Mar 2021 Class - NATURAL RESOURCES - Energy

ENERGY RESOURCES
AND
ENVIRONMENT
12/15/2022 Dept. of Environmental Studies, SXC 1

Types of Natural Resource
Renewable (16%) Non-renewable (84%)

• Solar • Oil
• Wind • Natural gas
• Falling or flowing • Coal
water • Nuclear power
• Biomass

EVALUATION OF ENERGY RESOURCE
1. Renewability
2. Availability in future
3. Net energy yield
4. Cost (initial and ongoing)
5. Pollution associated
6. Suitability in different locations
7. Community disruption
8. Political or international issues
9. Habitat degradation
SOLAR ENERGY
• Potent energy source is the Sun, located 150 million

kilometers away.
• Solar constant is the solar irradiance per unit area that would
be incident on a plane perpendicular to the rays. It is
approximately 1.951 calories/minute/ cm2.
• Electricity from solar energy can be obtained in two ways:

Photovoltaic (PV devices) and Solar Thermal/Electric
Power Plants.

i. Photovoltaic (PV devices) or “solar cells”-
 Convert solar energy directly into electrical power.
 PV cell is the fundamental unit of the photovoltaic system.
 The size of each cell : 0.5 - 4 inches in size, made of
silicon, is able to generate 1 or 2 watts of power.
 Cells are electrically coupled and packed into module
which in turn is further linked to form array of panels.
An array may comprise one to thousand modules which in

turn depend on the amount of required power output.
Conversion of light energy in electrical energy is based on a phenomenon called

photovoltaic effect. When semiconductor materials, silicon are exposed to light,
sufficient numbers of photons are absorbed by the silicon crystal and these
photons in turn excite some of the electrons of covalent bonds. These excited
electrons then get sufficient energy to migrate. This is the basic reason of
producing electricity due to photovoltaic effect.

ii. Solar Thermal/Electric Power Plants
•Energy is recovered from the
heat of the solar radiation.
•Can be used both for power

The Solar Bowl above the Solar Kitchen in
production and for heating or Auroville, India concentrates sunlight on a
cooling applications. movable receiver to produce steam for cooking.
•Solar energy is concentrated to

heat and produce steam
connected with a turbine
coupled with a generator to
produce electricity at variable
scales. The solar furnace at Odeillo in France can
reach temperatures up to 3,500°C .

Commercial applications with examples
Calculators, wristwatches, solar

streetlamps, solar lanterns, solar power
driven water pumps, solar geyser, solar
batteries, power communication
equipments and domestic electricity
supply.

Grid-tied or grid connected solar is a solar
electricity system without batteries. home is
hooked up to both the national grid and solar
electricity system, so that electricity is always
available at the flick of a switch; even at night, or
if it is cloudy. A solar electricity system of any size
can be installed and the bill shall charge tariff if
power consumption is in excess of the amount
that is generated.
Off-grid connected solar is a solar electricity

system with battery backup. During the day the
sun shines and charges the batteries as well as
supplies power to home. During the evening or
on rainy days when the sun isn’t shining, the
power stored in the batteries are used up . The
house is not connected to the national grid
hence the name- off-grid.

Indian Scenario
• India receives around 5000 trillion kWh of solar radiation /year.
• Daily solar incidence is 4-7 kWh/m2.
• Many Indian regions have 250- 300 sunny days yearly.
• GOI approved the Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM)
in January 2010, a part of National Action Plan on Climate Change.
The target of this mission is 20,000 MW of solar generating capacity
by the 13th Five Year Plan to be achieved by 2022, but achieved the
target four years ahead of schedule. The country's solar installed
capacity reached 25.21 GW as of 31 December 2018.
• Cumulative targets were revised under National Solar Mission from
to 1,00,000 MW, expected to abate over 170 million tonnes of CO2
over its life cycle.- (PIB, 17-June 2015)

Indian Scenario
Karnataka, Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Gujarat are the leading solar
states in India with total solar installed capacity.

Cochin International airport, the country's first airport
built under PPP model is also world’s first!!!
• In order to generate enough power to run the whole airport,

authorities had to build a 12MW solar plant at the airport
itself.
• The plant comprises 46,150 solar panels spread across 45
acres of land (equivalent to 25 football fields) in the cargo
complex of the airport.
• The plant is generating about 50,000-60,000 units of
electricity per day, which is more than enough for the
airport’s requirement.
• This is a grid connected system without battery storage works
out with the Kerala State electricity board (KSEB).

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
• No emission of • Sun does not shine at night.
GHGs. • Quite expensive - solar power
• Solar energy is stations.
for free and • Large surface area required to
requires no fuel. collect the energy at a practical.
• Produces no • Can be unreliable at times.
waste. • Amount of sunlight reaching the
• Convenient for Earth's surface varies with location,
low-power time of day, time of year, and other
usages. weather conditions.
• Cost effective in • Transmission remains a barrier that
long run. has to be breached.
WIND ENERGY
 Winds results from uneven heating of earth’s atmosphere, which
again is due to the surface irregularities and earth’s rotation. It is the
kinetic energy associated with atmospheric movement.
 The patterns of wind flow are governed by the physical features of
the earth, water bodies and the vegetation.
 Two Types of Wind Turbine-
Vertical axis wind turbines (VAWTs) and Horizontal-axis wind
turbines (HAWTs)

i. Horizontal-axis wind turbines (HAWTs)
• It has blades that seem to

be a propeller spinning
on the horizontal axis.
• They have the main rotor,

shaft must be facing the
wind.

ii. Vertical axis wind turbines (VAWTs)
• also known as Darrieus model,
named after its inventor, operates
similar to the eggbeater-style.
• have main rotor and shaft

arranged vertically.
• wind turbine needs not to be

pointed into the wind.

