Presentation

on
Industrial Training
“Techno Commercial Nature of Solar Power and Constructional Features of Solar PV Plants”
(Done at ONGC, Dehradun)
Presented By: Deekshya Karki
B.Tech Electrical Engineering (4th year)
Roll no.: 180180105013

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

BIPIN TRIPATHI KUMAON INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
DWARAHAT – 263653
(YEAR 2018-2022)
Contents
• Certificate
• Introduction
• About Company
• About Project
• Various Solar missions and policies
• Solar thermal process
• Constructional features of PV Solar plant
• Rural Electrification
• Future Growth
• Challenges
• References
Introduction
• Solar energy is the energy obtained by capturing heat and light from the
sun. Active solar energy techniques includes the use of photovoltaic cells,
concentrated solar power and solar water heating to harness the energy.
• Solar photovoltaic cells generate electricity by absorbing sunlight and
using the light to create electricity. The solar photovoltaic market has
experienced extraordinary growth. The market has increased from 9,564
MW in 2007 to 69,371 MW in 2011.
• Similar to wind energy, solar energy is dependent on weather conditions.
Variation in weather, including clouds and pollution could affect solar
power generation. Moreover solar power has time limitations. Therefore
solar power generation varies by season, location and day time.
• Commercial concentrated solar power plants were first developed in the 1980s.
As the cost of solar electricity has fallen, the number of grid-connected solar PV
systems has grown into the millions and gigawattscale photovoltaic power
stations are being built.
• Solar PV is rapidly becoming an inexpensive, low-carbon technology to harness
renewable energy from the Sun. The current largest photovoltaic power station
in the world is the Pavagada Solar Park, Karnataka, India with a generation
capacity of 2050 MW.
• The marketplace for solar is exploding as more and more companies are
entering for the investment in solar technology and projects. Government of
India (GoI) has brought the solar economy in the main stream. Jawarlal Nehru
National solar Mission- the flagship project launched in 2010 by GoI. The
objective of this mission is to achieve 20 GW of grid connected solar power and
2GW of off-grid solar power by 2022 and is aimed at reducing the cost of solar
power generation in the country.
About ONGC
In 1955, Government of India decided to develop the oil and natural gas
resources in the various regions of the country as part of Public Sector
development. With this objective, an Oil and Natural Gas Directorate was set up
in 1955 under the then Ministry of Natural Resources and Scientific
Research(Ministry of Science and Technology). The department was constituted
with a nucleus of geoscientists from the Geological survey of India.
Since its inception, ONGC has been instrumental in transforming the country's
limited upstream sector into a large viable playing field, with its activities spread
throughout India and significantly in overseas territories. In the inland areas,
ONGC not only found new resources in Assam but also established new oil
province in Cambay basin (Gujarat), while adding new petroliferous areas in the
Assam-Arakan Fold Belt and East coast basins (both inland and offshore).
About Project
• The internship was on “Techno Commercial nature of solar power and
constructional features of solar PV plants”.
• Solar power is the conversion of energy from sunlight into electricity, either
directly using photovoltaics (PV), indirectly using concentrated solar power, or a
combination.
• India lies in the sunny belt of the world. The scope for generating power and
thermal applications using solar energy is huge. Most parts of India get 300 days
of sunshine a year, which makes the country a very promising place for solar
energy utilization.
 The daily average solar energy incident
over India varies from 4 to 7 kWh/m2
with the sunshine hours ranging
between 2300 and 3200 per year,
depending upon location. The technical
potential of solar energy in India is huge.
The country receives enough solar
energy to generate more than 500,000
TWh per year of electricity, assuming
10% conversion efficiency for PV
modules.

