Signal Processing in Autonomous Vehicles

To turn a manually operated car into an automated one requires data to be acquired and
process the same way humans innately do. Humans gather data to drive a car manually is through
touch, sight, and sound with the help of mirrors, cameras, sensors, and brakes. The autonomous vehicle
uses lidar and radar sensors to gather a vast amount of processed data in real-time. Signal processing
comes into play when analyzing the data given by lidar sensors and making decisions to provide detailed
maps of the vehicle's area. The challenge is how to use this data to help the car make decisions as if
there is a human behind the wheels. Signal processing engineers provide rules and methods for self-
driving vehicles. Autonomous vehicles must know how to understand traffic lights, understand traffic
signs, and know how to pull over when hearing and seeing police sirens. Autonomous cars must also
learn the skill of prediction to prevent critical accidents. Autonomous cars need to merge multiple types
of data from many sensors that allow fast object recognition and develop reasoning that translates data
and object recognition to contextual understanding from which decisions can be made by predicting
drivers' behavior should be integrated into decision making.

MRI

MRI Images formed non-invasively and without radiation by relying on physics and signal processing.
MRI produces strong magnetic fields at least 60000 times stronger than the standard refrigerator
magnet. This magnetic field targets hydrogen atom protons making each of them align or misalign with
the magnetic field. The radiofrequency current pulses repeatedly to generate millions of radio signals
from the combined output of protons. The scanner directs magnetic gradients to a different position to
fill the K-space. The values in those locations represent the spatial frequency components of the MRI
image. Inverse fast Fourier transform, which identifies the frequencies in a signal, will be applied to the
K-space to form the MRI image. Signal Processing engineers are exploring ways to optimize the image
construction process. DSP is important to MRI for developing new techniques for faster image creation
without the Gibbs ringing.

Home assistant

Signal Processing is the reason why our digital home assistants understand us. Our digital home
assistants must process speech, echo, and conflicting noise because commands are often spoken
anywhere in the room. Home assistants like Amazon Echo and Google home use far-field speech
recognition to successfully analyze complex speech waves and determine the user's embedded
command. Far-field speech recognition can be enhanced in two ways. First is multi-channel speech
processing, which uses multiple microphones to allow signals to be improved from some directions and
suppressed from others. The second is multi-condition training, which trains the device to find the
command within all the sound waveforms, including all the conflicting noise. Signal processing engineers
create countless situations where sound waves are emitted and picked up by microphones in different
room areas to ensure accuracy
Global health solutions

For Global Health Solutions, they used Signal processing techniques for supporting Data Science. They
analyze the gathered data of ecologists on 400 species of the prime ape worldwide. After clustering the
related species together, they apply two algorithms: multi-label learning and Bayesian Inference
Statistical Signal Processing to create a Global map showing the world's regions had the highest
possibility of Zika Virus. Multi-label learning takes a single instance of an example or problem. It
simultaneously associates it with labels such as Zika virus and other similar diseases like dengue and st.
Louis encephalitis. Bayesian inference can overcome the problem of not having a large amount of data
by incorporating prior probabilities and updating them when new evidence is provided.

5g

Signal Processing in 5G made it possible to allows devices to connect, exchange information, and work
faster with fewer delays. Here's how signal processing made it possible, 5G connectivity requires
consistent transmission of waveforms between terminals through a base station. Thousand of users or
devices trying to connect the information is first directed to the base station. The string of data bits
transmitted by the user or devices contains two types of information which are packets and pilot
waveforms. Once the base station receives the packets and pilot waveforms, the base station will
process the data and send it to the intended designation terminal.