Asia Pacific Journal of Research ISSN (Print) 2320-5504

ISSN (Online) : 2347-4793

PRODUCTION AND MARKETING OF JASMINE FLOWER WITH REFERENCE

TO SATHYAMANGALAM TALUK

Dr. K.Kanniammal,
Associate Professor in Commerce,
Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women,
Coimabtore-641043, Tamilnadu.

R. Dhivya,
M.Phil Scholar,
Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women.
Coimbatore-641043,Tamilnadu.

ABSTRACT

Jasmine is an attractive important commercial crop and fast growing business in India. Tamil Nadu is the leading
producer of jasmine in the country. Jasmine growers belonging to small and marginal farmers’ category are facing many
problems not only in cultivation but also in marketing their products. In this context “Production and Marketing of Jasmine
flower with reference to Sathyamangalam Taluk” was undertaken to find out the factors motivating the farmers to grow
jasmine, marketing pattern and the satisfaction level of farmers . The primary data was collected through interview schedule by
purposive sampling method from 200 respondents. The statistical tools namely, percentage analysis and Garret Ranking were
applied. The rating scale- Likerts Scaling Technique also applied.

The farmers preferred jasmine cultivation mainly due to less work load in jasmine cultivation since the plants life is 10
to 15 years and it is a cash crop. The different types of training underwent by the farmers helps them to increase the production
of jasmine and to solve the production and marketing problems. Further, the study reveals that floriculture being a vital sub-
sector of horticulture, have potential for providing enhanced returns to farmers and female labourers.

Keywords: Jasmine Flower-Production-Marketing-Returns-Employment opportunities.

Introduction
Jasmine is an attractive important commercial crop. It has got importance in all religious, social and cultural ceremonies and
other functions performed by all people. Tamil Nadu is the leading producer of jasmine in the country. Jasmine cultivation is
considered as a fast growing business in India. Since the jasmine crop requires lots of manpower for harvesting and other
operations, only small farmers are interested to cultivate the crop. Jasmine farming is an ideal crop for small farmers where the
land is in small extent (less than 2 acres). Whether it is a jasmine flower or essential oil, jasmine can be used as an aphrodisiac, a
sedative, an antiseptic, antidepressant, antispasmodic, and analgesic. In Ayurveda, jasmine has been used as an aphrodisiac and
as a means to increase immunity and fight fever. It has also been regarded as a means to treat conjunctive. In traditional Chinese
medicine, jasmine flowers are brewed and consumed as herbal and remedial tea. An infusion of jasmine tea is known to be

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beneficial in treating fever, urinary inflammation, and other infections. In addition, jasmine tea can be helpful in relieving stress
and anxiety. It can be extremely helpful for people suffering from heat stroke or sunstroke.
Tamil Nadu holds number one position in producing of jasmine in India. The flowers produced in Tamil Nadu exported to
the other countries like Sri Lanka Malaysia, Singapore and Middle East countries. Tamil Nadu occupied more than two fifths of
the total flower area in the state. The area and production of total flowers in India were increasing impressively over the years.
The area under flower cultivation in Tamil Nadu had increased from 13,792 hectares (ha) in TE 1995 – 96 to 18493 ha in TE
2003 – 04, which further increased to 32000 ha in TE 2014 – 15. The major districts in Tamil Nadu where jasmine is grown
are: Thirunelveli, Erode, Madurai, Thiruvallur, Thiruchirapalli, Krishnagiri, Salem, Vellore, Thiruvannamalai, Coimbatore,
Dindigul and Dharmapuri.

In Erode District, Sathyamangalam is known for jasmine cultivation and sales. The flower is produced in over 50,000 acres in
75 villages of Sathyamangalam Taluk. Nearly 40 tonnes are sent every day from April to September to UAE and other Middle
East countries by flight.

Marketing of Jasmine:

The marketing of jasmine flower has the special type and is highly perishable in nature, needs quick marketing. In the
marketing of flowers, the farmers are mainly routed through the commission agents. Price are fluctuating day to day even hour
to hour. This results in high risk in marketing jasmine flowers. The farmers are not directly selling to consumers and they highly
depend on the commission agents cum wholesalers, so farmers have to pay high commission to them. The jasmine growers after
picking the flowers collect it and send it to the market. Some people can market their flower directly through the market and
some of them will depend upon the commission agent. Even some farmers get advance money from the commission agent. So,
the farmers were forced to sell them and they charge high percentage of commission. The flowers are high value crops and
farmers are cheated by the traders in many ways as in price and the quantity. Other major constraints reported by farmers were
high charges of transportation, spoilage, lack of grading and storage facilities.

