Mention the rule used to describe the direction of resultant vector of cross product of two
vectors.
16 Show that for a projectile, the angle between the velocity and the X-axis as function of  (t) =
 u0 y  gt 
tan-1   .
 u0 x 

9782573723 2
 YASHPAL SINGH’s PHYSICS CLASSES XI-Derivations
Answer: Let  = angle of projection with x-axis and u0 = initial velocity so that
Instantaneous velocity along y-axis is y = u0y – gt
Instantaneous velocity along x-axis x = u0x

 y  u0 y  gt 
If  (t) is angle made by  with x-axis at instant t then tan  (t) =  (t) = tan – 1  
x  u0 x 

9782573723 3
 YASHPAL SINGH’s PHYSICS CLASSES XI-Derivations
Ch - 5 Laws of Motion
1 State Newton’s second law of motion and hence derive the relation F = ma.
2 State impulse-momentum theorem.
3 Explain the term ‘impulse’. Show that the impulse is equal to the change in momentum.
4 Why a gun recoils back when it is being fired?
5 Show that the Newton’s second law of motion is the real law of motion. Or
Prove that the Newton’s I and III laws of motion are contained in the II law.
6 Action and reaction are equal and opposite. Why cannot they cancel each other?
7 Two masses M and m are connected to the two ends of an inextensible string. The string
passes over a smooth frictionless pulley. Calculate the acceleration of the masses and the
tension in the string. Given M > m.
8 A block placed on a rough horizontal surface is pulled by a horizontal force F. Let f be the
force applied by the rough surface on the block. Plot a graph of f versus F.
9 What is meant by angle of (a) friction, (b) repose? Derive relationship between them.
10 With the help of a suitable example, explain the terms static friction, limiting friction and
kinetic friction. Show the variation of force of friction with the applied friction graphically.
11 Show that static friction is a self-adjusting friction.
12 What is an impending motion?
13 Why does a cyclist lean to one side while going along a curve? In which direction does he lean?
14 What provides the centripetal force to a car taking a turn on a level road? Or
Briefly explain how a vehicle is able to go around a level curved track. Determine the
maximum speed with which the vehicle can negotiate this curved track safely.
15 Explain why curved roads are generally banked?
16 Obtain an expression for the maximum speed with a vehicle can safely negotiate a curved road
banked at an angle . Or
A car is speeding on a circular race track of radius R and banked at an angle . If the
coefficient of friction between the wheels of the car and the roads is μ, what is the maximum
permissible speed to avoid the slipping?
17 State laws of friction.
18 “Earth is a rotating frame of reference, even then it is considered as inertial frame of reference
for all practical purposes”. Explain why?
19 A body is sliding down an inclined plane having angle θ. If the coefficient of friction is μ, what
is the acceleration of the body down the inclined plane?

9782573723 4
 YASHPAL SINGH’s PHYSICS CLASSES XI-Derivations
Ch – 6 Work and Energy
1 Define work.
2 Define energy. What is meant by kinetic energy of a body?
3 State and establish the work-energy theorem.

4 Derive an expression for the kinetic energy of a body moving with speed . Establish an
expression for the kinetic energy of the body in terms of its linear momentum.
5 Define force in terms of potential energy.
6 Define conservative and non-conservative forces. Which forces are path dependent and which
are independent?
7 Define potential energy and gravitational potential energy.
8 A ball of mass m falls freely from rest from a height H above the ground. Justify that
mechanical energy of the ball during its free fall remains conserved. Or
With the help of suitable analysis, explain that the force of gravity is a conservative force.
9 A bob of mass m is suspended by a light string of length L. It is imparted a horizontal velocity
0 at the lowest point A such that it completes a semi-circular trajectory in the vertical plane
with the string becoming slack only on reaching the top-most point C as shown in the figure.
C
Derive (a) an expression for the tension in the string at any point of its
circular path.
mg

TC
(b) Hence find minimum tension at the bottom and the top of the circle. B

Obtain an expression for (i) v0, L

TA

(ii) the speeds at points B and C, A

v0

(iii) the ratio of the kinetic energies (KB/KC) at B and C.

mg

Comment on the nature of the trajectory of the bob after it reaches the point C.
10 Define power.
11 Define elastic potential energy. Represent restoring force developed in an elastic spring of force
constant ‘k’ when stretched through an extension x from its natural length. Hence or otherwise
deduce an expression for the elastic potential energy stored in a deformed spring. Also
represent the variation in elastic potential energy of elastic spring with the extension and
compression developed in the spring as compared to its natural length.
12 What is meant by the principle of conservation of mechanical energy? Under what type of
forces acting on the system this principle is valid?
13 What is Einstein’s mass-energy relation?
14 Prove that total mechanical energy of a body remains conserved when it slides down on a
frictionless inclined plane.
15 Prove that in one-dimensional perfect in- elastic collision; always there is some loss of kinetic
energy of the system undergoing the collision.
16 Prove that in an elastic one-dimensional collision between two bodies, the relative velocity of
approach before collision is equal to the relative velocity of separation after collision. Calculate
velocities of the two bodies after collision undergoing elastic collision in one dimension.

