2021 Class-Unit 5 Natural Resources Part 1,2 and 3

Unit 5
Natural Resources : Renewable and

Non-renewable Resources
A. Land resources and
land-use change
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GLOBAL SCENARIO
• The total surface area of the
earth is 510,000 trillion sq.
meters.
• About 70 % of the total area is
occupied by oceans, rocks, ice,
etc. 8 % forms the tundra,
continental shelves, reef,
estuaries, lakes, rivers, and etc.
• The remaining can be used for
living and growing food.
• Earth’s land cover has been
extensively modified over 50 %
by humans and this modification
is unsustainable.
LAND AS A RESOURCE
• Mankind does require land for construction of houses,
land for cultivation of crops, land to maintain pastures
for domestic animals, land to develop industries and
factories to afford goods and services, and sustaining
these industries by establishing townships and
cities.(Uses)
• Equally important is to preserve and protect the forest,

grasslands, marshland, mountains, beaches, etc. and to
uphold our precious biological diversity. (sustainability)

1) Residential
2) Agricultural
3) Transportation
4) Institutional
5) Open space
6) Industrial
7) Commercial
8) Recreational

1) Residential Land
Use
• It is the part of land where

people live.
• The type of housing in an area

is based on residential density
i.e. Number of housing units in
a hectare (unit of land)

2) Agricultural Land Use
• It is that part of land which is used for growing crops, food,
etc.

• land used for moving people and goods from one place to
another.
• Includes: sidewalks, roads, highways, subways, streetcars,
railroad tracks, freight yards, airports, marinas and any other
land that is used for transportation.
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3) Transportation Land Use
Mahua Basu, B.Com, SXC 8
4) Institutional Land Use
The part of land that is occupied by schools,
hospitals, government offices, and places of
worship.

5) Open Space Land Use
Land that is now vacant, or left in a natural state (like a
woodlot), or land that is for recreational use (parks,
playgrounds, community centres).

6) Industrial Land Use
• It is the land that
is used for
industry.
• For example:
Factories,
warehouses,
power plants, or
places of resource
extraction (like
mines).

7) Commercial
Land Use
• It is the land that is set

aside for commercial
activities. This includes any
land use that is used for
buying, selling, or trading
goods and services.

8) Recreational Land Use
• The land which is utilised for fun and
entertainment purposes (parks, bowling
place)

LAND
DEGRADATION

• Either man persuaded or natural method which harmfully affects the
land from functioning efficiently in an ecosystem, such as accepting,
storage and reprocessing water, energy, and nutrients.
• Land degraded in the name of developmental activities which

comprise building dams waterways, rails, vehicles and businesses and
by the pollutants they spew.

Untreated waste from the industries
is let out in the surrounding areas
leading to land and water pollution.
Source : sassywire.wordpress.com
3/6/2021 Source : postconflict.unep.ch

Due to mining huge plots of lands are dug up
and those lands are filled with waste products
and dirty water from mining. Such
irresponsible mining leads to degradation of
lands. Water that gets stuck in such land
holes can breed mosquitoes and this can lead
to diseases like dengue and malaria. Mining
produces lots of wasted gravel and rubble.
Careless disposal of such rubbish causes
further land degradation and water pollution.
Source :
http://www.greendiary.com/three-
disastrous-effects-mining-has-on-our-
environs.html
AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES
Agricultural activities like over
irrigation
and the use of chemical
fertilizers increase
the salinity and alkalinity of the
land
OVER IRRIGATION
Source :
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrigation
USE OF CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS
Source : www.allaboutbell.com
IRRIGATION

LAND CLEARANCE DEFORESTATION
SOURCE : www.worldwildlife.org
Deforestation is the permanent destruction of forests
in order to make the land available for other uses. An
estimated 18 million acres (7.3 million hectares) of
forest — roughly the size of Panama — are lost each SOURCE : www.pinterest.com
year, according to the United Nations' Food and
Agriculture Organization (FAO).
Without trees, forest lands can quickly become
barren land.

Source : globalprep.wikispaces.com
Heavily overgrazed range near Rio Sonoyta

Overgrazing causes fertile topsoil to wash and blow away, a large-scale impact that lasts hundreds or
even thousands of years. Entire ecosystems of plants and animals disappear due to this effect, which
goes little-noticed by most humans.
Overgrazing can reduce ground cover, enabling erosion and compaction of the land by wind and
rain.. This reduces the ability for plants to grow and water to penetrate, which harms soil microbes
and results in serious erosion of the land.
Source:elawspotlight.wordpress.com URBAN
TRANSFORMATION
SOIL DEGRADATION
The decline in quantity and quality of soil

It includes :
1) Erosion by wind and water
2) Biological degradation ( loss of humus )
3) Physical degradation ( loss of structure , permeability,
compaction
4) Chemical degradation ( reduced fertility , toxicity)
IF DEGRADATION IS SO SEVERE THAT LAND BECOMES

UNUSABLE IT IS TERMED AS DESERTIFICATION.
i

• The erosion may be checked by rotation of crops, mulching
which results in the decrease in the vaporization and increase
in the absorption; presence of appropriate passage for
carrying water and the seeding of specific crops controls
erosion.
• Afforestation and reforestation- The planting of trees also
checks wearing away of soil.
• Stopping Slash and burn agriculture- is relatively common in
the ethnic regions especially in the tropical and subtropical
parts of Africa and Asia.
• Build Terraces- Terracing is a very good method of soil
conservation. ...
• No-till Farming- method of growing crops year round without
changing the topography of the soil by tilling or contouring.

• Contour Plowing- plowing grooves into the desired farmland,
then planting the crop furrows in the grooves and following
the contours.
• Maintain Soil pH- Terrace farming-a method of carving
multiple, flat leveled areas into hills. Steps are formed by the
terraces which are surrounded by a mud wall to prevent run
off and hold the soil nutrients in the beds.
• Perimeter runoff control- practice of planting trees, shrubs
and ground cover around the perimeter of your farmland
which impedes surface flows and keeps nutrients in the
farmed soil.
• Windbreaks- Rows of tall trees are used in dense patterns
around the farmland and prevents wind erosion.
• Cover crops- Cover crops such as turnips and radishes are
rotated with cash crops in order to blanket the soil all year

B. DEFORESTATION: CAUSES AND IMPACTS DUE TO MINING,
DAM BUILDING ON ENVIRONMENT, FORESTS,
BIODIVERSITY AND TRIBAL POPULATIONS.

• The word ‘forest ‘originated from ‘fores’
meaning a vast stretch of land shielded by
trees. Forests are vital renewable natural
resource, ruled by trees and the species
composition differing in various parts of
the world.

STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION
1. Forest floor- often carpeted with decaying leaves, twigs, fallen trees,
moss, and other detritus. Fungi, insects, bacteria, and earthworms
are among the many decomposers.
2. Herb layer is controlled by grasses, ferns, wildflowers, and other
ground cover. Vegetation often gets little light due to thick canopies;
shade tolerant species are leading ones.
3. Shrub layer is characterized by woody vegetation, comparatively near
the ground surface. Undergrowth and brambles may develop where
light can pass through.
4. Understory consists of immature and small trees that is shorter in
height but supports a variety of animals.
5. Canopy is the layer where the pinnacles of maximum of the forest's
trees form a dense layer.
6. Emergents are trees whose crests emerge above the canopy.
These layers provide a montage of habitats and enable organisms to settle

into various pockets of habitat of a forest.