Largest Wind Energy Producing Countries by Installed Capacity by End-2019
Cumulative Installed by end-

Top wind power producing
Nation 2019 (MW) countries in 2017(TWh)
1 China 236,402 305
EU 192,020 -
2 United States 105,466 257
3 Germany 61,357 106 (& UK -50)
4 India 37,506 47.7
5 Spain 25,808 49.1
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_by_country

Indian Scenario
• In 2019, the total capacity for wind energy globally is now over 651 GW. As of 31
December 2019 the total installed wind power capacity in India was 37.505 GW. As of
30 September 2020, the total installed wind power capacity was 38.124 GW.
•Wind power accounts for nearly 10% of India's total installed power generation
capacity and generated 62.03 Terawatt-hour (TWh) in the fiscal year 2018-19, which is
nearly 4% of total electricity generation.
• The optimum sites for wind farm location are the coastal zones, the open plains, the
mountain gaps, the rounded hilltops etc. But around 25 km/h of average wind speed
is needed.
Terawatt-hour (TWh), a measure of electrical energy, 1012 watt for one hour.

Installed wind capacity by state as of 31 October 2019
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_India#:~:text=Wind%20power%20generation%20capacity%20in,power%20capacity%20in%20the%20world.
State Total Capacity (MW)
Tamil Nadu 9231.77
Gujarat 7203.77
Maharashtra 4794.13
Karnataka 4753.40
Rajasthan 4299.73
Andhra Pradesh 4077.37
Madhya Pradesh 2519.89
Telangana 128.10
Kerala 62.50
Others 4.30
Total 37090.03
The Gansu Wind Farm in China is the largest wind farm in the
world, with a target capacity of 20,000 MW by 2020.
Hornsea One is the largest offshore wind farm in the world
and produces enough energy to power well over one million
homes.
Wind Farms in India

• Muppandal is a small village in Kanyakumari District of Tamil Nadu uses 3000
turbines and wind from the Arabian Sea to produce renewable energy with
the total capacity of 1500MW which is the largest in India. This is the second
largest onshore wind farm in the world.
• Jaisalmer Wind Park is the largest operational onshore wind farm in India,
located at Amarsagar in Jaisalmer district of Rajasthan. Its installed capacity of
1,064 MW which makes it one of the largest wind farms in the world and
largest of its kind in India.

• Wind farms require no • Unpredictable and
fuel and hence it is free. intermittent.
• No waste or greenhouse
• Optimum areas for wind
gas generation.
farms are open plains,
• The land underneath
may be used for the coast, where land is
farming. expensive.
• Wind farms can attract • wind farms fall in the
tourists. migratory route.
• A decent means of • affect television
supplying energy to reception.
remote areas.
• Can be noisy.
GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
• Temperature increases as we go inside the earth, temperature at
earth’s center is about 6000 degree centigrade. The geothermal
energy of the Earth's crust originates from the original formation of
the planet and from radioactive decay of materials.
• Temperature increases by about 3oC for every 100 meters increase in

depth.
• The high temperature and pressure in Earth's interior cause some

rock to melt and solid mantle to behave plastically, resulting in parts
of the mantle convecting upward since it is lighter than the
surrounding rock. Rock and water is heated in the crust, sometimes
up to 370 °C.
Principle
• When magma forces out through the
cracks and faults in the earth surface
during volcano, it is called lava. If water
comes close to or in contact with such hot
rocks it starts boiling and quickly changes
into steam. The temperature may be
more than 300oF.
• And when this hot water comes out

through cracks it is called hot spring.
• When holes are drilled, the steam comes

up which can then turn turbines to drive
electrical generators.
• There are four major types of Geothermal

energy resources.
 Hydrothermal
 Geopressurised brines
 Hot dry rocks
 Magma
Types of technology
http://www.indiaenergyportal.org/subthemes_link.php?text=geothermal&themeid=13#:~:text=The%20estimated%20potential%20for
%20geothermal,)%2C%20Godavari%2C%20and%20Mahanadi.
• Flashed steam plant- The extremely hot water from drill holes when released
from the deep reservoirs high pressure steam (termed as flashed steam) is
released. This force of steam is used to rotate turbines. The steam gets
condensed and is converted into water again, which is returned to the
reservoir. Flashed steam plants are widely distributed throughout the world.
• Dry steam plant- Usually geysers are the main source of dry steam. Those
geothermal reservoirs which mostly produce steam and little water are used in
electricity production systems. As steam from the reservoir shoots out, it is
used to rotate a turbine, after sending the steam through a rock-catcher. The
rock-catcher protects the turbine from rocks which come along with the
steam.
• Binary power plant- In this type of power plant, the geothermal water is
passed through a heat exchanger where its heat is transferred to a secondary
liquid, namely isobutene, iso-pentane or ammonia–water mixture present in
an adjacent, separate pipe. Due to this double-liquid heat exchanger system, it
is called a binary power plant.
Global Geothermal energy scenario
• Worldwide, 13,900 megawatts (MW) of geothermal power was available in
2019.
• The International Geothermal Association (IGA) has reported that 10,715
megawatts (MW) of geothermal power in 24 countries is online, which was
expected to generate 67,246 GWh of electricity in 2010. This represents a 20%
increase in online capacity since 2005. IGA projects growth to 18,500 MW by
2015.
• In 2010, the United States led the world in geothermal electricity production
with 3,086 MW of installed capacity from 77 power plants. The largest group
of geothermal power plants in the world is located at The Geysers, a
geothermal field in California. The Philippines is the second highest producer,
with 1,904 MW of capacity online.
• In 2016, Indonesia set in third with 1,647 MW online.