9782573723 5
 YASHPAL SINGH’s PHYSICS CLASSES XI-Derivations
17 Show that in one dimension elastic collision between two spheres of equal masses; their
velocities are interchanged after collision.

9782573723 6
 YASHPAL SINGH’s PHYSICS CLASSES XI-Derivations
Ch – 7 System of Particles and Rotational Motion
1 What is a rigid body?
@It is a body with perfectly definite unchanging shape. The distances between all the pairs of
particles do not change
2 Derive an expression for the position vector of centre of mass of a two particle system.
3 Justify that centre of mass of a two-particles system lies closer to heavier particle.
4 Deduce a position of centre of mass of a long uniform rod of mass m and length L.
5 Determine the centre of mass of a triangular lamina, qualitatively.
6 Derive an expression for the torque in Cartesian coordinates acting on a particle to rotate it in
XY-plane about an axis.
7 Obtain an expression for the torque acting on a body in polar coordinates. Why is it called
moment of force?
8 Deduce an expression for the angular momentum of a body rotating in XY plane in terms of
Cartesian coordinates.
9 Obtain an expression for it in Polar coordinates. Show that angular momentum can also be
identified as moment of momentum.
10 Explain the geometrical meaning of angular momentum.
11 Explain the meaning of radius of gyration.
12 Deduce an expression for rotational kinetic energy of a rigid body rotating about an axis.
Hence define moment of inertia.
13 Deduce an expression for the moment of inertia of a uniform circular ring of mass M and
radius R about an axis passing through its centre and perpendicular to its plane.
14 Deduce an expression for the moment of inertia of a uniform circular disc of mass M, radius R
about an axis passing through the centre and the perpendicular to the plane of the disc.
15 Obtain equations of motion for rotational motion under uniform angular acceleration from first
principles.
16 Deduce an expression for the moment of inertia of a uniform circular ring of mass M and
radius R about a diameter.
17 Deduce an expression for the moment of inertia of a rod of mass M, length L about an axis
perpendicular to it passing through one of its centre?
18 Two particles, each of mass m and speed , travel in opposite directions along parallel lines
separated by a distance d. Show that the vector angular momentum of the two particle system
is the same whatever be the point about which the angular momentum is taken.
19 Deduce an expression for the rolling kinetic energy of a symmetric body of radius R and mass
M rolling on a plane horizontal surface with centre of mass speed ‘’.
20 Deduce an expression for linear acceleration acquired by a body of radius r, mass m rolling on
an inclined plane (inclination with horizontal is ) without slipping.

9782573723 7
 YASHPAL SINGH’s PHYSICS CLASSES XI-Derivations
Ch – 8 Gravitation
1 What is the effect on g at poles and equator of the earth?
2 Deduce an expression to show the effect of altitude above the surface of earth on g i.e. Show
that the value of acceleration due to gravity decreases with altitude.
3 Deduce an expression to show the effect of depth d (below earth’s surface) on acceleration due
to gravity.
4 Plot a graph to show the variation in acceleration due to gravity with variation in distance of
observation from the centre of earth to a point lying well outside the earth.
5 Derive an expression for the gravitational potential energy of an object of mass m (m << M)
placed at a distance r (r > R) from the centre of earth (mass M, radius R).
6 Derive an expression for the gravitational potential at a point at a distance r from a point mass
M.
7 Plot a graph to show the variation in (i) GPE (ii) Gravitational potential with the distance from
centre of earth (above the surface of earth).
8 Deduce an expression for the (a) orbital speed, (b) time period and (c) altitude of a satellite
revolving around earth in a circular orbit of orbital radius r and altitude above the surface of
earth to be h.
9 Define orbital velocity of a satellite? Does it depend on the mass of the satellite?
10 If satellite is revolving very close to earth surface, h <<<R then write the expression for the
orbital speed and the time period of satellite. Also determine their values.
11 What is meant by energy of a satellite? Obtain an expression for the energy of a satellite
orbiting around the earth.
12 What is meant by binding energy of a satellite? Write an expression for the same.
13 Show the nature of the following graph for a satellite orbiting the earth: -
(a) KE v/s orbital radius R (b) PE v/s orbital radius R (c) TE v/s orbital radius R
14 What are the necessary conditions for a satellite to appear stationary with respect to any place
on the earth’s surface?
15 Deduce Kepler’s II and III law of planetary motion from the Newton’s universal law of
gravitation. What is Kepler’s Problem?