THE EMERGENT LAYER
THE CANOPY LAYER
THE UNDERSTORY
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THE FOREST FLOOR
TYPES OF FOREST
Source- http://bouchillonlifescience2.wikispaces.com/

1. Tropical rainforests
2. Sub-tropical forests
3. Mediterranean forests
4. Temperate forests
5. Coniferous forests
6. Montane forests
7. Plantation forests

CURRENT STATUS – GLOBAL SCENARIO
• Globally, the forest cover is
31 percent of the total land
surface, little more than 4
billion hectares. (FAO,
2010b) This is lower than the
pre-industrial record of 5.9
billion hectares.
• The global net forest loss was

reported to be 5.2 million
hectares per year in
between 2000 and
2010. (FAO, 2010b)
http://agritech.tnau.ac.in/forestry/forest_india_types.html
CURRENT STATUS – INDIAN
SCENARIO
 Total forest cover (TFC) of India is

807,276 square kilometres (sq km)
according to the biennial State of
India’s forest Report 2019.
 TFC of India in 2019 is 24.56 per
cent of the total geographical area
(TGA) of the country.
 Just 3% of India’s geographical area
is home to VDFs..
https://india.mongabay.com/2020/01/indias-forest-cover-is-rising-but-
northeast-and-tribals-lose/
DEFINITION
Removal of a forest or
stand of trees where the
land is thereafter
converted to a non-forest
use.
“Deforestation is the process whereby

natural forests are cleared through
logging and/or burning, either to use
the timber or to replace the area for
alternative uses such as housing,
3/6/2021 agriculture,
Mahua Basu, B.Com, SXC mining, etc.” 40
Unsustainable agriculture
Commercial logging and timber harvesting

TIMBER EXTRACTION
• Timber logging refers to cutting,

skidding, on-site processing,
loading of logs onto trucks and
transporting to a place outside
the forest possibly a sawmill or a
lumber yard.
• Illegal logging of timber refers to

the harvest, transportation,
purchase or sale of timber with
violation of the existing laws.

Increase in the population and urbanization
Desertification of land

Mining
Fires

• Fuels and other resources
• Developmental activities like human settlement, tourism,
infrastructure development (roads, railways dams), hydel power
projects.
• Hunting and collecting for food
• Trade in food commodities, traditional medicines.
• Accidental activities like trapping, hooking, netting, poisoning.
• Natural hazards like volcanoes, drought, and floods and wildfires.
• Pollution of land and water, global warming.
• Use for defense purpose.
• Present-day deforestation may also because of corruption of
government institutions, the policies and implementation.

EFFECTS OF DEFORESTATION
3/6/2021 Mahua Basu, B.Com, SXC blogs.worldbank.org

46
Effects of deforestation
Deforestation results in 15% of

global greenhouse gas emissions.

 Wildlife is deprived of
habitat and becomes
defenseless to
hunting.

 Erratic behavior of the
climate.
 Local climate becomes

much dry.

 Speed up rates of soil
erosion, by increasing
runoff; soil becomes
infertile.
 More landslides.
 Disturbance of livelihoods
to millions.

FATE OF FOREST COVER WITH
CIVILIZATION

INITIATIVES TO PROTECT FOREST
• Afforestation or planting more &
more trees on waste land & hill
slopes.
• Education and awareness.
• People should not be allowed to
throw burning match sticks,
cigarettes & beedies in the forest
areas.
• Enactment and enforcement of
strict legislation.
• People should not be allowed to
cut young & healthy trees.

• People should be educated against the
hazards of deforestation.
• Forest Protection Force should be fully trained
& equipped with latest technology to check
deforestation.

IMPORTANCE
OF
FOREST
CONSERVATION
1. Forest and environment are both interrelated and
interactive in such a way that they are inseparable.
2. Main product produced by the forest is wood. Wood is the
raw material in pulp, paper, board, plywood, and
furniture items.
3. Forest serves as a source of canes, gum, resins, dyes,
tannins, lac, fish etc.
4. Forests influence temperature, humidity and
precipitation.
5. Forests helps in the formation of soil by affecting its
composition, conformation, chemical properties and
water contents and

play an significant role in biogeochemical cycles of water,
carbon, nitrogen, sulphur, oxygen, phosphorus, etc.
6. Control flood conditions.
7. Suitable habitat for a number of important species.
8. aesthetic and tourist values.
9. Altering of forestry can ominously affect the environment
and economics on which the performance of nature
depends.

DAMS
AND THEIR ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

DEFINITION
• A dam is a manmade blockade habitually built across a river to hold
water. So, dams primarily serve the purpose of impounding water.
Dam stores water which can later be distributed uniformly.
Floodgates or levees are used to regulate the water flow in specific
areas. Hydel powers are often used along with dams to generate
power.
The first known dam was built in 2900 B.C. across the
Nile River to protect the city of Memphis from
flooding. Dam build was continued into the time of
the Roman empire, after which dam construction was
3/6/2021
literally lost until the 1800s.
Advantages
Majority of the dams are constructed for multiple purposes. The dams
help to serve an array of household and economic benefits arising out of
one investment.
1. Hydroelectric Power generation
Itaipu Dam on the Paraná River in South America generates 14 GW and supplied 93%
of the energy consumed by Paraguay and 20% of that used by Brazil as of 2005.
2. Water supply
by series of dams and reservoirs.
3. Irrigation
the Berg Strait dam can help to stabilize or restore the water levels of inland lakes and
seas such as the Aral Sea.
4. Flood prevention
Dams such as the Blackwater Dam of Webstar, New Hampshire .
5. Land reclamation
Dykes or levees used to prevent ingress of water.
6. Water diversion and recreation
used3/6/2021
to divert water to another drainage or reservoir to increase flow and improve59
Mahua Basu, B.Com, SXC
water use in that particular area.
Disadvantages
1. Displacement relating indigenous people (discussed later)
2. Resettlement and relocation issues
3. Deforestation
4. Soil erosion
5. Loss of other flora and fauna
6. Changes in spawning behaviour of fishes
7. Reservoirs can be the breeding grounds of vectors
8. Exertion of enormous pressure induces reservoir induced
seismicity (RIS)
9. Environmental concerns
10. Sedimentation and siltation issues
11. Safety aspects
environmental impacts
Construction of large dams completely change the relationship of water and land,
destroying the existing ecosystem balance which, in many cases, has taken thousands
of years to create.
Currently there are around 40,000 large dams which obstruct the world's rivers,
completing changing their flow systems.
this is not going to occur without

dire environmental impacts.
Throughout the past few years, the negative impacts of dams have become so well
known that most countries have stopped building them altogether and are now forced to
invest their money into fixing the problems created by existing dams.

