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1 s2.0 S2352484715000311 Main PDF
1 s2.0 S2352484715000311 Main PDF
Energy Reports
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/egyr
power plants as per IEC 61 724 standard are not available (IEA,
The tilt angle of the PV array is kept as equal to the latitude of the
2014). Hence, it is essential to document the performance of the
corresponding location to get maximum solar radiation (Labed and
large-scale grid-connected solar power plant installed in India.
Lorenzo, 2004). This solar plant uses modern technology for tilting
The performance of 10 MWp grid connected solar photovoltaic
of solar panels. It is designed in such a way that, manual seasonal
power plant is carried out in this work with the following
tilt technology is used in order to absorb more solar radiation and
objectives.
to extract more power output. The tilting of the solar panels is
(1) To study the seasonal variations in PV plant output from the arranged as follows. From November to February as it is winter
monitored SCADA data system. season the tilt should be somewhat higher (33.75°) and from May
(2) To evaluate the technical performance through estimation of to August the tilt is of lesser value (3.75°) as it is summer season
annual energy yield, array yield, reference yield and system anyhow more radiation is absorbed whatever the tilt angle may
losses. be. But, in rest of four months September, October, March and
(3) To compare the actual performance data with the simulated April moderate tilt angle of 18.75° is provided. The tilt angle is
data of PVSYST and Solar GIS. considered according to the geographical location of the plant.
186 B. Shiva Kumar, K. Sudhakar / Energy Reports 1 (2015) 184–192
The rated power of the transformer is 1.5 MVA and manufacture 3.1. System parameters (Marion et al., 2005; Sharma and Chandel,
type is of Vector group DY5Y5. The primary voltage of the 2013)
transformer is 385 V and secondary is directly connected to 33 kV
switchyard. The current rating is given as 2.24 A/1124.70 A. The
efficiency of transformer is almost 97%. Array yield
It is equal to the time which the PV plant has to operate with
nominal solar generator power Po to generate array DC energy Ea.
3. Methodology for performance analysis of the PV system Its units are kW h/d∗ kW p.
Its units are h/d. • Miscellaneous capture loss (LCM ): Losses that are caused
by wiring, string diodes, low irradiance, partial shadowing,
YR = [kW h/m ]/1 kW/m .
2 2
mismatching, maximum power tracking errors, limitation
YR = Ht /Go through dust, losses generated by energy conduction in the
photovoltaic modules
where,
LCT = YR − YCR
Ht = Total Horizontal irradiance on array plane (Wh/m2 ), LCM = YCR − YA
Go = Global irradiance at STC (W/m2 ). LC = Y R − Y A .
Final yield System losses (LS )
The final yield is defined as the annual, monthly or daily These losses are caused by inverter, conduction and losses of
net AC energy output of the system divided by the peak power passive circuit elements.
of the installed PV array at standard test conditions (STC) of
LS = YA − YF .
1000 W/m2 solar irradiance and 25 °C cell temperature. Its units
are kW h/d∗ kW p.
3.3. Data monitoring
YF = EPV,AC /PmaxG,STC .
A common weather monitoring station located next to the plant
Performance ratio records the wind speed, ambient temperature and solar radiation
The performance ratio is the final yield divided by the reference data. A dedicated server with the principle of supervisory control
yield. Performance ratio can be defined as comparison of plant and data acquisition (SCADA) for assessment of the monitored
output compared to the output of the plant could have achieved by data is also present. The server records the data of voltage,
taking into account irradiation, panel temperature, availability of current, power factor, power output of inverters for each and
grid, size of the aperture area, nominal power output, temperature every minute. It also records the solar irradiance, wind speed
correction values. and ambient temperature data received from automatic weather
station. The server collects the data from measuring sensors and at
PR = YF /YR . the outgoing side of the inverters through bus. It transfers the data
Capacity utilization factor files periodically and the server retrieves the data. Server along
with the SCADA software is located in a control room.
It is defined as real output of the plant compared to theoretical
maximum output of the plant.
3.4. Simulation using PV SYST and Solar GIS
CUF = Energy measured (kW h)
PV syst software (http://www.pvsyst.com, 2015) is one of the
/(365 ∗ 24 ∗ installed capacity of the plant).
simulation software developed to estimate the performance of
Inverter efficiency the solar power plant. It is able to import meteo data from many
The inverter efficiency appropriately called as conversion different sources as well as personnel data. This software is capable
efficiency is given by the ratio of AC power generated by the of evaluating the performance of grid-connected, stand-alone and
inverter to the DC power generated by the PV array system. The pumping systems based on the specified module selection. The
instantaneous inverter efficiency is given by, program accurately predicts the system yields computed using
detailed hourly simulation data.