Statement of the Problem

The majority of the jasmine growers belonging to small and small farmers‟ category are facing many problems not only in
cultivation but also in marketing their produce. The jasmine flower crops require lots of manpower for picking flowers and
perform other operations; hence it is providing an opportunity to marginal and small farmers for generating more income,
employment and promotes greater involvement of women work force. In particular season only the flowers will bloom, because
it is a seasonal crop. The production of jasmine is based on the area of land.
The training given to the jasmine growers helps them to improve the production and marketing of jasmine innovatively and
profitably. The marketing of jasmine flower has the special type and is highly perishable in nature, needs quick marketing. Price
fluctuation was reported to be the main marketing constraint by all categories of farmers. The price of jasmine is fluctuating day
to day and even hour to hour. This results in high risk in marketing jasmine flowers. Therefore, an attempt has been made to
identify the problems and prospects of this sector. In this context “A Study on Production and Marketing of Jasmine Flower
with reference to Sathyamangalam Taluk” was undertaken
Objectives of the Study

1) To find out the factors motivating the farmers to grow jasmine flowers
2) To study the marketing pattern followed by farmers for jasmine flowers.
3) To assess the satisfaction level of farmers in production and marketing of jasmine flowers.

Review of Literature
Sivashankar and Shashidar (2011) conducted a study on “Adoption Behaviour of Jasmine Cultivation in Bellary of
District of Karnataka State” with the objectives to analyse the production, credit and marketing problems of jasmine growers
and to study adoption behaviour of jasmine growers about recommended cultivation practices of jasmine. The study concluded
that majority of the jasmine growing farmers. Adopted modern methods of production and marketing. Ravikumar, et al.
(2013), in their study on “Assessment of Farm Financial Literacy among Jasmine Growers in Tamil Nadu” found that
farmers of Erode District have higher financial literacy comparing to Madurai. Singaravelu and Rajasekaran (2013)
conducted a study on “Cost and Return Structure of Jasmine Cultivation in the Madurai South Taluk” and concluded that
the farmers have not allocated inputs efficiently in the production of jasmine and their marketing system is unorganized. Leena,
et al (2014) in their study “Training on Jasmine Cultivation – An Impact Study” reveals that the training programmes on
jasmine cultivation have significant impact in jasmine cultivation. So the literature review enabled the authors to study the
production and marketing of jasmine in Sathyamangalam Taluk, Erode District.
Methodology
Location of the study:

 District –Erode
 Block – Sathyamangalam

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 Villages – Akkaraithathappalli, Baghuthampalayam, Chikkarasampalayam, Ikkarainegamam, Kothamangalam,
Panayampalayam, Pudupeerkadavu

Sampling Procedure
Sample selection and size - A sample of 200 jasmine growers were selected by following purposive sampling method for
the study.
Period of the study and data collection:
The study was conducted during February 2015 to August 2015. The study is based on primary and secondary sources of
data. The primary data was collected through interview schedule.
Tools used - Percentage analysis and Henry Garret Ranking.
Results and Discussions:
The Study on Production and Marketing of Jasmine Flower with reference to Sathyamangalam Taluk” was analysed and
discussed under the following headings.
 Socio Economic Characteristics of Respondents
 Farming Profile of Jasmine Growers
 Marketing Aspects of Jasmine Growers

Socio Economic Characteristics of Respondents:

It is important to find out from the respondents their age, gender, marital status, educational level and the family size.
These specific characteristics would affect their participation in production and influence the success of the production and
marketing of jasmine flower. The socio economic characteristic of jasmine growers is given in Table – 1.

Table: 1 Socio Economic Characteristics of the Respondents

S.no Factors Number Percentage
1 Age in Years
Below 30 years 58 29.0
31 – 40 years 53 26.5
41 – 50 years 51 25.5
Above 50 years 38 19.0
Total 200 100.0
2 Gender
Male 121 60.5
Female 79 39.5
Total 200 100.0
3 Educational qualification
Below SSLC 46 23.0
SSLC 51 25.5
Higher Secondary 37 18.5
Diploma 63 31.5
Degree 3 1.5
Total 200 100.0
4 Marital Status
Married 138 69.0
Unmarried 62 31.0
Total 200 100
5 Family Size
Less than 3 members 62 31.0
4 – 5 members 93 46.5
More than 5 members 45 22.5
Total 200 100.0
Source: Field Survey 2015
The analysis of demographic status of respondents revealed that the majority of 60.5 percent are male, 29
percent of the farmers are below 30 years, 31.5 percent have completed their degree and 49 percent of the farmers are having
more than five members in their family. It is surprise to note that 56 percent of the respondents of below the age of 40 years
engaged in agriculture.