1. holding of sediments in reservoirs, the sediment feeding of downstream channel or
shore beaches is prevented. Corrosions may occur. As the transfer of sediments is
avoided by this way,the egg lying zone of the fishes living in the stream ecosystem is
restricted,too.
2. Archaelogical and historical places in company with geological and topographical places
that are rare with their exeptional beauties, disappear after lying under the reservoir.
3. Reproduction of migrating fishes is hindered by the floods that harm the egg beds. Or the
egg gravel beds can be destructed while the excavation and coating works in the stream
beds.
4. Temperature of water, salt and oxygen distribution may change vertically as a

consequence of reservoir formation. This may cause the generation of new living species.
(International River Network, 2001; Canadian Dam Association, 2001).
5. Normal passing ways of territorial animals are hindered since the dam works as a barrier.
Meantime the upstream fish movement aiming ovulation and feeding is prevented and thus
fish population dicreases. The fishes can be damaged while passing trough the floodgates,
turbines.
7. There will be serious changes in the water quality as a result of drainage water returning
from irrigation that was done based on the irrigation projects. In other words, over transfer
of food and the increase in salt density; can raise water lichens and may change water living
species.
8. The species may change parallel to the erosion caused by the human activities or the
permanent increase in the water turbidity as an outcome of the dam construction.
9. Discharge of toxic matters (pesticides, toxic metals etc.) and their condensation in food
chain may affect sensitive animals immadiately; all living organisms may expire when the
stream becomes unable to recover itself.
10. The water regime may change as a result of destruction of nature, unexpected floods
may occur and consequently vegetation and natural structures in the riverbanks can be
damaged.
11. Some increase in earthquakes may occur because of filling of big dam reservoirs.
12. Rise in evaporation loses may be expected as a result of the increase in the
water surface area.
13. Microclimatic and even some regional climate changes may be observed related to the
changes in air moisture percentage, air temperature, air movements in big scale and the
changes in the region topography caused by the stagnant, big scaled mass of water
14. Water-soil-nutrient relations, which come into existence downstream related to the
floods occurring from time to time in a long period of time, change. Depending on this fact,
compulsory changes come into existence in the agricultural habits of the people living in this
region and also in the flora and fauna.
15. Dams may cause increases in water sourced illnesses like typhus, typhoid
fever, malaria and cholera.
16. Dams affect the social, cultural and economical structure of the region considerably.
Especially forcing people, whose settlement areas and lands remain under water to migrate,
affect their psychology negatively.

SOIL EROSION
 Dams hold back the sediment load

normally found in a river flow,
depriving the downstream of this
sediments.
 In order to make up for the
sediments, the downstream water
erodes its channels and banks.
 This lowering of the riverbed
threatens vegetation and river
wildlife.
 A major example of soil erosion
problems is the Aswan Dam.

This affects the morphology of
the riverbed, downstream
floodplains, and even coastal
deltas.
This can:
increase risk of flooding

hamper navigation
lower groundwater tables
cause an accumulation of
toxic materials
affect entire ecosystems.

SPECIES EXTINCTION
 Fisheries comprise increasingly
important source of food supply.
 Majority of large dams do not
include proper bypass systems for
these animals,
 Interfering barred forcing species
to extinction.
Mekong.
For 23 migratory fish species, the dam will
block a vital migration route.
3/6/2021 European
Mahua Basu, B.Com, SXC Carp fish in a dam at Big Warrambool67
IMPACTS OF MINING
• Environmental issues can include erosion, formation of sinkholes, loss of
biodiversity, and contamination of soil, groundwater and surface water
by chemicals from mining processes. In some cases, additional forest
logging is done in the vicinity of mines to create space for the storage of
the created debris and soil.
• Contamination resulting from leakage of chemicals can also affect the

health of the local population if not properly controlled.
• Extreme examples of pollution from mining activities include coal fires,

which can last for years or even decades, producing massive amounts of
environmental damage.
• Ore mills generate large amounts of waste, called tailings. For example, 99
tons of waste are generated per ton of copper, with even higher ratios in
gold mining. These tailings can be toxic. Tailings, which are usually
produced as a slurry, are most commonly dumped into ponds made from
naturally existing valleys.

• Sub-surface mining often progresses below the water table, so water must be
constantly pumped out of the mine in order to prevent flooding. When a
mine is abandoned, the pumping ceases, and water floods the mine. This
introduction of water is the initial step in most acid rock drainage situations.
Acid rock drainage occurs naturally within some environments as part of the
rock weathering process but is exacerbated by large-scale earth disturbances
characteristic of mining and other large construction activities, usually within
rocks containing an abundance of sulfide minerals. In many localities, the
liquid that drains from coal stocks, coal handling facilities, coal washeries,
and coal waste tips can be highly acidic, and in such cases it is treated as acid
mine drainage (AMD).
• Fugitive emissions- Air quality is adversely affected by mining operations.
• Water Pollution (both surface and ground)Mining also causes water pollution
which includes metal contamination, increased sediment levels in streams,
and acid mine drainage. Erosion of soils and mine wastes into surface waters.
• Damage to Land, change in pH.
• Habitat fragmentation and Loss Of Biodiversity.

IMPACTS OF DECLARING PROTECTED AREAS
• Prevents-
illegal hunting, construction, tourism and recreation activities,
illegal logging, mining, uncontrolled fires, toxic pollution and
climate change whose effects spread over time are creating risk
for the protected areas.
• Main concern is displacement of people and community.

The action of
moving
something from
its place or
position.
(www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/en
glish/displacement)
Source: http://panos.org.uk/press-releases/displaced-the-
human-cost-of-development-and-resettlement-2/

DISPLACED PEOPLE
“Displaced persons are those
who are forced to move out of
their habitat, whether it is
individually and formally
owned, or a traditional,
customarily, and collectively
owned areas”. Many, such as
those who depend on forests,
are not given admittance to
their livelihood if the area is Source: https://encryptedtbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=
notified as a sanctuary or a tbn:ANd9GcSPAmyIN2f8LKcT QsxHngut
FoSCoEezQP5CmbubUfesl9ShKKo
national park. Such people are
called Project -Affected
Persons (PAP).
BASIS OF DISPLACEMENT
• Primarily natural disasters like earthquakes, tsunamis, cyclones etc
• Anthropogenic accidents like Industrial disasters, Oil spills, toxic
chemical contamination, nuclear accidents.
• Development and construction projects like urbanization, dam,
mining, roads, flyovers etc.
• For better employment opportunities and livelihood.
• Oil and gas exploration activities, laying of pipelines.
• Restriction in the protected area networks.
• Conflict induced displacement –
• a. Political causes and secessionist movements like the Naga
Movement and Assam Movement and killing of Kashmiri pundits.
• b. Autonomy movements – like Bodoland, Punjab,
Gorkhaland.
• c. Caste and communal displacements – Bombay, Gujarat
riots.
• d. Environment and development induced displacement - for
dams, roads, mining, nuclear power plants, urbanizations, etc.
1. Mining induced displacement in
India
• Large-scale displacement is
especially associated with the
expansion of open-pit mining
areas.
• It is estimated that the

development of a gold mine
in the region of Tarkwa in
Ghana has so far led to the
Source:http://accproject.live.radicaldesigns.org/downloads/
displacement of between IAP%208.10%20Briefer.pdf
20,000 and 30,000 local

residents.
• According to Walter Fernandes, expansion of mining in
India led to the involuntary resettlement of over 2.55
million people between 1950 and 1990 (particularly in
the Jharkhand region).
• Such Mining-Induced Displacement and Resettlement

(MIDR) imposes a social problem that challenges the
human rights.
• Not even a quarter have been rehabilitated.
• The most notable determinants in India for Mining-

Induced Displacement and Resettlement (MIDR) are coal,
copper, bauxite and uranium mining.
Table: Mining-induced displacement and resettlement
in India
Region Years Total number of Source

displaced
Andhra Pradesh 1980-1995 100,54 Fernandes et. al

(2001)
Assam 1980-2000 41,2 Fernandes and
Bharali
Goa 1980-1990 4740 Fernandes and Naik
(2001)
Gujarat 1980-2000 4128 Lobo and Kumar
(2007)
Jharkhand 1980-1995 402282 Ekka and Asif (2000)
Orissa 1960-1995 300000 Fernandes and Asif
(1997)
Kerala 1990-1999 78 Muricken et al.
(2003)
West Bengal 1960-2000 418061 Fernandes et al.
(2006)
Total 1571630

• These are mainly in the States of Orissa, Andhra Pradesh,
Jharkhand and West Bengal. Major Indian coal companies
are reported to have displaced more than 32,700 families
from 1982-1986.
• The setting up of NALCO Refinery Plant in Damanjodi

displaced nearly 600 families. Mining is an unstable source
of income. On an average the life time of open pit
exploitation is ten to forty years.