Indian Scenario
• India has a potential of 10,600
MW, though opinions may vary.
• The prospective sites in India

are -
1. Puga Valley (Jammu &
Kashmir)
2. Tattapani (Chhattisgarh)
3. Godavari Basin Manikaran
(Himachal Pradesh)
4. Bakreshwar (West Bengal)
5. Tuwa (Gujarat)
6. Unai (Maharashtra)
7. Jalgaon (Maharashtra)
India is said to have a geothermal potential of 10,600MW.
Ladakh will get India’s first geothermal power project.

(Feb 8 2021 https://
timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/ladakh-to-get-indias-first-geothermal-power-plant/articleshow/80755083
.cms
)
A memorandum of understanding in this connection was signed between

National Thermal Power Corp. (NTPC) and Chhattisgarh Renewable Energy
Development Agency (CREDA).
State government has granted permission for the installation of a Geothermal

Power Plant at Tattapani area of the Balrampur district to NTPC. The plant's
production capacity would be 30 megawatts. It will be first Geothermal Power
Plant of the country.
(Feb 17 2013 https://
economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/indias-1st-geothermal-power-plant-to-come-up-in-chhattisgarh/articles
how/18543176.cms?from=mdr
)
• Geothermal wells release greenhouse • Difficult to find prospective sites. Hot
gases trapped deep within the Earth, rocks of appropriate type to be found.
but these emissions are much lower Limited to areas near tectonic plate
per energy unit than those of fossil boundaries. Recent technological
fuel. No other pollution. advances have dramatically expanded
• Power stations do not involve much the range and size of viable resources,
space, so impact on the environment • Drilling down is needed.
is negligible. • Occasionally such site may "run out of
• No need of fuel. steam’.
• After installation, the energy is almost • Toxic gases and minerals may come
free. out from underground along with
steam, may be difficult to handle.

TIDAL ENERGY
• A type of oceanic energy and is in use since the 11th century.

• Tides are created due to the gravitational pull by sun and moon on the water.
• The capacity of tidal electricity production is directly proportional to the strength
of the tide.
• There are two methods of generating tidal power- tidal range and tidal stream.

i. Tidal range
• Utilization of tidal range involves the construction of small dams or barrages along
estuaries, almost like a hydroelectric project. Hence barrier to fish migration.
• 7 meters or approx 16 feet rise between the high tide and low tide is required for
economical operation.
• Sihwa Lake Tidal Power Plant in South Korea is the world’s biggest tidal power
plant of 254 MW
followed by Rance tidal power plant of 240 MW capacity at La Rance in France
which was also the is the world’s first tidal power station.

ii. Tidal streams
• Utilize the kinetic energy of flowing water to drive the turbines. Offshore turbines
could also be used which operates like under water wind farm.
• Such type eliminates the possibility of environmental problems, which the tidal
barrage could possibly have and is also cheap to construct.
• The best sites can be found in Korea, UK and North America. In fact, in the UK
alone there is potential for 5 - 16GW that could account for up to 15% of the UK's
electricity.

Wave energy
• The Wave energy hitting the shore is converted into electricity using a wave energy
converter (WEC), essentially, a power station. The operating principle of this power station
is both simple and ingenious.
• It is an enclosed chamber with an opening under the sea, which allows strong sea waves
to flow into the chamber and back.
• The water level in the chamber rises and falls with the rhythm of the wave, and so air is
forced forwards and backward via the turbines joined to an upper opening in the chamber.
• The compressed and decompressed air has enough power to propel the turbines. The
turbine is propelled in the same direction by the back and forth airflow through the
turbine. The propelling turbine turns a shaft connected to a generator.
• The generator produces electricity, which is transported to electrical grids and later
supplied to demand centres and distribution lines that connect individual homes and
industries.
• The advantage of this wave energy converter is that even considerably low wave motions
can produce sufficient airflow to maintain the movement of the turbine to generate
energy.

Wave energy scenario
• Wave energy is a vast
untapped source of energy
and the potential for
exploiting wave power
around the globe has been
calculated to be between
10-15,000 TWh per annum.
• It is, for example, expected
that Europe will have an
installed capacity of 3 – 4
GW by 2020.