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Farming Profile of Jasmine Growers:

The farming detail of jasmine growers is given in Table 2.

Table: 2 Farming Profile

S.no Factors Number Percentage

1 Area of Jasmine Cultivation
Up to Five acres 98 49.0
Six-Ten acres 79 39.5
11- 15 acres 19 9.5
15 acres and above 4 2.0
Total 200 100
2 Land ownership
Owned 106 53.0
Leased 94 47.0
Total 200 100
3 Adequacy of labour during high yield
Yes 131 65.5
No 69 34.5
Total 200 100
4 Payment of wages
Very high 38 19.0
High 88 44.0
Normal 62 31.0
Low 12 6.0
Total 200 100
5 Sources of finance
Own fund 46 23.0
Money lender 76 38.0
Borrowing from nationalized banks 18 9.0
Borrowing from Commission agent 60 30.0
Total 200 100
6 Floriculture Training
Yes (Training Availed) 110 55.0
No (Training Availed) 90 45.0
Total 200 100
7 Educational Status of Persons undergone Training
Below SSLC 35 31.8
SSLC 18 16.4
HSC 21 19.0
Diploma/ Degree 36 32.8
Total 110 100
8 Average Production of Jasmine (Per Month)
Below 500 KG 30 15.0
501 – 1000 KG 55 27.5
1001 – 1500 KG 25 12.5
1501 – 2000 KG 30 15.0
Above 2000 KG 60 30.0
Total 200 100
Source: Field Survey 2015

The above table reveals that majority of the respondents, 49 percent are having up to five acres of land and 53 percent are
having own land. Further 65.5 percent felt adequacy of labour during high yield, 19 percent felt that payment of wages very high
and 38 percent are borrowing from money lender followed by 29 percent are from commission agent. Only nine percent are

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borrowing from nationalised banks. This indicates that majority are depending money lenders are financial needs who charge
high rate of interest. More awareness should be given to borrow from nationalised banks. To create awareness among the
farmers about the benefits of grading, marketing, value addition and processing their produce through regulated markets training
is given. Its helps from to develop their skills, knowledge and competencies. It could be noted that 55 percent of the respondents
have undergone training provided by the government and other agencies and the rest have not attended the training since they
were not aware of the training details.32.8 percent of the farmers who attended training were graduates and diploma holders.

Further the table reveals the average production of jasmine for one month. The majority of the farmers- 30 percent of the
farmers are producing above 2000 kg, on an average per month, followed by 27.5 percent of the farmers are producing 501 –
1000 kg. 17 percent of the farmers cultivating 1501 – 2000 kg, 15 percent of jasmine producers cultivating below 500 kg and
10.5 percent of farmers are producing 1001 – 1500 kg. The jasmine flower crops require lots of manpower for picking flowers
and perform other operations; hence jasmine farming is providing more opportunities to marginal and small farmers for
generating more income, employment and promotes greater involvement of work force.

Factors Motivating the Farmers for Jasmine Cultivation:

Jasmine cultivation is a seasonal crop and quickly convertible into cash. Jasmine flower is a profitability crop
and traditional crop. The expenses requirements are low for cultivating jasmine flower. To find out the most significant factor
which influences the farmers to cultivate jasmine, Garrett‟s ranking techniques was used. The below table 3 shows the reasons
for preferring jasmine cultivation.