Fig.1(Solar radiation in India) [2]

Various Solar Missions & Policies
• National solar mission: National Solar Mission was launched in Jan 2010 with the
target of 20,000MW grid connected solar power by the year 2022. It was later
revised to 1,00,000 MW (or 100GW) in the year 2015.
• Jawaharlal Nehru national solar mission: The Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar
Mission aims at development and deployment of solar energy technologies in the
country to achieve parity with grid power tariff by 2022 [1]. The National Solar
Mission is a major initiative of the Government of India and State Governments
to promote ecologically sustainable growth while addressing India’s energy
security challenge.
• Gujarat Solar Power Policy -2009: Gujarat is the first state to launch its own solar
policy in 2009. The Gujarat solar policy was in place a year before the NSM was
announced. The initial target is to achieve 500 MW of installed capacity by the
end of this period[1]. Gujarat Energy Development Agency (GEDA) and Gujarat
Power Corporation Limited (GPCL) have been appointed as nodal agencies for the
facilitation and implementation of the policy.
• India’s First Solar Park: On December 29th 2010, India’s first solar park was
inaugurated at Charanaka in Patan district of northern Gujarat[1]. So far, land has
been allotted in the solar park for projects worth 176MW to 16 companies from
the first and second phases.
• Karnataka Solar Power Policy (2011-16): Karnataka, a south-western state of
India, announced its solar policy on July 1, 2011 [1]. Under the solar policy 2011-
16, the Karnataka Government proposes to promote solar power as part of
renewable energy generation policy in the state.
• Rajasthan Solar Power Policy – 2011: On April 19th 2011, Government of
Rajasthan issued Rajasthan Solar Energy Policy, 2011 to promote solar energy in
the state[1]. The policy aims to help Rajasthan, develop as a global hub of solar
power for 10000-12000 MW capacity over the next 10 to 12 years to meet energy
requirements of Rajasthan and other states of India.
SOLAR THERMAL PROCESS
• Solar thermal electricity technologies produce electric power by converting the
sun’s energy into high temperature heat using various mirror configurations,
which is then channeled to an on-site power plant and used to make electricity
through traditional heat-conversion technologies. The plant essentially consists of
two parts; one that collects solar energy and converts it to heat, and another that
converts the heat energy to electricity.
• Solar Cell: A solar cell is a semiconductor device that transforms sunlight into
electricity. Semiconductor material is placed between two electrodes. When
sunshine reaches the cell, free negatively charged electrons are discharged from
the material, enabling conversion to electricity. This is the so-called photovoltaic
effect. Commercial cells today, depending on technology, typically have an
efficiency of 5 12 percent for thin films and 13 – 21 percent for crystalline silicon
based cells. Efficiencies up to 25 percent have been reached by the use of
laboratory processes. By using multiple solar cells, efficiencies above 35 percent
have been achieved.
CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES OF PV SOLAR PLANT
Depending on the system configuration, we can distinguish two main
types of PV systems:

• Stand-alone: Stand-alone systems rely on solar power only. These

systems can consist of the PV modules and a load only or they can
include batteries for energy storage. When using batteries charge
regulators are included, which switch off the PV modules when
batteries are fully charged, and may switch off the load to prevent the
batteries from being discharged below a certain limit. The batteries
must have enough capacity to store the energy produced during the
day to be used at night and during periods of poor weather.
Fig.2 (Stand alone PV system) [3]
• Grid-connected systems: In grid connected rooftop or small SPV
system, the DC power generated from SPV panel is converted to AC
power using power conditioning unit and is fed to the grid either of
33 kV/11 kV three phase lines or of 440/220 Volt three/single phase
line depending on the capacity of the system installed at
institution/commercial establishment or residential complex and the
regulatory framework specified for respective States.