Moreover, the west coast has enormous
potential when it comes to wave energy due to
the effects from seasonal winds there,
amounting to 15 - 20kW per 1m of coastline.
When sections of the coastline with 10kW or
more of wave energy per 1m are added
together, the wave energy potential comes to
41GW.
The total potential from tidal energy and
wave energy is 53.5GW, which is roughly
A study conducted in December 2014 had equivalent to 1/3 of India's total renewable
pegged India’s tidal power potential at 12.5 energy potential of 150GW.
gigawatt. According to tidal energy estimates
In 2015, Gujarat government had sanctioned
by the National Institute of Oceanography
Rs 25 crore for development of a 50
(NIO) and IIT-Madras,
megawatt tidal power plant in Gulf of Kutch.
 Gulf of Cambay/ Khambat - maximum tidal
A tidal power plant of 3.75 MW at
range of 11meters (m) potential - 7000 MW.
Durgaduani Creek in the Sunderbans was
Gulf of Kutch - maximum tidal range of 8m.
sanctioned to the West Bengal Renewable
potential - 1200 MW.
Energy Development Agency (WBREDA),
The Gangetic delta of Sunderbans - capacity
Kolkata, executed by National Hydro Power
of 100 MW. maximum tidal range - 5m.
Corporation Ltd. (NHPC).
OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY CONVERSION (OTEC)
• Water gets colder and colder as we go deeper and deeper into the
ocean.
• This difference in the temperature can be used to harness energy. A

temperature gradient of 38 oF is required.
• Water temperature more or less remains constant around 4 o C at a

depth of 1000 meters.
• The difference in temperature is utilized here to vaporize (and even

condense) the selected working fluid which can be ammonia, to
rotate the turbine generator to create power.

OTEC SITES
• Comparable OTEC in Hawaii has been very useful in supplying power for offshore
mining.
• Other prospective places can be Haiti, Bahamas, Dominican Republic, Trinidad,

Cuba, Jamaica, etc.
India is geographically well placed as far as the OTEC potential is concerned.

Around 2000 km of coast length along the South Indian coast, a temperature
difference above 20oC through out the year is available.
OTEC plant locations are available around Lakshadweep, Andaman & Nicobar
Islands. The total OTEC potential around India is estimated as 180,000 MW.
India's maiden Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) project is coming up in

Kavaratti, capital of the Lakshadweep archipelago, off the south-western coast
after almost three and a half decades of initial plans.
• Tidal energy is free. • Barrages is usually
• Requires no supply of fuel. expensive.
• No production of wastes or • Difficult for the birds to
other pollutants. feed and fishes to
• Reliable production of migrate without fish
electricity. ladders.
• Maintenance cost is cheap. • Few suitable sites are
available for tidal
• Tides are totally predictable.
barrages.
• OTEC and offshore turbines
• Deposit of algae on the
have minimal environmental
pipes and heat
impact, and OTEC may help in
exchangers surface to
increasing the fish
form a coat, reduces the
production.
12/15/2022 Dept. of Environmental Studies,efficiency
SXC in OTEC. 37
HYDROELECTRICITY
• Water flow descending can turn the turbine blades coupled with a
generator to produce electricity.
• Hydropower can convert the natural water flow of water into
electricity.
• The amount of electricity production depends on the volume of
water passing through a turbine and the elevation from which the
water falls.
• Three gorges project in China on Yang-Yang river is the largest power

station in the world having installed capacity of around 18,200 MW.

Station River State Operator
Andhra Pradesh Power Generation

Nagarjunasagar Krishna Andhra Pradesh Corporation (AP Genco)
Sardar Sarovar Narmada Nigam Ltd.
Sardar Sarovar Narmada Gujarat (SSNNL)
Tehri Hydro Development
Corporation Ltd. (THDC India Ltd.)
Tehri Dam Bhagirathi Uttarakhand
Srisailam Dam Krishna Andhra Pradesh AP Genco
Bhakra Beas Management Board
Bhakra Dam Sutlej Punjab (BBMB)
Pong Beas Himachal Pradesh BBMB
Indhira Sagar Narmada Madhya Pradesh NHPC
Loktak Imphal Manipur NHPC
Maharashtra State Power Generation
Company (MAHAGENCO)
Koyna Koyna Maharashtra
Mulshi Dam Mula Maharashtra MAHAGENCO
Rangeet
12/15/2022 Rangeet Sikkim NHPC
Dept. of Environmental Studies, SXC 39
• React immediately to • Long time to build a hydroelectric

fluctuating demands. power plant.
• Reservoirs collect rainfall • Dams are quite expensive to build.
thereby it and can store • dam will overflow an extensive area
and supply fresh water for upstream, drought downstream.
drinking sanitation and • Resettlement & Rehabilitation.
irrigation. • Law & Order problems: insurgency,
• Clean source of energy. terrorism, etc.
• Average lifetime of 50 to • In the remote areas infrastructure
100 years, these projects such as roadways needs to be first
are long-term investments. built prior to the onset of work.
• Operate in an • Inter-State water disputes.
economically feasible • Getting environment and forest
manner clearance is burdensome.
Case Study : The Silent Valley Movement
• In 1976, the Kerala State Electricity Board announced plans to
construct a 240 MW capacity hydroelectricity project on Kunthipuzha
River flowing through Palakkad and Mallapuram districts of Kerala.
• The dam of 130 meters height was proposed
• practically uninhabited
• well preserved forest with cardamom, black gram, rice, bean plants,
etc.
• The total area is 90 sq. km, falls within the biosphere reserve
• Home to several endangered and endemic species like Lion tailed
Macaque, Great Indian Hornbill and Nilgiri Tahr.