Table: 3 Factors Motivating the Farmers for Jasmine Cultivation

S.no Factors Total Mean Score Rank

1 Lesser workload(easy to produce) 10209 57.045 I
2 Cash crops 11201 56.005 II
3 Suitability to climate 10152 50.760 IV
4 Profitability 10077 50.385 VI
5 Family members 9913 49.565 IX
6 Lesser cultivation expenses 10141 50.705 V
7 No alternative 9859 49.295 X
8 Traditional crop 10009 50.045 VII
9 Marketing 9959 49.795 VIII
10 Lesser requirements 10490 52.450 III
Source: Field Survey 2015
Garret ranking technique has been used to find the ranking of reasons for preferring jasmine cultivations by the farmers.
The table reveals that farmer‟s preferred jasmine cultivation mainly due to lesser workload that means easy production, since the
plants life is 10 to 15 years and it is a cash crop which is ranked as I, followed by that farmers are preferring jasmine cultivation
because it is a cash crop ranked as II, requirement needs are less for cultivating jasmine flower which is ranked as III. Jasmine
cultivation requires suitable and conducive climate which is ranked as IV, followed by lesser expenses for jasmine cultivation
which is ranked as V. It is a profitable crop so farmers preferred this and ranked it as VI. Farmers preferred this since it is a
traditional crop and ranked this as VII. Marketing is a risk factor in jasmine flower because jasmine flower are not sold directly
through the market. Marketing of jasmine flower is ranked as VIII. Family members support and motivation is very important
factor for each and every person which is ranked as IX. Alternative crops cannot be produced inside the jasmine crop and is
ranked as X. When compared to other crops jasmine flower requires lesser workload for the farmers and also it is a cash crop.

Production based Problems

Farmers are facing many problems in production and are given in Table 4.

Table: 4 Production Problems

S.no Particulars Number* Percentage

1 Lack of labour supply 110 55
2 Lack of water supply 115 58
3 Paucity of funds 95 47.5
4 Often disease and insects attack 135 67.2
5 Electricity problem 78 39
6 Transportation problem 105 52.5

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7 Lack of availability of quality fertilizers 87 43.5
8 Lack of availability of quality pesticides 92 46
9 Wrong management of fertilizer and pesticides 78 39
10 Soil condition 65 32.5
11 Problems from natural calamities 140 70
12 Cost of fertilizer and pesticides 150 75
13 Lack of proper knowledge 135 67.5
14 Non availability of other resources 88 44
Source: Field Survey 2015 * Multiple Response
It is noted that 75 percent of the farmers are facing high cost of fertilizer and pesticides as the major problem, 70 percent
felt problems from natural calamities and for 67 percent of the farmers lack of proper knowledge, often disease and insects
attack were the major problems. Further 58 percentages expressed lack of water supply, 55 percentages lack of labour supply
and 52.5 percentages transportation problem.

Marketing Aspects of Jasmine Growers:

The marketing of jasmine flower has the special type and is highly perishable in nature, needs quick marketing. Price
fluctuation was reported to be the main marketing constraint by all categories of farmers. The price of jasmine was fluctuating day
to day and even hour to hour. This is result in high risk in marketing jasmine flowers. The farmers are not directly selling to
consumers and they highly depend on the commission agents cum wholesalers, so farmers have to pay high commission to them.
In Sathyamangalam Taluk the jasmine growers after picking the flower collect it and send it to the market. Some people can
market their flower directly through the market and some of them will depend upon the commission agents. Even some farmers
get advance money from commission agents. So the farmers were forced to sell them and they charge high percentage of
commission. The flowers are high value crops and farmers are cheated by the traders in many ways as in price and quantity. The
marketing profile of farmers is given in Table 5.

Table: 5 Marketing Profiles of Jasmine Growers

S.no Factors Number Percent

1 Marketing of crop
Direct market 80 40.0
Agent 60 30.0
Retailers 49 24.5
Others 11 5.5
Total 200 100.0
2 Marketing situation
Market price observed from other farmers 83 41.5
Market price quoted by commission agent 117 58.5
Total 200 100.0
3 Mode of sale
Cash 60 30.0
Credit 106 53.0
Both 34 17.0
Total 200 100.0
4 Credit period
Within a week 58 29.0
Within a month 95 47.5
More than a month 47 23.5
Total 200 100.0
5 Problems in credit payment
Yes 43 21.5
No 101 50.5
Sometimes 56 28.0
Total 200 100.0

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6 Commission charged by commission agent
Fixed percentage 72 36.0
Market situation 128 64.0
Total 200 100.0
7 Average Sales of jasmine (Per Month in Rs)
20,000 – 30,000 91 45.5
30,000 – 40,000 44 22.0
40,000 – 50,000 65 32.5
Total 200 100

8 Profitable season
January to march 32 16.0
April to June 87 43.5
July to September 41 20.5
October to December 40 20.0
Total 200 100.0
Source: Field Survey 2015
Farmers market their crop either directly or through various channels of distribution. About 40 percent of farmers take
their jasmine directly to the market, 30.0 percent of farmers supply their jasmine through agents to the market, 24.5 per cent of
the farmers supply their jasmine through retailers and 5.5 percent of farmers deal through others. 41.5 percent farmers able to
know the market price from other farmers and 58.5 percent farmers from the commission agents.