2. Dam induced displacement
• Dam building is the greatest cause of development-induced
displacement worldwide.
• According to a report of the “World Commission on Dams” the

construction of large dams has led to the displacement of some
40 to 80 million people worldwide.
• As per world banks review an average of 13000 people gets

displaced for each dam constructed.
• Walter Fernandes predicts the displacement numbers to be

more than 40 million against the government underestimates.

• Only 730 out of the displaced 2108 families have been
relocated.
• The largest scale of involuntary resettlement caused by the

construction of dams is observed in Asia, particularly in India
and China over the past sixty years.
• To a lesser extent, the problem of dam-induced displacement

also affects other Asian countries, especially Bangladesh,
Pakistan, Thailand, Nepal and Turkey.

The table below give examples of dams which led to the relocation of
more than 100,000 people (the statistics presented here are estimations
only).
1. Kaptai Karnafuli Bangladesh 100,000 1962
2. Three Gorges Dam Yangtze China 1,260,000 2009
3. Sardar Sarovar Narmada India 320,000 2004
4. Narmada Sagar Narmada India 200,000 Under

construction
5. Shuikou Minjiang China 410,000 1960
India is the third largest dam building country with over 3600
large dams and more than 700 under construction Among the
dams built in India by 1947 which led to a high level of involuntary
resettlement we can mention the Pong, Hirakud, Balimela and
Sardar Sarovar dams.
• Against the research estimates of
1.8 lakhs the official estimates for
displacement in Hirakud project
was only 1.1 lakh.
• Farakka project claims no affected
ones while World Bank gives the
number of 63,325.
• Number of displaced families for
Sardar Sarovar rose from 6,000 in
1979, 12,000 in 1987, 27,000 in
1991 to 40,000 in 1992.
• NBA estimates it to be 85,000 Source:http://www.environmentportal.in/content/5659/big-
families or 50,000 lakh people. dams-more-displacement
• Nearly 70,000 people of 101

villages were to be displaced in
case of Bergi Dam (Jabalpur) but
after the reservoir was filled in 162
villages got submerged.
• More than 2 lakh people were
displaced in Rihand Dam project in
1964.
3/6/2021 A B.Com,
Mahua Basu, highway
SXCblockade by protesters opposed to India’s 81
Dibang Dam
• As per world banks review an average of
13,000 people gets displaced for each dam
constructed.
• Walter Fernandes predicts the displacement
numbers to be more than 40 million against
the government underestimates. Only 730 out
of the displaced 2108 families have been
relocated.

3. Displacement in India for
Wildlife conservation
• The displacement and relocation of humans from Protected

Areas (PA) culminates in a host of impacts and such initiatives
were being practiced in many countries for wildlife
conservation and management.
• In most of the cases the affected peoples are the indigenous
tribals.
• According to the Government of India, conservation of
nature there has led so far to the displacement of
approximately 1.6 million people.

• When Kanha National Park was declared along with Tiger
Reserve (TR), nearly 650 families of twenty four villages were
relocated voluntarily outside the boundaries of tiger reserve.
There are 19 villages in the core area and 169 villages left in
the reserve to be relocated as per MoEF, 2005.
• In Gir National Park, 60 Maldhari villages of 580 families were

displaced in 14 settlement villages in the buffer zone. In this
case it was disastrous for the Maldharis to shift from pastoral
activity to farming without acquiring any skills for such
transition. 54 villages are still there in the park with 65 people
in the core zone.

The effects of displacement
Landlessness- Displacement affects the poor most: they
lose land, remain inadequately compensated, get forcibly
moved to unfamiliar places. While land value keeps going
up & will go up further due to developments, farmers get
only the present value of land.
Joblessnessloss of traditional means of employment,

Changed environment; Homelessness and relationships,
marginalization etc.
Marginalization
Food insecurity
Increased morbidity and mortality
Loss of access to common property http://www.brookings.edu.
Social Disarticulation; disrupted community life

Situation of tribal people is of
special concern as they constitute
45-50% of the total population. in
case of unavoidable displacement
their ultimate re-settlement &
rehabilitation has become central
issues of developmental process
itself. http://thehindu.com
Some are displaced even more than

http;//unhcr,org/thumbs1/4d7486
once. According to estimates 600
million people have been displaced
since our Independence & mostly
reduced to a state of permanent
poverty.
In future mining, industry, energy,
infrastructure projects will trigger
more displacement on a massive
scale http://www.asci.org.in
The revised National Rehabilitation and Resettlement Policy, 2007
formulated by the Ministry of Rural Development has been approved by the Cabinet
on 11th Oct., 2007 and the same has been published in the Gazette of India on 31st
Oct., 2007. Some highlights of the revised policy are :
• Policy covers all cases of involuntary displacement.

• Social Impact assessment (SIA) introduced for displacement of 400/200 or more
families in plain/tribal, hilly, Scheduled areas, etc;
• Consultations with Gram Sabhas or public hearing made compulsory;
• Principle of rehabilitation before displacement;
• If possible, land for land as compentation;
• Skill development support and preference in project jobs ( one person per nuclear
family );
• Rehabilitation Grant in lieu of land/job;

• Option for shares in companies implementing projects to affected
families;
• Housing benefits to all affected families including the landless;
• Monthly pension to the vulnerable, such as disabled, destitute,
orphans, widows, unmarried girls, etc;
• Monetary benefits linked to the Consumer Price Index; also to be
revised suitably at periodic intervals;
• Necessary infrastructural facilities and amenities at resettlement
areas;
• Periphery development by project authorities;
• Committees for each project, to be headed by Administrator for R
&R.
• Ombudsman for Grievance Redressal;
• National Rehabilitation Commission for external oversight.

DISASTER AND ITS
MANAGEMENT
DEFINITION
“catastrophic situation in which the

normal pattern of life or eco-system has
been disrupted and extra-ordinary
emergency interventions are required to
save and preserve lives and or the
environment”.
INGREDIENTS OF CHARACTERISTICS OF
DISASTER DISASTER
 An event comprising 1. Inevitability or
trauma for a certainty.
population/environment.
2. Ability to be
forbidden.
 A vulnerable 3. Pace of onset.
position/area that will
4. Span of
stand the load of the
traumatizing incident. forewarning.
5. Extent of impact.
6. Scope and intensity
 The breakdown of local &
neighboring resources of impact.
FACTORS AFFECTING DISASTER
Host Factors Environmental Factors
1. Age of the 1. Physical factors

individuals
2. Status of 2. Chemical factors
Immunization
3. Degree of mobility 3. Social factors
4. Emotional stability 4. Psychological factors