These systems generate power during the day time which is utilized
fully by powering captive loads and feed excess power to the grid as
long as grid is available. In case, where solar power is not sufficient due
to cloud cover etc., the captive loads are served by drawing power
from the grid.
Fig.3 (Grid connected system) [4]
Fig.4 (Typical PV system [5]
• Photovoltaic Array: This is the core of the system, composed of
several solar modules which are in turn composed of solar cells. Each
solar cell is an individual energy conversion unit, which produces a DC
voltage whenever it receives light.
• Battery Bank: Solar PV systems occasionally produce energy at times
when it isn’t needed, for example if a home is empty at the moment
of production. If this happens, the surplus can be either sold to the
electric utility or stored in batteries. There are two main reasons for
deciding to use battery storage: Maximizing savings and Power
backup.
• Power Conditioning Unit: This part of the system has three main
functions: Providing protection against electric faults such as short
circuits or line-to-ground faults, Combining the DC supply that is
provided by PV modules and converting it into an AC supply and
Controlling energy input and output for the battery bank.
• DC And AC Disconnect: For safety reasons, electric systems must be
equipped with a manual disconnection device. This is normally used
to protect technical personnel from electric shock during system
maintenance. In addition, a manual disconnection switch allows any
user to interrupt the circuit if there is an emergency.
• Main Panel (AC): This is where all electric loads in the building are
connected, and protected with circuit breakers. Once the output from
the PV system has been converted to AC power of the adequate
frequency, it can be connected to the main panel to provide energy
along with the electric utility.
• Electric Meter: When PV systems are implemented, the electric meter
must be upgraded to a model with net metering capabilities. That is,
the meter must be able to measure the energy flow and its direction.
This allows the exported kWh to be subtracted from the consumed
kWh when the homeowner is billed by the electric utility company.
• Gross Metering: Gross metering is an arrangement in which a
consumer is compensated at a fixed feed-in-tariff for the total number
of units of solar energy generated and exported to the grid
(accounted by a unidirectional ‘gross meter’) and has to pay the
electricity distribution company (discom) at retail supply tariff for the
electricity consumed from the grid. The feed-in-tariff and retail supply
tariff are typically different rates.

Fig.5 (Gross metering) [6]

• Net Metering: Net metering is an arrangement in which electricity
exports are adjusted against imports, lowering the electricity bill, such
that, electricity produced is deducted from the total electricity
consumed over a fixed period of time. The adjustment may be done
either on a monthly, half-yearly or annual basis. Typically, a
bidirectional ‘net meter’ accounts for both import and export of
power.

Fig.6 (Net metering) [6]

RURAL ELECTRIFICATION
• Lack of electricity infrastructure is one of the main hurdles in the
development of rural India. India’s grid system is considerably under-
developed, with major sections of its populace still surviving off-
grid[1]. According to a survey, as of 2018 there are about 14,700
unelectrified villages in the country.
• Developments on cheap solar technology are considered as a
potential alternative that allows an electricity infrastructure
comprising of a network of local-grid clusters with distributed
electricity generation. That could allow bypassing, or at least relieving
the need of installing expensive, and loss, long-distance centralized
power delivery systems and yet bring cheap electricity to the masses.
FUTURE GROWTH OF SOLAR IN INDIA
• The solar industry's structure will rapidly evolve as solar reaches grid
parity with conventional power between 2016 and 2018 [1]. Solar will
be seen more as a viable energy source, not just as an alternative to
other renewable sources but also to a significant proportion of
conventional grid power. The testing and refinement of off-grid and
rooftop solar models in the seed phase will help lead to the explosive
growth of this segment in the growth phase.
• According to one estimates, the combination of electricity demand
growth, fossil fuel cost and availability challenges, and supportive
environmental regulations could increase solar power capacity to
more than 50 GW by 2022. The market will see a significant change
after 2016.
CHALLENGES AND CONSTRAINTS
• Counterproductive trade duties on imported solar modules.
• Poor coordination between central and state governments on renewable energy
projects.
• Payment delays from state-owned discoms.
• Increased financial risks from aggressive tariff caps, tariff renegotiations, and
policy inconsistencies in capacity tendering processes.
• Slow expansion of transmission networks and balancing capacity.
References
[1] International Journal of Environmental Science: Development and
Monitoring (IJESDM)
[2] https://solargis.com/maps-and-gis-data/download/india
[3] https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Configuration-of-the-Stand-
Alone-PV-System_fig3_233953637
[4] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S20904479163
[5] https://images.app.goo.gl/4uHbrtyYMmi7vYfa7
[6] https://images.app.goo.gl/6JYS32U2UGeEfxQJ7
THANK YOU