• Rare plants such as Hydnocarpus, used for treating leprosy, and
Rauvolfia serpentina used for treating high blood pressure, are
found there.
• damage from such project would be huge, submerging about 530
ha of evergreen forests.
• The protest against the project was headed by Kerala Sasthra
Shahitya Parishad.
• Sathish Chandran Nair starts a movement to create awareness in
academic circles through talks and slide shows.
Prime minister directed to abandon the project and declared it as a
national park in 1985.

Case Study : Narmada Bachao Andolan
• Government's plan – To build 30 large, 135 medium and 3000 small dams
to harness the waters of the Narmada and its tributaries.
• The Narmada basin is almost 100,000 square kilometers in size and is
home to twenty-one million people.
• The proponents view - it will produce 1450 MW of electricity and pure
drinking water to 40 million people covering thousand of villages and
towns.
• The government claimed that the Sardar Sarovar dam alone would
irrigate
 almost 1.8 million hectares of land in Gujarat and
 an additional 73,000 hectares in the dry neighbouring state of Rajasthan,
 providing potable water to over 8,000 Gujarati villages and 135 urban
centres.
• Some of the dams have been already been completed such as Tawa and
Bargi Dams.
• Despite these foreseeable consequences, in the absence of
consultation with indigenous communities, in 1985 the World Bank
agreed to finance the Sardar Sarovar dam to the tune of $450 million.
• Opponents says that this hydro project will devastate human lives
and bio diversity by destroying thousand of acres of forests and
agricultural land.
• The impounding of water in a 455 foot–high reservoir would
 submerge 37,000 hectares of land in Gujarat, Maharashtra, and
MadhyaPradesh, and
 divert 9.5 million acre feet of water into a canal and irrigation
system.
 The proposed Sardar Sarovar Dam and Narmada Sagar will displace
more than 2,50,000 people.
• The big fight is over the resettlement or the rehabilitation of these
people.
• A three judge Bench of this court by a judgement and order
dated 18.10.2000 in Narmada Bachao Andolan Vs Union of
India and Others [(2000 10 SCC 664] disposed of the said writ
petition upon issuing various directions.
• The court inter alia opined that: (i) displacement of the tribal
and other persons would not per se result in violation of their
fundamental or other rights; (ii) on their rehabilitation at new
locations they would be better off that what they were; (iii) at
the rehabilitation sites they will have more and better
amenities than those they enjoyed in their hamlets; and (iv)
the gradual assimilation in the mainstream of the society
would lead to betterment and progress.

Bishnoi Movement
• Bishnoi is a religious sect found in the Western Thar Desert

and northern states of India.
• It was founded by Guru Maharaj Jambaji in 1485 AD in the
Marwar (Jodhpur) desert region of western Rajasthan, India.
• It is non-violent community of nature worshippers.
• This movement was started by sage Sombaji around 1700 AD
against deforestation.
• After that Amrita Devi forwarded the movement. The 363
people from the Bishnoi community were killed in the protest.
• When the king of this region came to know the protest and
killing then he rushed to the village and apologized, and
declared the region as protected area. It is noteworthy that
this legislation is still exists today.
Chipko movement or Chipko andolan
• Nonviolent social and ecological movement by rural villagers,
particularly women, in India in the 1970s, aimed at protecting
trees and forests slated for government-backed logging. The
movement originated in the Himalayan region of Uttar
Pradesh (later Uttarakhand) in 1973 and quickly spread
throughout the Indian Himalayas.
• The Hindi word chipko means “to hug” or “to cling to” and

reflects the demonstrators’ primary tactic of embracing the
trees to impede the loggers.

• In 1964 environmentalist and Gandhian social activist Chandi Prasad
Bhatt founded a cooperative organization, Dasholi Gram Swarajya Sangh
(later renamed Dasholi Gram Swarajya Mandal [DGSM]), to foster small
industries for rural villagers, using local resources. When industrial
logging was linked to the severe monsoon floods that killed more than
200 people in the region in 1970, DGSM became a force of opposition
against the large-scale industry.
• With the success in Mandal, DGSM workers and Sunderlal Bahuguna, a
local environmentalist, began to share Chipko’s tactics with people in
other villages throughout the region.
• One of the next major protests occurred in 1974 near the village of Reni,
where more than 2,000 trees were scheduled to be felled. Following a
large student-led demonstration, the government summoned the men of
the surrounding villages to a nearby city for compensation, ostensibly to
allow the loggers to proceed without confrontation. However, they were
met with the women of the village, led by Gaura Devi, who refused to
move out of the forest and eventually forced the loggers to withdraw.

Table 2.5: Classifications of Micro, Mini & SHP based on capacity
(Source – Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, GOI)
Class Station Capacity in kW
Micro Hydro Up to 100
Mini Hydro 101 to 2000
Small Hydro 2001 to 25000

Small Hydro Power in India
• First SHP installation in
India is 130 kW plant at
Sidrapong in Darjeeling,
1897.
• Other SHP projects
include :
 2 MW project in Mysore at
Shivasundaram,
 3 MW project at Galgoi in
Mussoorie,
 1.75 MW in Chaba and
 50 MW in Jubbal, both
near Shimla.
Global scenario
• Hydropower is the leading renewable

source for electricity generation
globally, supplying 71% of all
renewable electricity. 1 kiloWatt -1000 Wh
1 megaWatt - 1,000,000 Wh
• China is the world’s largest producer 1 gigaWatt - 1,000,000,000
Wh
of hydropower, and accounted for 1 teraWatt -
nearly half of global added installed 1,000,000,000,000 Wh
capacity, at 9.1 GW. It was followed by
• Brazil (3.4 GW),
• India (1.9 GW),
• Portugal (1.1 GW) and Angola (1.0
GW).
https://www.hydropower.org/publications/2018-hydropower-
status-report

Global scenario
• Reaching 1,064 GW
of installed capacity
in 2016, it generated
16.4% of the world’s
electricity from all
sources.