TYPES OF DISASTER
1.Natural or Geogenic disasters-

• a consequence when natural hazard affects humans and
environment.
• According to International Federation of Red Cross and
Red Crescent (IFRCRC), 2001, natural disasters are
generally categorized into:
 geophysical disasters (landslides, avalanches, floods,
droughts, forest fires, etc. and
 hydro-meteorological disasters (quakes, volcanoes,
tsunamis, hurricanes, tornados, cyclones, typhoons, etc.)
2. Man-made or anthropogenic disasters
The range man-made disasters broadly cover dispute and
rampage, civil discord, wars and industrial disasters. These
disasters are mostly an outcome of technology and mental
disagreement.
i. Environmental emergencies: are technological or industrial
accidents (mining, chemical, biological, nuclear).
ii. Complex emergencies: plundering or robbery, a planned attack on

installations and conflicting situations during war, riots, all comes
under complex emergencies.
Iii.Traffic emergencies during air, rail, road or ship related accidents.
Iv. Pandemic emergencies: Social and financial loss by abrupt inception

of a contagious disease
COMPONENTS AT RISK
1. The people.
2. Livestock or farm animals.
3. Rural housing stockpile.
4. Vulnerable houses.
5. Electricity poles and cables, telephone lines,

vegetation including crops and trees.
6. Boats, looms, working equipments and tools.
7. Individual or personal property.
8. Electric, water and food supply.
9. Infrastructural support.
EFFECTS OF DISASTER
1. Loss of life.
2. Injury and disability.
3. Spread of epidemics, water borne, food borne and air borne
diseases.
4. Psychological trauma.
5. Disruption to essential services – shortage of food, medicines.
6. Damage to and destruction of property.
7. Vandalization.
8. Manufacturing loss and National economic loss.
9. Disruption of lifestyle.
10.Loss of livelihood.
11.Damage
3/6/2021 to national infrastructure and governmental systems.
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
comprises
the task of planning,
systematizing, recruiting and
training crews, leading,
administering and supervising.
It involves multiple organizations, which
must work concertedly in order to avert
(prevent), alleviate (mitigate), prepare for
(arrange), respond to (react) and recover
(recuperate) from the effects of disaster.
FUNDAMENTALLY A DYNAMIC PROCESS

OBJECTIVES OF A DISASTER MANAGEMENT
PLAN
1. To ensure the safety, security and stability

2. To reduce the risk of disasters caused by
human error.
3. To recover lost or damaged records or
information ensuring the organization's
capacity to carry on its operation and service
even post- disaster period (sustainability).

PRINCIPLES OF DISASTER MANAGEMENT
1. Disaster management is the accountability at all levels of

government.
2. Disaster management arrangements must identify the
contribution and prospective role of non- government agencies.
3. Disaster management to utilize existing resources for daily
purpose.
4. The concerned organizations should work and endeavor as a
supplement to their central business.
5. Persons are to be responsible for their own safety.
6. Planning of disaster management should be focusing on large-
scale episodes.
ORGANIZATIONS INVOLVED IN DISASTER
MANAGEMENT
1. The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA)

2. The Indian Military and Para military forces
3. Utilization of total governmental structures / resources i.e., at
National, State & Local level.
a. People : Individuals, Households, Volunteers.
b. Gram Panchayat : Sarpanch, Panchayat secretary, Panchayat
members.
c. Village Elders : Irrespective of caste, community & religion.
d. Leaders, Teachers, Doctors, Engineers.
e. Retired Army and Police personnel.
4. Non- Governmental Organizations –
a. Office for the co-ordination of
Humanitarian Affair (OCHA)
b. World Health Organization (WHO)
c. United Nations International
Children's Emergency Fund
(UNICEF)
d. World Food Programme (WFP)
e. Food & Agricultural Organization
(FAO)
Non- Governmental f. International Organization for
Migration (IOM)
Organizations g. Office of United Nations High
Commissioner for Human Rights
(OHCHR)
h. United Nations Development
Programme (UNDP)
i. United Nations High Commission
for Refugees (UNHCR)
• Other Organizations like -
a. International committee of
3/6/2021 Red cross (ICRC)
5. Local clubs and social
institutions. g. First Aid & Triage Group and
6. Special system Mobile Medical & Health
requirements: Team
h. Evacuation Team
a. Emergency Operation
Center (EOC) /Control i. Animal
Center Husbandry/Veterinary
b. Coordinating Authority management team
c. Information management j. Emergency Welfare team
and Communications k. Emergency Shelter
d. Warning Systems- Indian l. Emergency Logistics
Meteorological department m. Survey & Assessments,
(IMD), under the Ministry of Specialists from field of
Earth Sciences (MoES). disaster studies and
e. Search & Rescue Team research (Geologists,
f. Survey & Damage Meteorologists, etc.)
Assessment Team
DISASTER MANAGEMENT CYCLE
•Prevention & Mitigation
A. Pre disaster phase:

Before designing for prevention and
mitigation, risk assessment is
necessary.
I. Prevention & Mitigation – Prevention includes procedures that
are premeditated to delay or hold back the incidence of a catastrophic
event. Mitigation comprises explicit programmes with an intension to
lessen the impacts on the community.
II. Preparedness - all such steps that enable the government

authorities, the organizations, community groups and individuals to
react fast and efficiently to disaster circumstances.
B. Disaster phase:
at the time of catastrophe
III. Response - measures immediately preceding to

and following disaster impact such as epidemiologic
surveillance, nutrition and disease control by
vaccination etc.
IV. Relief - multi-agency response in time to
reduce the impact like embrace recue, relocation,
supplying food water and medicines, etc.
C. Post Disaster phase:
after the disaster
V. Recovery - communities and nation are

helped in reverting to their optimum level of
functioning after the disaster.
EVOLUTION OF
DISASTER
MANAGEMENT

Disaster management at
international level

World Conference on Natural World Conference on Disaster
Disaster Reduction, Yokohama, Reduction, 2005, Kobe, Hyogo,
Japan, 1994 Japan
• increase in the incidence of disasters.
A review of the Yokohama strategy
• Disaster Prevention, mitigation,
preparedness and relief to be the key identified few gaps and
elements in sustainable development challenges in the following
and to be integrated with areas:
developmental strategies – Organizational, legislation and
• Need for bilateral, multilateral policy framework.
assistance as well as financial – Identification of risks, its
resources. evaluation, monitoring and early
• Application of appropriate forecasting.
information, knowledge and – Education and information
technologies. management.
• Involvement and active participation – Mitigation of the fundamental risk
of community for perceiving risks. factors.
• The adoption of Yokohama Strategy – Preparedness along with response
and a Plan of Action for a Safer and recovery.
World.
Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA)
for the decade 2005-2015
Five priorities for action -

I. Ensure that lessening of disaster risk is of national
and local priority with strong institutional basis for
implementation.
II. Identification, assessment and monitoring of
disaster risks and enhancing early warning systems.
III. Using knowledge, innovation and education in
order to create a culture of safety and flexibility at
all levels.
IV. Mitigating the necessary risk factors.
V. Consolidation of disaster preparedness for
effectual response at all levels.
DISASTER MANAGEMENT IN INDIA
Disaster management in India has evolved from an

activity-based reactive setup to a proactive,
practical institutionalized organization; from
single faculty domain to a multi-stakeholder
arrangement; and from a relief-based approach to
a ‘multi-dimensional pro-active holistic approach
for reducing risk’.

Disaster Management during British
Administration and Post-Independence
• Relief departments set up for emergencies. Such an activity-based

setup with a reactive approach was functional only in the post-
disaster scenarios.
• Post-Independence, the charge for disaster management

continued to be with the State Relief Commissioners, who
executed the responsibility under the Central Relief
Commissioner. The subject of ‘Disaster Management’ did not find
any place in the Seventh schedule of the Indian constitution.

