The birth of 8086

1. What is the history of 8086?

In 1972, Intel launched the 8008, the first 8-bit microprocessor. It implemented
an instruction set designed by Datapoint corporation with programmable CRT
terminals in mind, which also proved to be reasonably general-purpose. The device
needed several additional ICs to produce a functional computer, in part due to it being
packaged in a small 18-pin "memory package", which ruled out the use of a separate
address bus (Intel was primarily a DRAM manufacturer at the time).
Two years later, Intel launched the 8080, employing the new 40-pin DIL
packages originally developed for calculator ICs to enable a separate address bus. It has
an extended instruction set that is source-compatible (not binary compatible) with the
8008 and also includes some 16-bit instructions to make programming easier. The 8080
devices, was eventually replaced by the depletion-load-based 8085 (1977), which
sufficed with a single +5 V power supply instead of the three different operating voltages
of earlier chips. Other well known 8-bit microprocessors that emerged during these years
are Motorola 6800 (1974), General Instrument PIC16X (1975), MOS Technology
6502 (1975), Zilog Z80 (1976), and Motorola 6809 (1978).

2. What are its key components

Instruction Pointer (IP):
 It is a 16-bit register. It holds offset of the next instructions in the Code Segment.
 IP is incremented after every instruction byte is fetched.
 IP gets a new value whenever a branch instruction occurs.
 CS is multiplied by 10H to give the 20-bit physical address of the Code Segment.
 Address of the next instruction is calculated as CS x 10H + IP.
Code Segment register:
CS holds the base address for the Code Segment. All programs are stored in the Code
Segment and accessed via the IP.
Data Segment register:
DS holds the base address for the Data Segment.
Stack Segment register:
SS holds the base address for the Stack Segment.
Extra Segment register:
ES holds the base address for the Extra Segment.
Address Generation Circuit:
 The BIU has a Physical Address Generation Circuit.
 It generates the 20-bit physical address using Segment and Offset addresses
using the formula:
 3. What can it do?
8086 Microprocessor is an enhanced version of 8085Microprocessor that was designed
by Intel in 1976. It is a 16-bit Microprocessor having 20 address lines and16 data lines
that provides up to 1MB storage. It consists of a powerful instruction set, which provides
operations like multiplication and division quickly.

4. Where is it applied?
8086 is used for general purpose like it is used in traffic signals for control purpose. It's
also used for small applications like for calculator, scientific calculators & small
arithmetic operations