ASSIGNMENT WORK

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Name Isha Datt

Class M.Phil. (Mathematics)
Roll no. 2067082
ID ABMMM2003
Qs. What are the main differences between research article and research
report? Explain in brief.

Ans:
 A research article is a written paper that illustrates an outcome of
scientific with supporting data.
A research report is a document which summarizes facts given in a
research paper.

 The research article is a lengthy and extensive document that consist of

each and every detail of the research whereas a research report is
comparatively a short document that is used to review the details given
in a research paper.

 A research article consists of the components like a title, abstract, an

introduction, a methodology, results, discussion, and references. On the
other hand, a research report format includes summary, introduction,
methodology, results, and discussion.

 Research article in its literature section reviews the ideas and analysis of
other researchers who already have done work on the same topic. On
the other hand, research report cannot discuss the research or
investigation of other researchers but it can only explain the procedure,
conclusion and importance of a specific research paper or article.

 Research article is based upon a question or a query. In contrast a

research report can never address any question or query. It is developed
just to recap the important details of the targeted research paper.
Qs. What are the main differences between APA and MLA style of reference?
Discuss point wise.
Ans:

American Psychological Association (APA)

APA citation refers to the rules that were developed by the American
Psychological Association for documenting sources used in research paper.
APA requires both in text citation and a reference list. There should be no
sources on the reference list that are not referred to in the text.

Modern Language Association (MLA)

MLA style is a referencing method developed by the Modern Language
Association. It consists of two parts: a brief in-text citation in the body of your
work and a detailed list of the Works Cited at the end of the work.
Though these both are most commonly used referencing styles they differ
from each other in many aspects. Some of them are listed below.
 Field
APA is used in writing papers in the field of education, psychology, and
social sciences.
MLA is used in writing research paper in the field of humanities.

 Title
In APA only the necessary words (first word of the title, proper nouns
etc.) are capitalized and the journal’s name is in Italics. When
referencing book title (book name) is italic
In MLA all the major words are capitalized and the title is in double
quotes and when referencing book, the title is italic.

 Source Page
In case of APA the source page is titled as “References”. Whereas in case
of MLA the source page is titled as “Works Cited”.

 Author’s Name in Reference List

In APA only the last name of the author is used, the first name is
reduced to its initial.
In MLA the full name of the author is used.
 Publication Date
In APA, publication date is written inside the parenthesis, follows the
authors name.
In MLA, publication date is written after the publisher.

 In-text Citation
APA uses the author’s name and year of publication.
MLA uses author’s name and page number for in text citation.

 Examples
APA
 Chen, S. M. (1994). Fuzzy system reliability analysis using fuzzy number
arithmetic operations. Fuzzy sets and systems, 64(1), 31-38. (Research
Paper)

 Billinton, R., & Allan, R. N. (1992). Reliability evaluation of engineering

systems. New York: Plenum press. (Book)

 Sachdeva (2008) studied the reliability of pulping system of paper industry.

(In text citation)

MLA

 Chen, Shyi-Ming. "Fuzzy system reliability analysis using fuzzy number

arithmetic operations." Fuzzy sets and systems 64.1 (1994): 31-38. (Research
Paper)

 Billinton, Roy, and Ronald Norman Allan. Reliability evaluation of engineering

systems. New York: Plenum press, 1992. (Book)

 (Sachdeva 85) studied the reliability of pulping system of paper industry. (In
text citation)
Qs. What do you mean by the impact factor of a journal?
Ans:
Whenever we want to write or study a research paper, we intend to find the
best research article related to it. Now the question arises how to do we select
the best article from the average ones? So, it goes by that, check the number
of counts that go in the favour of the article. This implies the number of times
the article has been cited in Journal Citation Reports (JCR).
Impact factor which was devised by Eugene Garfield is a measuring medium
for the number of citations received by the articles in a particular journal. It is
expressed in the terms of numerical figure like if an article is cited one time, it
denotes the impact factor of 1.0. The impact factor is a parameter for
highlighting the significance of a journal within its specific field. The impact
factor does not foster comparison across different fields because citation may
vary in number.

Qs. What do you mean by online and open access journals? What are the
various type of research journals?