Indian scenario
• India's economically exploitable and viable hydroelectric potential is
estimated to be 148,700 MW.
• An additional 6,780 MW from SHP (smaller hydro schemes) with capacities of

less than 25 MW is estimated as exploitable.
• The public sector accounts for 92.5% of India's hydroelectric power
production. The National Hydroelectric Power Corporation (NHPC), Northeast
Electric Power Company (NEEPCO), Satluj Jal Vidyut Nigam (SJVNL), are some
of the public sector companies producing hydroelectric power in India.
• the power generation from large hydropower projects (CEA only reports large
hydro generation) 2017-18 was 126.18 billion units (BU).

• No dam construction. • Power expansion is

• Requires small amount of flow not possible.
and a height of 2 ft. • Low power
• Continuous supply of energy. production during
the summer due to
• Clean process.
decreased water
• Cater to the upliftment of the flow.
rural masses.
• Cost effective option for power
generation.
• Water for drinking, sanitation
and irrigation.
• Minimum rehabilitation and
resettlement.
BIOMASS ENERGY
• Biomass is organic matter
from plants and animals
containing the stored energy
of the sun; wood, manure and
certain types of garbage are
examples of biomass fuels.
• Biomass energy is reusable --
dead tree parts, branches,
grass clippings, leftover crop
residue, wood chips, and
barks, twigs and sawdust. It
also includes used tires and
livestock manure.

Indian scenario
Ministry has been promoting "Biomass Power and Bagasse

Co-generation Programme" with the aim to recover energy
from biomass including bagasse, agricultural residues
such as shells, husks, de-oiled cakes and wood from
dedicated energy plantations for power generation.
The total estimated potential for biomass power is about 25

GW. Over 500 biomass power and cogeneration projects
with aggregate capacity of 8414 MW have been installed
in the country up to December 2017.

DISADVANTAGES
ADVANTAGES
• sensible to use waste • gathering fuel in

materials. sufficient quantities
• fuel source is cheap. is difficult.
• reduces dependence • Emission of
on the fossil fuels. greenhouse gases.
• not available in same
amount all year
round.

BIOGAS ENERGY
• Biogas is primarily a mixture of
methane (CH4) and inert carbonic gas
(CO2) as a result of bacterial
decomposition with small amounts of
hydrogen sulfide, moisture and
siloxanes.
• The waste is digested in anaerobic
conditions by bacteria, a process called
"fermentation" at about 35-40oC.
• Biogas Production in India is equivalent
to 5% of the total LPG consumption.
According to the Ministry Of New and
Renewable Energy (formerly MNES),
India has the capacity to meet 10% of
our energy requirements by shifting to
biogas technology, which comes around
17,000 MW.
• sensible to use waste materials. • emits greenhouse
gases.
• methane, a GHG can be used for
electricity.
• fuel is cheap.
• low dependence on fossil fuels.
• some industry sectors like leather,
paper and pulp, sugar, poultry
industry, breweries, etc.,
generating a lot of organic waste,
can meet their power demand
from their own waste.

BIOFUEL ENERGY
• Way of biomass utilization is ethanol production.
• Ethanol can be used in vehicles.
• Biofuels are possibly carbon-neutral, because the carbon dioxide
which is emitted when fossil fuels are burnt is also taken in by the
plants as they propagate.
• Vehicles are either powered by bioethanol or biodiesel.

• Crops like corn, maize and sugar, cassava can often be used for
production of ethanol.
• Sugarcane leftover pulp, known as "bagasse" can be used to produce
bioethanol.
• Ethanol may also be made from waste paper.
• Examples of the genera of microalgae that fit the parameters for
bioethanol production include the following: Chlorella, Dunaliella,
Chlamydomonas, Scenedesmus, Arthrospira, and Spirulina.
• India presently is the 4th largest producer of ethanol after US, Brazil
and China.
• Common ethanol blends are prefixed E. it varies from low blend like
E5, E10, E20 to high E85.
• E10 is the most commonly used gasohol with 10 % ethanol blended
with 90 % gasoline.
• Bio-diesel is a ethyl or methyl ester of fatty acids prepared from used
or unused vegetable oils and animal fats.
• The main sources can be plant species such as Jatropha curcas

(Ratanjyot), Pongamia pinnata (Karanj), Calophyllum inophyllum
(Nagchampa), Hevea brasiliensis (Rubber), marine algae such as a
mixed system of Chlorella sp., Euglena sp., Spirogyra sp.,
• It does not contain petroleum and can be mixed at various

proportions with diesel to create a Bio-diesel blend.

• less dependence on the fossil • requirement of larger area to grow
fuels. crops for biofuels.
• carbon-neutral as compared • burning does produce carbon
to other fossil fuels. dioxide.
• no sulphur content; less • inconsistent supply of the materials.
amount of particulate matter, • Ethanol with high "evaporative
carbon monoxide, other emissions" from fuel tanks and
hydrocarbons, and nitrogen dispensing apparatus is a limiting
oxide released. factor.

