Treason: Amended by Ra 10591- RP to death and a fine of 4 million

Any Filipino citizen who levies war against the PH or adheres to her enemies, giving them aid or comfort,
(the 2 requirements of the unlawful act) within the Philippines or elsewhere, shall be punished by RP

Two-witness rule:

No person shall be convicted to treason unless on the testimony of two witnesses at least tot the same
overt act or on confession of the accused in open court. Or a confession should be sufficient

Likewise, an alien, residing int eh PH who commits treason shall b punished by RT to death and fine of
not moe than 54 million

Levying war- doesn’t require two witnesses.

Giving aid/comfort- requires two witnesses

Elements of treason

1. Owes allegiance to the govt

2. War in which the PH is involved
3. Levies war against govt or adheres to the enemies, giving them aid or comfort

Treason: breach of allegiance to govt committed by a person who owes allegiance

Offender is a Filipino- or resident alien

Allegiance- the obligation of fidelity and obedience to the government

2 ways of committing Treason:

1. Levy war
2. Adhere to the enemies by giving aid or comfort

Levying war- concurrence of actual assembling of men and purpose of executing a treasonable design by
force.

In levying war, not necessary that there be a formal declaration of the existence of the state of war.
Actual hostilities may determine date of commencement of war.

Emotional or intellectual- attachment is not giving aid or comfort.

Examples: informer

Arresting guerilla suspects

Serving in the Japanese as agent or spu

Participating in raid
Acting as finger woman

Gathering information on the underground forces

Taking active part

Not treason: lust of enemy

- Lending or giving money to the enemy as a friend

Murder, phys injuries committed by accused, a Japanese spu were inthernt in treason

Characterized by giving aid and comfort

When killings and other common crimes are charged as overt acts of treason cannot be regarded as
separate crimes or complexed with treason.

Rule does not preclude

PD 532- Human Security Act