Introduction to Differential Equations (D.Es.

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 Introduction to Differential Equations (D.Es.)

Differential Equations

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 Basic
A differential equation is an equation for a function
containing derivatives of that function.
2 2
dy d y  z z
 y  0, 2
 0, 2
  0
dx dx x t

Similar way, Can you write 3 differential Equations?

Write another 3 differential Equations which are used in EEE?

These are second-order differential equations, categorized
according to the highest order derivative

Order?
 Dependent Variable and Independent Variable

Dependent variable

y  y ( x)
Independent Variable

dy ( x ) dy
 y ( x)   y  0
dx dx

d
is called differential operator
dx
Ordinary Differential Equation (ODE)

If a differential equation contains one dependent variable and one

independent variable, then it is called ordinary differential equation (ODE).
Partial Differential Equation(PDE):

If there are two or more independent variables, so that the derivatives are
partial, then the differential equation is called partial differential equation.
 Order
Order is the number of the highest differentiation in an equation

Degree
Degree is the power of the highest differentiation in an equation

4 10
2
 d y   dy 
 2 
   y  si n x
 dx   dx  Order and Degree?
 Order and Degree
•
 Repeat: Order and Degree of D.E.
Order: The order of a differential equation is the maximum
time of derivative in the existing equation.

Degree: The degree of a differential equation is the power of

the highest differential coefficients when the equation has
been made rational. For example-

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 Order and Degree of D.E.

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 Linear and Nonlinear
• A linear algebraic equation: a y 1  b y 2  c
• A linear DE (Order?): a ( x ) y   b ( x ) y   c ( x )
• A linear DE(order?):a ( x ) y   b ( x ) y   c ( x ) y  d ( x )
• Nonlinear Algebraic Equations:y 1 y 2  1, y 12  y 2  0, y 1  si n y 2
2
• Nonlinear Algebraic Equations:  y    y x yy    x y   si n y
• What about y   x 2 y  si n x
Is this Linear or Nonlinear?
Quiz classify differential equation:
Quiz classify differential equation:
Quiz classify differential equation:
Quiz classify differential equation:
Quiz classify differential equation:
Answers
General Solution:

The solution of a differential equation in which the number of arbitrary

constants is equal to the order of the differential equation is called the
general solution.

Particular Solution:

If particular values are given to the arbitrary constants in the general

solution, then the solution so obtained is called particular solution.
 Formation of DE
General Rule
Differentiate the algebraic equation considering the number
of constants of the equation and eliminate the constants

Note:
If there are two constants, differentiate two times, If there
are three constants, differentiate three times
 Formation of D.E.
Problem :

Solve by Yourself:
Prob. (d) & (f)

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 Formation of D.E.
Problem (a):
Solution:

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 Formation of D.E.

which is a D.E. of second order

and first degree.

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 Formation of D.E.
Solution (b):

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 Formation of D.E.

which is a D.E. of first order

and 3rd degree.

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 Formation of D.E.
Solution (c):

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 Formation of D.E.
Solution (e):

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 Formation of D.E.

which is a D.E. of first order and

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second degree. 28
 Formation of D.E.
Solution (g):

which is a D.E. of second order and

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first degree. 29
 Formation of D.E.
Problem :

Solve by Yourself:
Prob. (d) & (f)

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 Formation of D.E.
Problem (a):
Solution:

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 Formation of D.E.

which is a D.E. of second order

and first degree.

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 Formation of D.E.
Solution (b):

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 Formation of D.E.

which is a D.E. of first order

and 3rd degree.

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 Formation of D.E.
Solution (c):

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 Formation of D.E.
Solution (e):

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 Formation of D.E.

which is a D.E. of first order and

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second degree. 37
 Formation of D.E.
Solution (g):

which is a D.E. of second order and

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first degree. 38
Finally, that represents a straight
line
Formation of Ordinary Differential Equation(ODE) by eliminating
arbitrary constants
Since there is no arbitrary constant so this is the required ODE. We differentiated two times
because of having 2 arbitrary constants initially.

Since there is no arbitrary constant so this is the required ODE. We differentiated two times
because of having 2 arbitrary constants initially. Finally, the order of this equation is 2 and the
degree is 1