Ans:
Online Access Journal
An electronic journal (E - journal) is a periodical publication which is published
in electronic format, usually on the internet.
Libraries have been exploring ways to cope up with the problems of every
increasing price of the journals, space requirements and decreasing level of the
usage as the journals get older. Nevertheless, libraries are required to maintain
back the issues of the journals, usually in bound form. Electronic journal helps
the librarians in dealing with these problems to a great extent without
significantly affecting the service level.
Electronic Journals can be accessed via internet from any web enabled
computers or system. Depending upon the type of subscription, one or more
user can access the service simultaneously, either directly from an
independent web enabled system or in a local area network through a proxy
server (IP address-based access). Electronic Journals also offer the benefit of
full text searching and downloading of articles
Electronic Journals have several advantages over traditional printed journals
 You can read journal articles on your system, you don’t have to be in the
library
 The article you want to read will always be available, even when the
library is closed.
 Hypertext links allows you to move to different sections within individual
journal or articles and can link you to related resources on the internet.
 Saves physical storage space.
Many electronic journals which are available are electronic versions of journals
which exist in print but they are some journals which are only available in
electronic format and although these journals are of high academic quality one
must be aware that they should have gone through the peer review process.

Open Access Journal

The open access journal was founded with a mission to develop a reliable
platform and to provide unrestricted access to research journals of various
disciplines. Readers can have access with no cost and avail the facility to enrich
their understanding in their topics. While open access journals are freely
available to the readers, there are still cost associated with the publication and
production of such journals.
Research scholars, faculty members and academicians of various disciplines
are invited to submit their research contributions in the form of original
manuscript which will undergo quality check before being approved for the
publication.
Advantages of Open Access Journal are
 Free access to scientific knowledge, information and data.
  Open Access articles reach broader audiences than articles in non-open
access journal.
 Studies have shown that open access articles are viewed and cited
more than articles behind a paywall.
 New ideas can be dispersed more rapidly and widely, which in turn
triggers new research studies.
The motto of the open access is to promote flawless, unbiased research
information and data by maintaining at most transparency and following the
already laid international publishing standard.
Types of Journal
 Limited Access Journal: Cost of publishing is free and it goes through
intensive peer review. Readers have to pay some subscription fees.
 Overlay Journals: These journals do not produce their own content, but
selects and curates’ group of articles that are already freely available
online.
 Predatory Journals: They are no review process. They can and cannot be
free its often advised not to read from such journals.
 Library based Journals: Many academic librarians are now beginning to
act as publishers for scholarly works produced in their institutions and
elsewhere. In some cases, the library works with the university school
press to publish work and in other scenarios the library publishes works
independently or separately from the university.

Qs. What do you understand by copyright issue and patent in research area?
Ans:
Copyright
Copyright is a set of exclusive rights that are granted to a creator of a work of
an original work authorship. Those rights include the right to make copies,
publicly display a work, perform a work and create derivative works based
upon it. In simple terms we can say copyright is the right to copy and publish a
work. In research we can usually use copyrighted work as long as you cite the
owner of the source.
The copyrights limits how others can use the paper. Without permission from
the copyright holder, usually the author, no one else can legally post it on a
web site, share it in a journal or even use lengthy passages of it for their own
research. However, copyright is like any other property. You can license others
to use a copyrighted work and even sell it or give it away.  
While copyright can’t restrict the facts and information learned during
research, it can be used to restrict access to the research itself. The most
common approach that has been taken is simply restricting who can view the
paper. Many non-open access journals would make articles available only to
subscribers.
Most subscription-based, non-open access journals require authors to transfer
the copyright of their article to the publisher. When you have signed a
copyright transfer agreement with a publisher, you must ask the publisher’s
permission to re-use your publication in new publications or in teaching or
distribute limited number of copies. Some publishers, for example
the American Physical Society, also grant the author the right to post and
update the article on the author's or employer's website and on free e-print
servers. If two or more people together to create a work, they are joint holders
of the copyright. Joint owners each have an equal right to exercise and enforce
the copyright.
Under current U.S. law, copyright lasts until 70 years after the death of the
author. After the copyright term expires, works pass into the public domain,
meaning that anyone is free to reproduce, distribute, or otherwise re-use the
work.

Patent
A patent is protection right granted by a national government for an invention.
This protection excludes others from making, using or selling an invention for a
period of time.
A patent is considered personal property of the inventor. Once the inventor is
granted a patent, she may transfer her patent rights to another. For example, a
research company may employ a scientist who invents a new medical device.
Once the patent is granted, the scientist will transfer the patent to the
company.
For an invention to qualify for a patent, it must be both "novel" and "non-
obvious." An invention is novel if it is different from other similar inventions in
one or more of its parts. It also must not have been publicly used, sold, or
patented by another inventor within a year of the date the patent application
was filed. An invention is non-obvious if someone who is skilled in the field of
the invention would consider the invention an unexpected or surprising
development.
Naturally occurring substances and laws of nature, even if they are newly
discovered, cannot be patented. Abstract principles, fundamental truths,
calculation methods, and mathematical formulas also are not patentable. A
process that uses such a formula or method can be patented, however. For
example, a patent has been granted for an industrial process for moulding
rubber articles that depends upon a mathematical equation and involves the
use of a computer program.