SOME OF ENERGY SOURCES

•
NONRENEWABLE RESOURCE
Nonrenewable resource is a natural resource that cannot be re-made or re-grown

at a scale comparable to its consumption.

1. FOSSIL FUELS
COAL
 Coal, petroleum, and natural gas.

 Creation takes several hundreds of million years ago
(mya), formed in the Carboniferous Period, a part of
the Paleozoic Era, about 360 to 286 mya.
 Nonrenewable.
 Can not be replenished in a short period of time.

Formation of coal
Formed from the dead residues of trees, ferns and other fauna that existed 300 to 400 mya.
Before the dinosaurs many Over millions of years the Heat and pressure turned
giant plants died in the plants were buried under the dead plants into coal
swamps water and dirt.

Coal Formation and Types

OIL AND NATURAL GAS
• Accumulation of dead marine organisms on the
ocean floor were covered by sediments.
• Muddy rock gradually formed rock (shale)

containing dispersed oil.
• Sandstone formed on top of shale, thus oil pools

began to form.
• Natural gas often forms on top of oil.
• Principal component of natural gas is methane.

Electricity is not an energy source,
it is converted from another source (coal, hydro,
nuclear, etc.)

Distillation products of crude oil
The costs involved comprise:
1. Recovery
2. Refining
3. Transporting
4. Environmental
Refining yields products like:
1. Asphalt
2. Grease, wax
3. Naptha
4. Heating oil
5. Aviation oil
6. Diesel
7. Other Petrochemicals
8. Gasoline
9. Gases
USES OF FOSSIL FUELS
 Gasoline, highly combustible, is the fuel
source for traditional and hybrid vehicles,
jet airplanes and racing cars.
 Diesel, used in cars, trucks and trains to

power their engines.
 Kerosene, used to drive heaters.
 Propane, used as fuel in cooking and

heating, similar to natural gas.
 Benzene or benzol forms ingredient in medicines,
synthesized vitamins, synthetic rubber,
pesticides, solvents, dyes etc.
 The chief fuel source for thermal power plants is

coal.
 Motor oil, petroleum jelly, hydraulic fluid is used

to lubricate the machine parts.
 Plastic and polyester, produced in the process of

refining is used in making of containers,
electronics components and building materials.
Polyester is a multipurpose and tough component
of modern clothing.

Advantages Disadvantages
• High calorific value. • Over exploitation
• Highly stable. caused considerable
• Vast potential to power depletion.
the entire world. • Largest emitters of
• Coal is obtainable in GHGS responsible for
abundance. global warming.
• Infrastructure entirely • Emission of sulfur
developed. dioxide.
• Tried and tested. • Threatens the
• Easy Transportation. ecological balance;
• Cheaper source. mining may be a cause
• Electricity can be of earthquakes.
produced by simple • Non-renewable.
combustion process. • Formation takes
12/15/2022
millions of years.
Dept. of Environmental Studies, SXC 75
Quantity of Production of Coal in
Different States in 2016-17
http://ibm.nic.in/writereaddata/files/03202018145834Coal%20and
%20Lig_AR_2017.pdf

Crude Oil and Natural Gas Production in
India
http://petroleum.nic.in/sites/default/files/ipngstat_0.pdf

Coal at end 2017
Production in million tonnes oil
Total proved reserves in equivalent
million tonnes
• US 250916 • China 1747.2
• Russian Federation 160364 • US 371.3
• Australia 144818 • Australia 297.4
Consumption in million tonnes oil equivalent*

• China 1892.6
• India 424.0
• US 332.1

Oil at end 2017
Total proved reserves of oil in
Thousand million tonnes Oil: Production in million tonnes*
• Venezuela 47.3 • US 571.0

• Saudi Arabia 36.6 • Saudi Arabia 561.7
• Canada 27.2 • Russian Federation 554.4
Consumption in million tonnes oil equivalent*

US 913.3
China 608.4
India 222.1

Natural gas at end 2017
Total proved reserves of
natural gas in Trillion Cubic Production in billion cubic metres*
feet
• US 734.5
• Russian Federation 1234.9 • Russian Federation 554.4
• Iran 1173.0 • Iran 223.9
• Qatar 927.2
Consumption in billion cubic metres*

• US 739.5
• Russian Federation 424.8
• China 240.4

NUCLEAR ENERGY
• Nonrenewable resource
• Once the nuclear fuel is used, it is gone!
Nuclear reaction:
1. Fission – the present means of power generation.
Uranium -235 and Plutonium - 239 can easily be
fissioned to release small nuclei.
2. Fusion – continuously happening in the sun. Two
small nuclei are fused to form another nuclei along
with release of energy. Hydrogen and helium
undergoes such reaction.
Principle of fission reaction
• Isotopes of Uranium and Plutonium undergo
controlled nuclear fission.
• U 235 commonly used.
• Naturally occurring Uranium is 95 % -
U- 238.
• Thorium is much more abundant; Uranium
233 can be transmuted from Thorium 232
and used.
• Largest uranium deposits are in Australia.
• Kazakhstan, Canada, Russia, Namibia, Niger,
USA are also important.
• The primary uranium ore is uraninite or
pitchblende (UO2 and U3O8).
• Fission Chain Reaction, splitting the nucleus,
12/15/2022 Dept.releasing
of Environmentalheat to produce steam.
Studies, SXC 82
OPERATION OF A NUCLEAR REACTOR
• Uranium processed into tiny pellets, loaded into long rods, placed in
the power plant's reactor.
• Core Reactor comprises 35,000 to 70,000 fuel rods.
• Fuel pellets of 97% non-fissionable U238 and 3% fissionable U235.
• Control rods of Boron and Cadmium are efficient neutron capturers.
• Moderator impede the high speed neutrons. Commonly used are
light water, solid graphite, heavy water.
• Heat generated is transferred to the coolant, usually water.
• Chain reaction gives out heat energy which is then used to heat
water in the reactor core.
• “Spent” fuel rods usually stored onsite in huge pools of water.
• Must be stored safely for 10,000 to 24,000 years.
• Multiple safety layers at plants.
Cross section of a Nuclear reactor