Those days disasters were only referred to
droughts and floods.
And obviously -
Drought Prone Area Programme (DPAP),

Desert Development Programme (DDP),
National Watershed Development Project for Rainfed
Areas (NWDPRA) and
Integrated Water Development Project (IWDP)
served
3/6/2021
as paradigm programmes.
Emergence of Institutional Arrangement in
India
• After the UN General Assembly declaration of the decade of 1990

as the ‘International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction’
(IDNDR), a permanent institutionalized disaster management
setup was initiated under the Ministry Of Agriculture.
• After the series of disasters a high powered committee was

formed with Mr. J.C. Pant, Secretary, Ministry of Agriculture, as the
chairperson.

• Consequently, the division of disaster management was
shifted under the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) in 2001
vide the Cabinet Secretariats notification. A hierarchical
structure for disaster management thus evolved in India.
• It was in the Tenth Five Year Plan (2002-2007) that for the
first time an entire chapter “Disaster Management: The
Development Perspective” was included.
• A path breaking strategy was the enactment of the Disaster

Management Act, 2005.
• The MHA is presently the nodal ministry.
Hierarchy in the Disaster Management

DISASTER
PROFILE OF INDIA

India is one
Vulnerable owing to its
geological, topo-graphical,
climatic and socio-economic
of the ten most factors like demographic
pressure, poverty,
urbanization, industrialization,
hazard prone unscientific practices (dam
construction, deforestation,
overgrazing and ecological
country. degradation)

INDIA
• Almost all the states are disaster
prone.
• Over 58 % is earthquake prone,

vulnerable to earthquakes, • over 8% of the area is susceptible
cyclones, floods, droughts, to erosion and floods;
landslides, avalanches, hail • nearly 68% of the arable land is
and thunderstorms and drought prone
forest fires.
• while the coasts are in the peril of
cyclones.

India exhibits distinct regions on the basis of vulnerability –
the Himalayan region,
the alluvial plain region,
the hilly peninsula,
deserts and the
coasts.
• The Himalayan region is susceptible to earthquakes, landslides,

avalanches;
• the plains (Indus, Ganga and Brahmaputra) suffer regular flood
especially in UP and Bihar;
• the arid part (Rajasthan, Gujarat and parts of Maharashtra) is
affected by famine and drought and
• the coastal regions are very prone to storms and cyclones.

The country experience two seasons of precipitation; three fourth of
the annual spell happens during June – September.
Rainfall varies greatly in different places.
Average precipitation may vary from 13 cm in west

Rajasthan, 250 cms in Western Ghats and Khasi Hills to1141
cm in Mausiram of Meghalaya, to more than per year.

Floods mostly occur during
Deficiency of rainfall causes
drought.
monsoon season and are
linked to tropical storms
and depressions.
It was more frequent in • 23 states are flood prone
the 1960s with 27 major
with nearly 1/8th of
drought years between
India’s area or 40 million
1871- 2009.
ha of land.
• Landslides, typhoons,
cyclones and cloudburst
also causes flood.
I. FLOODS
• Floods usually occur in

the aftermath of
meteorological
events.
• Floods are an
overflow of huge
amounts of water
onto the normal dry
land.
• Floods occur when the overfull
water immerses land leading to
deluge. It follows - an intense
and prolonged rainfall spell,
remarkably high coastal and
estuarine waters due to storm Floods are an excess of water
surges, seiches, etc. that covers land that is
normally dry.
• Floods are often devastating,
damaging and deadly. It kills lot
of people, damages houses and
crops, and cause extensive
destruction.

Causes of Floods
• dam or levee failures
• more rain than the landscape can
dispose off
• torrential rains caused by storms
• rapid snow melts
• blocked river.
• Even when rainfall is relatively light,
the shorelines of lakes and bays can be
flooded by severe winds—such as
during hurricanes—that blow water
into the shore areas.
• Coastal areas are sometimes flooded
by unusually high tides, such as spring
tides, especially when compounded by
high winds and storm surges.

Types of floods
1. Natural floods:
These are caused naturally by the overspill of the
banks of rivers, lakes, ponds oceans, or by
heavy rainfall or heavy shower, hurricanes,
cyclones, or tsunamis, etc.
• They are either -
Riverine floods (caused by rivers) or
Estuarine floods (caused by a combination of
sea tidal surges and heaves and storm-force
winds) or
Coastal floods (caused by tempests, hurricanes
and tsunamis).

2. Catastrophic floods:
• Floods that are triggered by momentous and

unexpected events, for example rupture of
dam.
• Can also be instigated by seismic actions.

Flash floods
• rapid flooding of low-lying areas:
washes, rivers, dry lakes and
depressions. It may be caused by
heavy rain associated with a severe
thunderstorm, hurricane, tropical
storm, or melt water from ice or
snow flowing over ice sheets or
snowfields.
• occur when heavy rainfall persists

for only a short time period, yet
can cause major damage and death
due to their sudden arrival.
• Flash floods can also be caused by

dam bursts or overflows.

Indian scenario
• Risk assessment in India reveals around 40 million ha of
our area is flood prone.
• About 75 lakh hectares of land is affected and

• more than 1500 hundreds die due to flood each year
severely damaging the crops, houses and public utilities
• worth INR 1805 crores.

Extent of hazards in Flood
Depth is simply how deep the water is.
Duration is how long the water lasts for.

1.DEPTH Velocity is how quick the water is
moving;
OFWATER the faster it moves
the more damage done.
There are 6
criteria's
2.DURATION
Rate of rise is how quickly the depth of
to tell how
severe floods are
3.VELOCITY the water increases. (important when
giving warnings to evacuate areas)
in a region.
4.RATE OF RISE Frequency is how often floods occur in
5.FREQUENCY an area, which depends greatly on the
topography and climate.
6.SEASONALITY Seasonality is the time of year floods

often occur.

Consequences of floods
1. Social consequences 3. Environment consequences
loss of human life, assets destruction, play an imperative role in
damage of crops, loss of livestock, and upholding key ecosystem
worsening of health conditions owing functions and biodiversity.
to waterborne ailments.
2. Economic consequences
in crucial croplands it can cause extensive mutilation to crops and loss of
livestock. Loss of crops through rainfall, water logging, and deferrals in harvesting
are additionally exaggerated by transport systems and damaged infrastructure.

IMPACTS
AND
RISKS
LOSS OF FUNCTION OF
STRUCTURES IN FLOODPLAIN
INUNDATION
INTERACTION WITH
HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
STRUCTURAL/CONTENTS
FLOODS DAMAGE FROM WATER
WATER BORNE DISEASES

CASE HISTORIES
(HEALTH PROBLEMS)
EROSION AND MUDFLOWS
CONTAMINATION OF GROUND
3/6/2021 Mahua Basu, B.Com, SXC WATER 134
Preventive Measures and flood management
1. Some of the major steps of flood disaster management are :
2. Flood Forecasting - The Central Water Commission (CWC) started flood
forecasting in November 1958. 166 flood forecasting stations on various rivers in
the country .
3. Reduction of Runoff- by inducing and increasing infiltration of the surface water
into the ground in the catchment area. This can be done by large scale
afforestation particularly in the catchment area.
4. Reducing Flood Peaks by Volume Reduction- by Constructing Dams and
Detention Basins
5. Reducing Flood Levels
(i) Stream Channelisation:
(ii) Channel Improvement: done by deepening, widening, straightening, lining
and cleaning out of vegetation and debris from the river channel.Flood Diversion:
(iii) Flood Diversion: by diverting the flood water in marshes, lakes, the
depressions and spreading it thinly over paddy fields and desert drylands.