The majority 53 percent of the farmers are selling on cash basis, followed by 30 percent of the farmers on credit basis and 17
percent are selling both on credit and cash basis. In case of credit sales the majority 47.5 percent of the farmers allowed a credit
period of one month, 29 percent of the farmers allowed a credit period of one week and 23.5 percent allowed a credit period of
more than a month to their customers. At the time of collecting the credit 21.5 percent of the farmers faced problems, 28
percent of the farmers faced problems sometimes and 50.5 percent of the farmers revealed that they don‟t have any problems in
credit collection.

If the sale is made through commission agents they charge some percentage of commission on the sale. The majority 64 percent
of the farmers represented that the commission agents charge commission according to the market situation and 36 percent
revealed that they are paying fixed percentage as commission. The majority of 45.5 percent of the farmers are selling above Rs.
20,000 to 30,000 followed by 32.5 percent of the farmers Rs. 40,000 to 50,000 and 22 percent of the farmers selling Rs. 30,000
to 40,000 rupees. The profit earned by the farmers varies from season to season. Majority 43.5 percent of farmers revealed that
they receive profit during the period of April to June, next lies the period of July to September where 20.5 percent farmers feels
profitable. Next profitable season is October to December for 20 percent of the farmers and the remaining 16.0 percent of
farmers expressed that January to march season is profitable for them.

Marketing Problems:

A majority of the jasmine growers, belonging to small and marginal farmers „category, are facing many problems not only in
cultivation but also in marketing their products. In Sathyamangalam flower market in Erode district, jasmine price falls from
March and reaches minimum in June. November to January is the lean season for jasmine production. Long distance to flower
market is a major constraint and jasmine growing areas are located far away from the market. The marketing problems of
jasmine grower are given in Table 6.

Table: 6 Marketing Problems

S.no Particulars Number* Percentage

1 Marketing 148 74
2 Storage 56 28
3 Competition 110 55
4 Government policies 78 39
5 Distance 120 60
6 Transportation 96 48
7 Consumer behaviour 97 49
8 Season 160 80
9 Natural calamites 68 34
Source: Field Survey 2015 * Multiple Response

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The table reveals that majority 80 percent of farmers are facing the problem of different season. Due to variation in the season
farmers are facing high problems in production. 74 percent of farmers expressed difficulty in marketing. 60 percent of farmers
are facing problems in distance. 55 percent of farmers facing high competition in jasmine flower. About 49 percent of farmers
are having transportation as a major problem. Further 39 percent of the farmers felt that government policies are difficult to
follow. 34 percent and 28 percent of farmers facing natural calamities and storage as a problem while marketing a jasmine
flower.

Overall Satisfaction of Jasmine Growers

The overall satisfaction of the jasmine growers in production and marketing of jasmine was analysed by following five point
scaling technique. The scores were assigned as follows:
Highly satisfied : 5
Satisfied : 4
Neutral : 3
Dissatisfied : 2
Highly dissatisfied : 1
Table: 11 Overall Satisfactions
S.no Overall satisfaction HS SA N DIS HDIS Total Mean
Score Score
I Relating to production
1 Cost of production/yield 90 70 21 9 10 821 4.105
2 Cost of labour 23 44 55 49 29 583 2.915
3 Using pesticides 14 38 73 49 26 565 2.825
4 Government subsidiaries 20 29 37 52 62 493 2.465
5 Seasonal demand 56 24 16 37 67 565 2.825
II Relating to marketing
6 Transport facility 68 56 49 13 14 751 3.755
7 Commission charged by 42 31 57 36 34 611 3.055
commission agents
8 Credit supply 14 43 48 64 31 545 2.725
9 Absence of organised retail 22 53 22 54 49 545 2.725
markets
10 Price fluctuation 54 17 22 37 70 548 2.740
III Relating to finance
11 Loan from banks 18 58 63 46 15 618 3.090
12 Loan from private people 36 45 86 13 20 664 3.320
13 Loan from commission agent 60 26 32 37 45 619 3.095
14 Interest 56 25 78 32 9 687 3.435
15 Payment of wages 15 36 58 26 65 510 2.550
16 Sales turnover 56 45 21 36 42 637 3.185
17 Profit 89 36 25 45 5 759 3.795
Source: Field Survey 2015
Hs – Highly Satisfied, SA – Satisfied, N – Neutral, DIS – Dissatisfied, HDIS – Highly Dissatisfied.