Nuclear wastes disposal highly expensive
Disposal proposals
Underground burial
Disposal in space (illegal under international law)
Burial in ice sheets
Burial in ocean mud
Conversion into harmless materials (no way to do this
with current technology)
Global and Indian scenario
• Nuclear power plants currently operate in 31 countries. Most are
in Europe, North America, East Asia and South Asia. The United
States is the largest producer of nuclear power.
• Nuclear power is the fifth-largest source of electricity in India after

coal, gas, hydroelectricity and wind power. As of March 2018,
India has 22 nuclear reactors in operation in 7 nuclear power
plants, having a total installed capacity of 6,780 MW. Nuclear
power produced a total of 35 TWh and supplied 3.22% of Indian
electricity in 2017. 7 more reactors are under construction with a
combined generation capacity of 4,300 MW.

Advantages Disadvantages
• Large Fuel Supply • Possibility of catastrophic
• Little Air Pollution and accidents
CO2 emissions • No long-term solutions for
• Moderate to low water waste
and land environmental • Spreads knowledge of
impact nuclear weapon technology
• Low risk of accidents • Terrorist Attacks
(multiple safety levels – • High cost of building and
except in old Soviet operating plants
reactors)


Mar 2021 Class - NATURAL RESOURCES - Energy

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Mar 2021 Class - NATURAL RESOURCES - Energy

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

ENERGY RESOURCES

12/15/2022 Dept. of Environmental Studies, SXC 1

Renewable (16%) Non-renewable (84%)

12/15/2022 Dept. of Environmental Studies, SXC 2

• Potent energy source is the Sun, located 150 million

• Electricity from solar energy can be obtained in two ways:

An array may comprise one to thousand modules which in

Conversion of light energy in electrical energy is based on a phenomenon called

12/15/2022 Dept. of Environmental Studies, SXC 5

•Can be used both for power

•Solar energy is concentrated to

12/15/2022 Dept. of Environmental Studies, SXC 6

Calculators, wristwatches, solar

12/15/2022 Dept. of Environmental Studies, SXC 7

Off-grid connected solar is a solar electricity

12/15/2022 Dept. of Environmental Studies, SXC 8

12/15/2022 Dept. of Environmental Studies, SXC 9

12/15/2022 Dept. of Environmental Studies, SXC 10

• In order to generate enough power to run the whole airport,

12/15/2022 Dept. of Environmental Studies, SXC 11

12/15/2022 Dept. of Environmental Studies, SXC 13

• It has blades that seem to

• They have the main rotor,

12/15/2022 Dept. of Environmental Studies, SXC 14

• have main rotor and shaft

• wind turbine needs not to be

12/15/2022 Dept. of Environmental Studies, SXC 15

Cumulative Installed by end-

1 China 236,402 305

2 United States 105,466 257

3 Germany 61,357 106 (& UK -50)

4 India 37,506 47.7

5 Spain 25,808 49.1

12/15/2022 Dept. of Environmental Studies, SXC 16

Terawatt-hour (TWh), a measure of electrical energy, 1012 watt for one hour.

12/15/2022 Dept. of Environmental Studies, SXC 17

State Total Capacity (MW)

Tamil Nadu 9231.77

Andhra Pradesh 4077.37

Madhya Pradesh 2519.89

Wind Farms in India

12/15/2022 Dept. of Environmental Studies, SXC 19

• Temperature increases by about 3oC for every 100 meters increase in

• The high temperature and pressure in Earth's interior cause some

• And when this hot water comes out

• When holes are drilled, the steam comes

• There are four major types of Geothermal

12/15/2022 Dept. of Environmental Studies, SXC 24

• The prospective sites in India

Ladakh will get India’s first geothermal power project.

A memorandum of understanding in this connection was signed between

State government has granted permission for the installation of a Geothermal

12/15/2022 Dept. of Environmental Studies, SXC 27

• A type of oceanic energy and is in use since the 11th century.

12/15/2022 Dept. of Environmental Studies, SXC 28

12/15/2022 Dept. of Environmental Studies, SXC 29

12/15/2022 Dept. of Environmental Studies, SXC 30

12/15/2022 Dept. of Environmental Studies, SXC 31

12/15/2022 Dept. of Environmental Studies, SXC 32

• This difference in the temperature can be used to harness energy. A

• Water temperature more or less remains constant around 4 o C at a

• The difference in temperature is utilized here to vaporize (and even

12/15/2022 Dept. of Environmental Studies, SXC 34