ηinv= PAC /PDC . Solar GIS is a geographic information system designed to
meet the needs of the solar energy industry (Tarigana and
System efficiency Djuwaria, 2014). This application combines solar resource data
The instantaneous daily system efficiency is given as PV module and meteorological data with a web-based application system
efficiency multiplied by inverter efficiency. to support planning, development, and operation of solar energy
systems.
ηsys,T = ηPV,T ∗ ηinv,T . Four applications are implemented in the system: (i) iMaps
– high-resolution global interactive maps, (ii) climate data –
Energy output or energy fed to utility grid
interactive and automated access to solar radiation and air
The energy generated by the PV system is the measure of energy temperature; (iii) PV Planner – PV performance simulator with a
across the inverter output terminals for every minute. It is defined new concept of simulation algorithms and data formats and (iv)
as the total daily monitored value of AC power output and the PV Spot – a tool for performance evaluation and monitoring of
monthly AC energy generated. PV systems. All applications use an interactive map interface and
geographical search utility (based on Google technology) and have
extensive reporting capabilities (info delivered in standardized
3.2. Specific plant losses
formats, such as csv, xls, and pdf).
In this study PV syst and PV GIS simulation software is used to
Energy losses occur in various components in a grid connected predict the annual energy output of 10 MW peak grid connected
SPV Power plant under real operating conditions. These losses are solar PV plant.
evaluated using the monitored data.
Array capture losses (LC ): These are of two types. 4. Results and discussion
• Thermal capture loss (LCT ): Losses caused by cell temperature 4.1. Solar irradiance vs. peak power output
higher than 25 °C are called thermal losses. Thermal capture
loss (LCT ) is the difference between reference field and corrected Solar irradiance absorbed by solar modules is converted to
reference field. useful power. The power output varies with the solar insolation
188 B. Shiva Kumar, K. Sudhakar / Energy Reports 1 (2015) 184–192
Table 2
Balances and main results.
GlobHor (kW h/m2 ) T Amb (°C) Globlnc (kW h/m2 ) GlobEff (kW h/m2 ) EArray (MW h) E_Grid (MW h) EffArrR (%) EffSysR (%)
Table 3
Total energy generated during various months.
Month Esm Esd Etm Eshare PR
(kW h/kW p) (kW h/kW p) (GWh) (%) (%)
incident energy that is incident on the collector plane annually 6.1. Global horizontal and in-plane irradiation
is 2088.3 kW h/m2 . Total energy obtained from the output of
the PV array is 16 532 kW h. Annual Efficient Eout array/rough
area obtained is 10.43%. In the same way annual Efficient Eout The plant has more global irradiation in the month of April
system/rough area is 10.12% (see Table 2). (206.10 kW h/m2 ) correspondingly more daily sum of global
irradiation is recorded. The plant has more global in-plane
irradiation in the month of April (207.2 kW h/m2 ) correspondingly
5.2. Performance ratio
more daily sum of global in-plane irradiation was recorded (see
The annual average performance ratio is 76.20%. From PV syst Fig. 8).
results the performance ratio obtained has no much difference
with the actual performance ratio of the solar plant observed using
6.2. PV electricity production
SCADA system.
Fig. 8. Daily sum of global irradiation in horizontal and in-plane direction during various months.
Table 4
Overall plant system losses.
Energy conservation step Energy Energy Energy PR par- PR cumu-
output (kW h/kW p) loss (kW h/kW p) loss (%) tial (%) lative (%)
Table 5 operational benefits of the plant based on the net energy output.
Energy generated results. The monitored data and operating experience of PV system can be
S.No. Month PV SYST re- Monitored Solar GIS: PV applied for future large scale projects.
sult (MW h) result (MW h) planner re-
sults (MW h)
Acknowledgments
1 April-2014 1 493 1332.626 1 532
2 May-2014 1 384 1384.810 1 485
3 June-2014 1 082 1241.880 1 114 We thank Mr. CH. Satyanarayana, Deputy General Manager,
4 July-2014 926 950.228 991 NTPC and Mr. K. Prakash and Mr. A. Panda, Managers, NTPC and
5 August-2014 966 1293.194 989 Ashok Kumar Somasi Engineer-(Site Incharge), Lanco group (solar)
6 September-2014 1 189 1145.170 1 172 for accessing the input data of the plant which was required for
7 October-2014 1 394 1344.940 1 439
above analysis.
8 November-2014 1 489 1319.100 1 491
9 December-2014 1 589 1359.490 1 568
10 January-2015 1 508 1493.080 1 561 References
11 February-2015 1 462 1357.720 1 472
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