9782573723 8
 YASHPAL SINGH’s PHYSICS CLASSES XI-Derivations
Ch – 9 Properties of Matter - Solids
1 A cylindrical wire of cross-sectional area ‘A’ (A << L), length ‘L’ is stretched within its elastic
limit through an extension ‘l’. Deduce an expression for the elastic potential energy density
stored in the wire.
2 If a wire is stretched by applying an external force then prove that the elastic potential energy
1
per unit volume of the wire is equal to  strain  stress.
2
3 A wire of a metal is stretched with a load. Prove that in a unit volume of the wire, the stored
1
potential energy is Y x 2 , where Y is the Young’s modulus of the material of the wire and
2
x is the longitudinal strain.

9782573723 9
 YASHPAL SINGH’s PHYSICS CLASSES XI-Derivations
Ch – 10 Properties of Matter - Liquids
1 Obtain an expression for the pressure on the bottom of a container due to liquid column filled
in it.
2 What is Torricellian vacuum in the reference of barometer?
3 Explain the term ‘hydrostatic paradox’.
4 State Pascal’s Law.
5 Explain the working of a hydraulic lift with the help of a well labeled diagram.
6 Explain the working of Hydraulic brakes with the help of Pascal’s law.
7 What is meant by gauge pressure? Whether pressure is a scalar or vector quantity?
8 State Archimedes’ principle. Hence, explain the law of floatation.
9 State mass-conservation law for an ideal liquid’s steady flow.
10 What is meant by equation of continuity? Deduce equation of continuity for an incompressible
steady flow of liquid. It corresponds to ____________ conservation principle. Ans: mass
11 Define turbulent flow of a liquid.
12 Write any two important characteristics of a streamline flow.
13 State and establish Bernoulli’s equation for liquid flow.
14 What is an aerofoil? Explain. What is meant by ‘dynamic lift’?
15 What is meant by velocity of efflux? State ‘Torricelli’s theorem’. Establish the same.
16 Explain, the ‘concept of heart attack’ on the basis of Bernoulli’s principle.
17 Explain Magnus effect to explain the trajectory followed by a ball moving (without spin)
through steady air.
18 What is an Atomiser/sprayer and explain its working principle.
19 At two places in a venturimeter the cross-sectional areas of the tube are A1, A2 and the
pressure difference is equal to the height h of the liquid column. Deduce a formula for the
volume of the liquid flowing per second through the tube. Or Deduce an expression for
measurement of rate of flow of liquid using venturimeter.
20 Explain the formation of meniscus of liquid surface in a container.
21 Define surface tension.
22 Can we write the unit of surface tension to be J/m2? Explain.
23 Explain surface energy. Derive a relation between surface tension and surface energy. What is
the SI unit of surface tension?
24 What is meant by angle of contact?
25 What do you mean by capillary action? Deduce an expression for the rise of liquid in a capillary
tube.
26 What do you mean by excess pressure across a liquid membrane?
27 Deduce an expression for excess pressure inside a liquid drop.
28 Deduce an expression for excess pressure inside a soap bubble.
29 Write an expression for excess pressure inside an air bubble formed in a liquid.

9782573723 10
 YASHPAL SINGH’s PHYSICS CLASSES XI-Derivations
30 A soap bubble is blown at the end of a tube very slowly. Draw a graph between the excess
pressure inside the bubble and its radius.
31 Check the dimensional consistency of Stoke’s law.
32 State Poiseiulle’s formula for liquid flow and Establish it dimensionally.
33 What is meant by terminal velocity? A spherical body of density ‘’, radius ‘r’ is dropped from
rest in a viscous medium of viscosity coefficient ‘η’ and density ‘σ’ ( > σ). Derive an expression
for terminal velocity acquired by the body. Plot a graph to show the variation in speed of body
with time till it attains the terminal speed while falling through the liquid.
34 Define coefficient of viscosity. Write down the dimensional formula and units of coefficient of
viscosity.
35 What is meant by viscous drag? On what factors does it depend?
36 Derive stoke’s law dimensionally.
37 Check the dimensional consistency of the Poiseiulle’s formula.
38 Show that the Reynolds number for a liquid flow through a pipe of diameter ‘d’ can be
expressed as the ratio of ‘inertial force and force of viscosity’.
39 For the design of aero planes, racing cars etc the turbulence is undesirable but it is not always
undesirable. State such cases.