The table reveals that the highest score for overall satisfaction is towards cost of production/yield (4.105) followed by profit
(3.795), transport facility (3.755), interest (3.435), loan from private people (3.320), sales turnover(3.185), loan from
commission agent (3.095), loan from banks(3.090), commission charged by commission agents(3.055), cost of labour(2.915),
using pesticides and seasonal demand(2.825), price fluctuation(2.740), credit supply and absence of organised retail
markets(2.725), payment of wages(2.550), government subsidiaries(2.465). The study reveals that the respondents are highly
satisfied with the cost of production followed by profit.

The study reveals that floriculture being a vital sub-sector of horticulture, have potential for providing enhanced returns to
farmers and employment opportunities especially to small and marginal farmers and female labour. The flower crops require
lots of manpower for picking flowers and perform other operations, hence providing opportunity to marginal and small farmers
for generating more income, employment and promote greater involvement of women work force.

Suggestions

 The cultivation of jasmine flower generated impressive return to the farmers and good employment opportunities for
farm family as well as agricultural labourers especially for female workers in Sathyamangalam Taluk, so the jasmine
cultivators in Sathyamangalam Taluk should continuously cultivate jasmine flower irrespective of the price so that a
loss in one season/month will be compensated by higher market price in another season/month.
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 Jasmine grower can use organic fertilizer and pesticide to increase the production and to protect the soil fertility.
 The livelihood of jasmine farmers and farm labour could be improved by enhancing cooperation among the farmers,
minimizing production and marketing constraints of farmers and developing efficient and effective value chain in
jasmine production system.
 The government should support the jasmine grower by providing loan facilities and drip irrigation facilities.
 The government can provide special loan exclusively for jasmine flower.
 Government should give more training to create awareness among the farmers to cultivate the jasmine flower and
marketing it in effective manner.
 Farmers should take efforts to aware production and marketing of jasmine details and must attend the training
programmes.
 There is an urgent need for the intervention of government and private agencies for the introduction of new and
innovative methods in the production and marketing of flowers with the ultimate goal of boosting up net gains.

Conclusion

Indian agriculture today is facing challenges in many aspects. The flower eco system in Sathyamangalam taluk is quite
unique and it should be treated as bounty of nature. They should be scientifically protected from environmental hazards. There
was an impressive increase in jasmine cultivation in major jasmine growing districts in Tamil Nadu. The cultivation of jasmine
flower generated impressive returns to the farmers and good employment opportunities for farm family as well as agricultural
labourers especially for female workers.

There is no effective value chain in the jasmine products and farmers have faced many constraints in the cultivation and
marketing of jasmine flowers. Majority of the jasmine growers had not adopted or partially adopted disease control measure,
spacing, pest control, fertilizer doses etc. Educational programmes need to be intensified to make the farmers to adopt these
practices. Hence, the programmes relating to providing loans and subsidies to the farmers especially for the small and marginal
growers to develop the source of production need to be strengthened. Overall the jasmine growers were satisfied with the
production and marketing of jasmine flower. The jasmine growers must convert the threats into opportunities by increasing
productivity and marketing.

References

 Leena. S, Shoba. S, Manojkumar. T.S and Satheesha. N(2014) “Training on Jasmine cultivation- an Impact study”
Research Journal of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Vol. 2(10) October, Pp: 527
 Ravikumar. R, Sivakumar. S.D, Jawaharlal. M, Venkatesa Palanichamy. N and. Sureshkumar. D (2013), “Assessment
of Farm Financial Literacy among Jasmine Growers in Tamilnadu, India”, Developing Country Studies Vol.3, No.13,
June, Pp: 67 – 75.
 Singaravelu. S and Rajasekaran. R (2013), “Cost and Return Structure of Jasmine Cultivation in the Madurai South
Taluk”, Intercontinental Journal of Finance Resource Research Review Volume 1, Issue 10, December, Pp: 33 – 42.
 Sivashankar. N and Shashidhar K. K (2011), “Adoption Behaviour of Jasmine Cultivation in Bellary District of
Karnataka State” Indian Research. Journal of Extension Education Vol. 11, No. (1), January, Pp: 23 – 26.

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