Preventive Measures
6. Protection against Inundation (Construction of Embankments) - Most of the
embankments have been constructed in north India where the Brahmaputra
valley of Assam, northern parts of Bihar, Uttar Pradesh (Ganga, Yamuna and
Ghaghara) and Punjab (Satluj, Beas and Ravi) are the main beneficiaries.
River Defenses- Around the river bodies, building up of reservoirs, bunds, levees,
etc.
7. Flood Plain Zoning (FPZ) based on information regarding flood plains,

particularly the identification of floodways in relation to land use. Detailed maps of
flood prone areas are prepared after a thorough study of flood cycles.

• Focus of flood management shifted to preventive, mitigation and
preparedness oriented by regular monitoring, modernization of
early forecasting support systems, incorporating flood resistant
design and construction, etc.
• Identification of the flood prone areas at national, state and district
levels
• Topic of flood management to be incorporated at various levels of
education.
• Roles of various groups like police force, civil defence, fire services,
NGOs, etc.
• Bye laws are to be amended.
• Emergency response involves search and rescue operations,
providing first aid and medical assistance along with immediate
relief.

DROUGHTS
A drought is a prolong
period of desiccated
weather, for weeks,
months or even years.
a period of below-average
precipitation in a given
region, resulting in
prolonged shortages in its
water supply, whether
atmospheric, surface or
ground water. A drought
can last for months or
years, or may be declared
after as few as 15 days.

Causes of DROUGHTS
lack of precipitation in
an area resulting from
weak or less frequent
storms and other
weather systems than
normal.
Most major droughts last for months or

years.

Types of droughts
2. Meteorological Drought- A lack
of rainfall is the most frequently
characterization of drought and is
commonly the nature of drought
reported in news and the mass
media.
1. Hydrological Drought-
Many watersheds 3. Agricultural Drought-
experience reduced When moisture in the soil
becomes scare or
quantity of accessible dehydrates, the agro-
water due to lack of water industry is in deep distress
in riverine systems and with drought.
storage systems.
Impacts of DROUGHTS
1. Economic impacts of drought
are heavy damages in agricultural
production.
2. Social impacts
can be reflected as
coincidental
encounter over
fertile land, and
water sources.
3. Environmental impacts of drought

include biodiversity loss, emigration,
degradation of air and water, and more soil
attrition.
established policies decisions and actions taken after a
and specified plans drought with a view to restoring or
and activities taken improving the predrought living
before drought to conditions of the stricken community,
prepare people and while encouraging and facilitating
enhance institutional necessary adjustments to reduce
and coping capacities, drought risk
to forecast or warn of
approaching dangers,
and to ensure efforts such as the provision
coordinated and of assistance or
effective response in a intervention during or
drought situation immediately after a
(contingency any structural/physical measures (e.g., drought disaster to meet the
planning) appropriate crops, dams, engineering projects) life preservation
or non-structural measures (e.g., policies, and basic subsistence needs
awareness, knowledge development, public of those people
commitment, and operating practices) affected. It can be of an
undertaken to limit the adverse impacts of immediate, short-term,
drought or protracted duration

CYCLONES
India with a coastline of nearly 7516 kilometers is

exposed to storms and cyclones.
• On an average, 5-6 cyclones strike each year.

Classifications
extra tropical cyclones (also called temperate cyclones); and tropical cyclones. The
World Meteorological Organisation (WMO, 1976) uses the term 'Tropical Cyclone’ to
cover weather systems in which winds exceed ‘Gale Force’ (minimum of 34 knots or 63
kmph). Tropical cyclones are the progeny of ocean and atmosphere, powered by the
heat from the sea.
• Extra tropical cyclones occur in temperate zones and high latitude regions, though
they are known to originate in the Polar Regions.

CYCLONE MANAGEMENT
• Winds - minimum speed or 34 knots or 62km/hour.
• Winds blow anticlockwise direction in N. Hemisphere and clockwise
in S. Hemisphere.
• Characterized by destructive winds, storm surges and torrential
rainfall.
• Cyclones with wind speed between 89-117 kmph are grouped as
Severe Cyclones that with 118-221 kmph are Very Severe Cyclones
while that above 221 kmph are Super Cyclones as per IMD.
• Cyclones are known as typhoons in North West Pacific, hurricanes in
the North Atlantic, Willy-Willies in North Western Australia and
Tropical Cyclones in the North and South India Ocean.

Awareness Generation- prepare communities, public awareness generation
Targeting schools, colleges and all educational institutions is a very important
part of awareness generation. It has to be sustained through constant updating,
upgrading and mock drills by NVRF and SDRF. Use of NAVIC (Navigation with
Indian Constellation) and RESOURCESAT-2 for disseminating coastal
information
Structural measures
a. Construction of cyclone shelters, construction of cyclone resistant buildings, road
links, bridges, canals, drains, saline embankments, communication and power
transmission networks etc.
Non-structural measures
a. Early warning dissemination systems (EWDS), management of coastal zones,
disaster risk management and capacity building of all the stakeholders involved.
b. These measures are being adopted and tackled on State to State basis under
National Cyclone Risk Mitigation Project (NCRMP) being implemented through
World Bank Assistance.
c. Technical assistance for hazard risk management and capacity building.
d. Financial assistance- The first initiative in India was the Cyclone Emergency
Reconstruction Project (CERP) assisted by World Bank.

• To overcome the power cut it is important to have rooftop solar and
battery storage systems as
• Supplementary power sources for households and corporates.
• Planting trees with strong root systems and pruning the canopy ahead of
cyclone season could reduce uprooting.
• Government should restore infrastructure and provide priority relief to the
families of those who lost their lives, and the worst-hit communities.
• Efficient use of technology and implementation of the Sendai framework
is the need to the hour
• Collaboration with other countries in the region to strengthen the
cooperation and efforts and to make a common fund for disaster
management.
• Construction of multipurpose cyclone shelters, access roads, saline
embankments and underground cabling.
• By taking long and short term mitigation measures, the loss of life and
property can be minimized.

EARTHQUAKES
The Indian subcontinent lie at the boundary of two continental plates
is prone to earthquakes.
As per BIS, India is divided into 4 seismic zones- II, III, IV and V as per
India’s susceptibility to earthquake of given intensity in Modified
Mercalli Scale.
Northeast India, northern Bihar, Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh,
Jammu &Kashmir, Gujarat and Andaman &Nicobar lies in Zone V.
• Earthquake beneath the sea may cause tsunamis.

• Tsunamis may have wavelengths of hundreds of kilometer,
amplitude of 1 kilometer but a speed of 800kms/hr. the
earthquake should be of magnitude 7 or more to hit tsunamis in
Indian Ocean.
• The most tentative places are Andaman – Sumatra or Makran.
EARTHQUAKE MANAGEMENT
Intensity on Modified
Seismic Zone Mercalli Intensity % of total area
scale
II (Low intensity zone) VI (or less) 43%
III (Moderate intensity

VII 27%
zone)
IV (Severe intensity
VIII 18%
zone)
V (Very severe
IX (and above) 12%
intensity zone)

• The MoES is the nodal ministry for addressing the issues dealing
with monitoring seismic activity and early warning networking.
• 6 pillars or guidelines that have been outlined for earthquake
management. They are:
1. Safeguard the integration of earthquake –resistant strategies in the

construction of new structures.
2. Expedite selective strengthening and seismic retrofitting of
prevailing structures in earthquake prone areas.
3. Development of compliance system through enforcement.
4. Develop awareness and preparedness of all the shareholders.
5. Announcement of suitable capacity development through
education, training, research and development and documentation.
6. Reinforcement of emergency response competence
Landslides mostly affect the Himalayas and Western Ghats. The
Himalayan region of Sikkim and Garhwal experience 2 landslides/
km2. Himalaya’s have a history of landslides owing to its unique
features.