9782573723 11
 YASHPAL SINGH’s PHYSICS CLASSES XI-Derivations
Ch – 11 Thermal Properties of Matter
1 Deduce a relation between the coefficient of area expansion,  = (ΔA/A)/ΔT, of a rectangular
sheet of the solid and its linear expansivity α.
2 Establish a relation between coefficient of linear expansion and cubical expansion of a metallic
cube.
1
3 Obtain an expression for coefficient of cubical expansion. Prove that for an ideal gas   ’
T
where symbols have their usual meaning.
4 An iron bar (length = L, Area of cross-
T0
section = A, conductivity = K1) and a brass
T1  373K Iron Brass T2  273K
bar (length = L, Area of cross-section = A,
conductivity = K2) are soldered end to end
as shown in figure.
The free ends of the iron bar and brass bar are maintained at T1 and T2 respectively. Obtain
expressions for (i) the temperature (T0) of the junction of the two bars, (ii) the equivalent
thermal conductivity of the compound bar, and (iii) the heat current through the compound
K1T1  K 2T2 2 K1 K 2
bar. Answer: T0  ; K
K1  K 2 K1  K 2
5 Deduce Newton’s cooling law from Stephen’s law.

9782573723 12
 YASHPAL SINGH’s PHYSICS CLASSES XI-Derivations
Ch – 12 Thermodynamics
1 Deduce an expression for the work done for ideal gas expansion under an isothermal process.
2 Write an expression for the work done in an isothermal process in terms of pressure of initial
and final states.
3 Deduce an expression for work done on a thermodynamical system in an adiabatic process.
4 Obtain an expression for the work done in an adiabatic process in terms of temperature.
5 State II law of thermodynamics. Give its different statements in reference of heat engine and
the heat pump.
6 Show the heat flow in case of a heat engine and a refrigerator using schematic diagrams.
7 Explain Carnot’s cycle and hence obtain an expression for the efficiency of Carnot’s heat engine
in terms of the temperature of sink and source.
8 On what factors, the efficiency of Carnot’s engine depends?
Answer: Source and sink temperature
9 State Carnot’s Theorem.
10 Does any actual engine reach the efficiency of a Carnot engine? Give reason. Ans: No

9782573723 13
 YASHPAL SINGH’s PHYSICS CLASSES XI-Derivations
Ch – 14 Oscillations
1 What is meant by displacement in the reference of a simple harmonic motion?
2 Explain the geometrical meaning of SHM. Or
Show that how it can be realized as the projection of a uniform circular motion.
3 Define SHM. What are the conditions to be satisfied for a motion to be a SHM?
4 Show that the velocity of a particle in SHM is maximum at the mean position and minimum
(i.e. zero) at the extreme position.
5 Show that y = r sin (ωt + φ) is a solution of the equation of simple harmonic
d2y
motion 2
  2 y  0 . What are the physical meanings of the symbols y, ω and φ.
dt
6 Derive an expression for the time period of a particle in SHM in terms of inertia factor and
spring factor.
7 What is a simple pendulum? What is meant by second’s pendulum?
8 Show that motion executed by the bob of the simple pendulum (for small angular
displacements) is S.H.M. Derive an expression for its time period.
9 Explain the oscillations of a loaded (vertical) spring and find the relations for the time period
and frequency.
10 The following figures 1, 2, 3 & 4 show four different spring arrangements. If the mass of each
arrangement is displaced from its equilibrium position and released, what is the resulting
frequency of vibration in each case? Neglect the mass of each spring.
k1
k1 k2 k1
k2 k1 k2 m
m
k2
m m
Fig  3 Fig  4
Fig  1 Fig  2

1 k1  k2 1 k1  k2 1 k1 k2 1 k1 k2
Ans: (1)  , ( 2 )  , ( 3 )  , ( 4 ) 
2 m 2 m 2 mk1  k2  2 mk1  k2 

9782573723 14
 YASHPAL SINGH’s PHYSICS CLASSES XI-Derivations
Ch – 15 Waves
1 If dimensionless constant is 1 and the speed of a longitudinal wave (sound in air) depends on
the bulk modulus of elasticity (B) and mass density  of air then deduce a relation for the
B
speed of longitudinal wave dimensionally. Ans:  =

2 Newton assumed sound wave propagation through air as ___________________
thermodynamical process as speed of sound is too ___________ as compared to speed of light.
Hence deduce a relation for the speed of sound in air as suggested by Newton.
P
Ans: isothermal, low,  =

3 If dimensionless constant is 1 and the speed of a longitudinal wave in a solid bar depends on
the Young’s modulus of elasticity (Y) and mass density  of solid then deduce a relation for the
Y
speed of longitudinal wave dimensionally. Ans:  =

4 Speed of sound in air at STP as determined by Newton is 280 m/s which is about ___% less
than the experimental value 331 m/s. So, Laplace pointed out that pressure variations in air
during propagation of sound are not slow. These are actually very fast and there is very little
time for the heat flow. Also, air is a very ____________ conductor of heat. Thus, sound wave
propagation through air is adiabatic process. Assuming it, deduce an expression for speed of
P
sound in air as suggested by Laplace correction. Ans: 16, poor,  =

5

9782573723 15