​Assignment#1

Submitted To:
Ma'am Eurm Ishaq

Submitted By​:
Asifa Sagheer
Sap# 25281
MS (MS)

Date:
Oct 3,2020
 Research Paper 1
Title Inuence of governance regime on
controller roles – supervisory board
members’ perspectives on business
unit controller roles and role conict

Journal School of Business and Economics

Date 11 June,2020

Theory The plethora of changes in the corporate governance

landscape over the past two decades has the potential to
tighten governance regimes and influence the preference of
supervisory board members vis-a`-vis the involved
decision-making role of business unit (BU) controllers and
their independent fiduciary role. Stricter financial reporting and
compliance requirements may lead organizations to prioritize
the latter role. However, recent studies support the need to
balance these roles, inducing the potential for role conflict.
The purpose of this study is to shed light on the influence of a
tight and loose governance regime on this balance as
preferred by supervisory board members.

Target The authors find evidence for the preference of supervisory

board members for ‘‘all-round’’ BU controllers who,
irrespective of the governance regime, demonstrate
substantial levels of fiduciary and decision-making qualities
and deal with the resulting role conflict.

Questions General questions were included to gather data for our control
variables (age, gender, years of work experience, number of
listed companies worked for, occurrence of compliance and
internal control problems within these listed companies,
experience with governance codes and knowledge of
governance codes).

Future​ ​Directions The two case descriptions used to distinguish between a tight
and a loose governance regime were tested only once before,
in a pilot experiment, and not in prior research.

Contributions study contributes to understanding views of supervisory board

members on the roles relevant for BU controllers and the
extent to which governance regime tightness influences the
relevance of the roles and the conflict between the roles.
 Research Paper 2
Title Managing conflict in aquaculture

Journal School of Business and Economics

Date Vol. 1 No. 1, 2018

Theory A flexible decision technology called the Graph Model for

Conflict Resolution (GMCR) is applied to a generic
aquaculture conflict to illustrate how GMCR can be used to
systematically investigate a wide range of conflicts arising in
aquaculture in order to obtain meaningful strategic insights
and thereby assist in making informed decisions in
aquaculture development.

Target The GMCR methodology comprises two main stages:

modeling and analysis. During the modeling stage, key
decision makers (DMs), the options under each DM’s control
and each DM’s relative preferences over feasible states are
identified based on a thorough background investigation to a
given dispute. Within the analysis stage, solution concepts
that describe key characteristics of human behavior under
conflict are utilized to determine resolutions that could occur
when DMs interact under pure competition and cooperatively.
Interpretation of the equilibrium results provides meaningful
strategic insights for better understanding which strategies a
given DM could select as the conflict evolves over time.

Questions The basic input information required for modeling purposes

includes: decision makers (DMs) and their options (courses of
actions) in the conflict. It contains a number of solution
concepts, also called stability definitions, that describe how a
DM would think and behave under conflict. These solution
concepts capture key characteristics of various types of
human behavior such as how foresighted a DM can think in
terms of potential moves and countermoves, whether or not a
DM has knowledge of other DMs’ preferences, and does a DM
accept strategic risk. It furnishes a range of informative output,
follow-up analyses and advice for use in

Future​ ​Directions The aquaculture dispute systematically investigated in this

paper demonstrates that GMCR can provide valuable strategic
insights for enhancing the decision-making process. The
authors believe that GMCR methodology should prove to be
highly effective in resolving conflict in the many areas in which
controversies could take place in the broad field of Marine.

Contributions GMCR was to design and construct a decision methodology

having the capability to address challenging decision
 situations occurring in water resources and environmental
management.

Research Paper 3
Title Resolving Goal Conflicts via Negotiation

Journal Cognitive Modeling

Date 2017

Theory In non-cooperative multi-agent planning, resolution of multiple

conflicting goals is the result of finding compromise solutions.
Previous research has dealt with such multi-agent problems
where planning goals are well-specified, subgoals can be
enumerated, and the utilities associated with subgoals known.
Our research extends the domain of problems to include
non-cooperative multi-agent interactions where planning goals
are ill-specified, subgoals cannot be enumerated, and the
associated utilities are not precisely known. We provide a
model of goal conflict resolution through negotiation
implemented in the PERSUADER, a program that resolves
labor disputes. Negotiation is performed through proposal and
modification of goal relaxations.

Target Case-Based Reasoning is integrated with the use of

multi-attribute utilities to portray tradeoffs and propose novel
goal relaxations and compromises. Persuasive arguments are
generated and used as a mechanism to dynamically change
the agents’ utilities.

Questions Our research contribution consists in providing a methodology

that extends the domain of problems that need compromise
resolution of goal conflicts to problems of the second class.
For such problems, optimal solutions cannot be found. The
best that can be done is to use 9zegotiation to find a
compromise acceptable to all agents.

Future​ ​Directions The integration of analytic and heuristic methods makes the
PERSUADER robust and flexible. It does not break down
when heuristic methods fail.

Contributions We have presented the PERSUADER as a model of RGC

 among conjunctive goals through negotiation for problems
with ill-specified goals, non-enumerable subgoals and
unknown associated utilities.

Research Paper 4
The impact of economic interdependence on the probability of
conict between states.

Review of Economics and Political

Date Vol. 4 No. 1, 2019

Theory The purpose of this paper is to explore to what extent the

economic interdependence can affect the likelihood of conict
between States. Specially, over the past few decades, there
has been a huge interest in the relationship between
economic interdependence and political conict.

Target This paper highlights the content and level of economic

interdependence between China and the USA since the
beginning of China’s economic reform in 1979 and examines
the impact of economic interdependence between them on
their relationship toward Taiwan since 1995 and the probability
of conict.

Questions The number of armed conicts during the

pre-interdependence period to the number of armed conicts
after the economic interdependence there was an overage of
0.79 militarized interstate disputes.

Future​ ​Directions The interdependence theory cannot take into account all the
contextual factors that might lead to conict, Interdependence
theory does account for such things as formal alliances,
military capabilities and proximity of states, but it does not
address the specic security environment and its impact on
conflict.

Contributions Economic interdependence does not completely prevent the

outbreak of international conicts, but it also plays a major role
in inuencing the conict in terms of the conict’s intensity, the
use of armed force and the number of conicts that occur
between the economic interdependence states.
 Research Paper 5
Title E-negotiation systems:
Interaction of people and technologies to resolve conflicts

Journal School of Business

Date 2016

Theory Internet and new computing and communication technologies

introduced new opportunities for the design and deployment of
software capable of supporting negotiators, mediators and
arbitrators. Nego- tiations conducted over the Web are
commonly called e-negotiations which use e-negotiation
systems (ENSs)

Target 1. Outline recent developments in e-negotiations and software

systems used to conduct them;
2. Discuss selected studies of the use of software used in
e-negotiations and its impact on the process and outcomes;
and
3. Raise—in the context of the impact of software on
negotiations—the issue of the relationship between the
communication and support, and the potential of software to
facilitate and medi- ate conflict

Questions • Utility of the expected and achieved agreement,

• Utility of the worst acceptable compromise, and
• Expected friendliness of the negotiation.

Future​ ​Directions Clearly the new modes of negotiations are impoverished by

the absence of human contact and non- verbal
communication. This is not necessarily detrimental to conflict
resolution. Narrow communica- tion bandwidth may—on its
own merit—reduce the cognitive efforts.

Contributions The purposes of this paper is to note that there is a trade-off

between the loss of communication bandwidth and the gain of
processing capability. Verbal and structured communication
can be en- riched by powerful and fast analysis, simulation
and visualization tools, and access to knowledge and
expertise of others.