LANDSLIDE MANAGEMENT
• Landslides are downward • Disasters-
movement of rocks, debris
Varnavat landslide, Uttarkashi
or land under the
gravitational force. District,
Malpa landslide Pithoragarh
• May be due to rainfall, district,
cloudbursts, earthquakes,
floods, cyclones or • Largest landslide is the
unscientific human Ambutia landslide in
activities. Darjeeling

Management of landslides and snow
avalanches
• Guidelines by the National Disaster Management
Authority (NDMA) on management of landslides
and snow avalanches aim to reduce the enormous
destructive potential of landslides and minimize
the consequential losses by institutionalizing the
landslide hazard mitigation effort.

• the following nine major areas have been identified for systematic
and coordinated management of landslide hazards:
1. Landslide hazard, vulnerability, and risk assessment; mapping.
vulnerability to be reduced by - early warning, proper land use
planning, proper engineering techniques, preparedness and rapid
response and recovery
2. Multi-hazard conceptualization;
3. Landslide remediation practice;
4. Scientific research and development, monitoring and early
warning; geotechnical investigations
5. Knowledge network and management;
6. Capacity building and training;
7. Public awareness and education;
8. Emergency preparedness and response;
9. Regulation and enforcement. abiding of land use regulations,
building codes are to be abided by.
THE ISSUE OF
WATER
III. CONFLICTS OVER WATER –
A. INTERNATIONAL
With the threat of water shortages around the

world, water seems to turn into the fuel of
certain disputes in many parts all over the
world.
“Water Wars” are obviously the harsh reality in
the world's forthcoming years as the
misappropriation and overuse of water
continues in some countries that share the
same water sources.

III. CONFLICTS OVER WATER
With the threat of water shortages
around the world, water seems
to turn into the fuel of certain
disputes in many parts all over
the world.
“Water Wars” are obviously the
harsh reality in the world's
forthcoming years as the
misappropriation and overuse of
water continues in some
countries that share the same
water sources.
A. INTERNATIONAL
1. Jordan River basin
• Portions of Lebanon, Syria, Israel, Jordan,
and the West Bank of the Jordan River
Basin are primarily a parched region.
• The Jordan River originating in Lebanon
has a total flow of 1,200 million cubic
meters annually on an average.
• Jordan River system comprises of the
Jordan and Yarmuk River, which courses
from Syria.
• The Mountain Aquifer beneath the West
Bank is a basis of dispute between Israel
and Palestine.
• The conflict is due to the Israel dominion
over groundwater and cutting off the
Palestine
3/6/2021
water supplies.Mahua Basu, B.Com, SXC 159
2. The Tigris-Euphrates Basin
•The River Tigris and Euphrates originates in

Turkey, and their watershed supplies a much
bigger area than the Jordan River basin.
•These rivers are important to Syria and Iraq with
85 % and 100 % of water supply respectively.
•Turks and Kurds depend less on these rivers yet
they plan to use more of these waters for
irrigation.
•Iraq and Syria profoundly depend on these rivers
for water supply.
•Aggressions between Syria and Iraq intensified
because of the filling of Lake Assad by Syria,
leading to the decline of downstream flow.
•Iraq began blaming Syria of not releasing
adequate
3/6/2021 water. Mahua Basu, B.Com, SXC 160
3. The Nile River Basin
• Nile the world’s longest river has been the

source of sustaining life in Egypt and Sudan.
• The Nile and its tributaries along with rivers

and lakes spread in nine African countries
before it opens into the Mediterranean Sea.
• The Egyptians have implied military force to

ascertain their control over Nile, as Nile is
their only water source.
• Countries like Sudan, Ethiopia, and Uganda

had set up several river projects to boost
their annual water extraction thus affecting
the control of Egypt over Nile.
Few International water disputes
1. Amu Daria and Syr Daria Rivers and Aral Sea:
Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan.
2. River Plate: Argentina and Uruguay.
3. Rio Grande and Colorado: Mexico and USA.
4. Chobe River: Botswana, Mozambique, Zambia and

Zimbabwe.
CONFLICTS OVER WATER WITH INDIA
Fresh water resources may seem to be plenty but the distribution is
inadequate in the parched areas with awful need.
 Water shortages in India and China are a socio-
economic menace.
 It is escalating the tension between Nepal,
Bangladesh, and Pakistan and all over India.
Dispute escalated between India and Bangladesh due to the
construction of Farakka barrage in 1962 to increase the
navigability of the Calcutta port.
To solve the dispute, in 1986, a thirty year

old negotiation was signed on the basis
3/6/2021 of 1985 accord.
Similar is the case of Indus River Basin between
India and Pakistan.
The river and its tributaries straddling across 1800
miles compose one of the biggest irrigation canal
systems in the world.
This river basin supplies water to northwestern part
of India and Pakistan.
Indus Water Agreement was signed in 1960,
negotiated by World Bank for over 12 years.
Indus, Jhelum and Chenab were allocated to

Pakistan while Ravi,
3/6/2021 Sutlej
Mahua Basu, B.Com, SXC and Beas to India.
164
B. NATIONAL
Inter- State River Water Disputes
l. Krishna-Godavari river water dispute amongst
Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Madhya
Pradesh and Orissa. The dispute was resolved by the
tribunal passing the verdict in 1976 on equitable
allocation of water
2. Yamuna river water among Delhi, Haryana, Uttar
Pradesh
3. Ravi-Beas River waters dispute amongst Haryana,
Jammu Kashmir, Rajasthan and Punjab
4. SYL canal, a freight canal connecting Sutlej and Yamuna
rivers is the center of dispute between Punjab and
Haryana.
Inter- State River Water Disputes
l. Krishna-Godavari river water dispute amongst
Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Madhya
Pradesh and Orissa. The dispute was resolved by
the tribunal passing the verdict in 1976 on
equitable allocation of water
2. Yamuna river water among Delhi, Haryana, Uttar
Pradesh
3. Ravi-Beas River waters dispute amongst Haryana,
Jammu Kashmir, Rajasthan and Punjab
4. SYL canal, a freight canal connecting Sutlej and
Yamuna rivers is the center of dispute between
Punjab and Haryana.

2021 Class-Unit 5 Natural Resources Part 1,2 and 3

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Unit 5

Natural Resources : Renewable and

3/6/2021 Mahua Basu, B.Com, SXC 2

• Equally important is to preserve and protect the forest,

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• It is the part of land where

• The type of housing in an area

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• It is the land that is set

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• Land degraded in the name of developmental activities which

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3/6/2021 Source : postconflict.unep.ch

USE OF CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS

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Heavily overgrazed range near Rio Sonoyta

The decline in quantity and quality of soil

IF DEGRADATION IS SO SEVERE THAT LAND BECOMES

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These layers provide a montage of habitats and enable organisms to settle

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THE CANOPY LAYER

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• The global net forest loss was

 Total forest cover (TFC) of India is

“Deforestation is the process whereby

Commercial logging and timber harvesting

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• Timber logging refers to cutting,

• Illegal logging of timber refers to

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3/6/2021 Mahua Basu, B.Com, SXC blogs.worldbank.org

Deforestation results in 15% of

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 Local climate becomes

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this is not going to occur without

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4. Temperature of water, salt and oxygen distribution may change vertically as a