Gjstgtuti Sdljibühgli y cd Dstucgis

\updrgirds cd Illgcdjtd “ GSD\I

Nmtdrgm6 Egstirgm cd Nçxgli

Nmdstri6 Fdsös Vmnirm Hmrlîm

Mbunji (m)6 Gbdmjm Nijtsdrrmt Edrjíjcdz Ndrlmci

Sdnm(s) cd bm tmrdm6 Djsmyi - Bm jiled cd Sbmtdbibli6 Bm pudrtm m bm

bgodrtmc cd dxprdsgüj lijtrm db mutirgtmrgsni dj
Nçxgli
@dlem cd djtrdhm6 ?1 cd jivgdnord cd ?1=5

=
 

Bm jiled cd Sbmtdbibli6 Bm pudrtm m bm bgodrtmc cd dxprdsgüj lijtrm db

mutirgtmrgsni dj Nçxgli

 M bi bmrhi cd bm egstirgm cd judstri p

pmîs,
mîs, ednis sgci vîltgnms cd nmbis mludrcis y
cdlgsgijds tinmcms pir db hiogdrji, dj nulems ilmsgijds çstis emj tdrngjmci dj

sgtumlgijds lrîtgl
sgtumlgijds lrîtglms
ms y cd vgibdjlgm
vgibdjlgm.. Smb lini suldcgü dsm jiled cd Sbmtd
Sbmtdbibli
bibli db ?
cd iltuord cd =705, dj cijcd dstucgmjtds y itris hrupis silgmbds lini iordris y
lmnpdsgjis, tdjîmj lini prgjlgpmb iofdtgvi ouslmr db cgíbihi lij db hiogdrji cd
Cîmz Ircmz pmrm bbdhmr m cdlgsg
cdlgsgijds
ijds y mludrcis qud cd mbhujm nmjdrm, mbdjtmrmj
mbdjtmrmj
bm cdnilrmlgm jmlgijmb. \gj dnomrhi, dsi ji sd bihrü. Tjm nmbm cdlgsgüj tinmcm
cd nmjdrm hrmvd y rdpdjtgjm pir db dxprdsgcdjtd
dxprdsgcdjtd ndxglmji, ilmsgijü cdldjms cd
nudrtds m dstucgmjtds y pdrsijms mfdjms m bis edleis, cdjingjíjcibi sdhöj bm
dslrgtirm y pdrgicgstm ndxglmjm Dbdjm Qijgmtiwskm lini ujis cd bis dvdjtis nís
smjhrgdjtis dj bm egstirgm cd Nçxgli. (Qijgmtiwskm, =78=),
\gj dnomrhi, tici bi suldcgci qudcü oirrmci dj bm ndnirgm cdb hiogdrji cd Cîmz
Ircmz, pir bi lumb db dx-prdsgcdjtd y sus nís ldrlmjis libmoirmcirds, jujlm
tuvgdrij uj lmstghi.

Eiy dj cîm sghjg`glm ujm `dlem lijndnirmtgvm, dj cijcd sd bbdvm m lmoi sgbdjlgi y
rdspdti. Ds pir dsti qud m pmrtgr cdb dvdjti cd Sbmtdbibli , db lumb `ud y ds uj
mlijtdlgngdjti cg`îlgb cd linprdjcdr pir bis nmbis mludrcis y cdlgsgijds cdb
hiogdrji, nd pmrdld qud nmrlü ujm dtmpm gnpirtmjtd dj cijcd egzi vmbdr cd

`irnm rdbdvmjtd ji sibi bis cdrdleis cd bms hdjdrmlgijds nmyirds, sgji cd `irnm
cdstmlmcm bis cdrdleis cd bis dstucgmjtds, mbhi qud Hustmvi Cîmz Ircmz fmnís
emorîm gnmhgjmci, pir lüni ngbds cd füvdjds mbzmrîmj bm viz pmrm linomtgr lijtrm
su picdr, y lini hrmlgms m dsti sd morgü ujm pudrtm m bm bgodrtmc cd dxprdsgüj,
sgdjci uj nivgngdjti silgmb bgcdrmci pir füvdjds qud ouslmomj bdvmjtmr bm viz.
 Meirm, ¹pir quç `udrij rdprgngcis bis dstucgmjtds cd nmjdrm dxtrdnm sg sibi
ouslmomj bgodrtmc cd dxprdsgüj9 ¹Qir quç `ud tinmci lini ujm i`djsm pir Cîmz
Ircm
Ircmzz sg bi öj
öjgl
gli
i qu
qud
d ou
ousl
slmo
momj
mj bis
bis dstu
dstucg
cgmj
mjtd
tdss y cd
cdní
níss hr
hrup
upis
is silg
silgmb
mbds
ds
rdprdsdjtmom db ogdj libdltgvi, y lij dbbi oirrmr bms cdsghumbcmcds silgmbds qud sd

?
 

su`rîmj dj dsis mýis bbdjis cd lrgsgs dlijünglms y silgmbds9 ¹Qir quç sg bis
lubpmobds cd dstd dvdjti `udrij mutirds gjvibulrmcis titmbndjtd dj db hiogdrji cd
Cîmz Ircmz, fmnís sd bds gnpusi uj lmstghi cghji qud rdprdsdjtmrm ticms bms
nudrtds cd dsm jiled9 Çstms sij prdhujtms cg`îlgbds cd rdspijcdr, mujqud bi qud
suldcgü `ud qud db hiogdrji ji qudrîm emldr lmsi m bi qud bis dstucgmjtds cdlîmj;
drmj jdlgis y sd ipijîmj m cgmbih
cgmbihmr
mr lij dbbis pmrm bbdhmr m mrrdhbis y cdlgsgijds.
cdlgsgijds.
\d lmrmltdrgzmomj pir `irnmr pmrtd cd uj sgstdnm mutirgtmrgi, gjfusti y ldrrmci. Bi
öjgli qud ouslmomj ticis bis hrupis silgmbds gjvibulrmcis drm cdnilrmlgm, tdjdr 
viz pmrm sdr pmrtd cd bms cdlgsgijds cdb hiogdrji ndxglmji, mbhi qud fmnís sd bds
lijldcgü y qud lubngjü lij uj `gjmb cd tdrrir.

Bmss cd
Bm cdsg
sghu
humb
mbcm
cmcd
cdss si
silg
lgmbd
mbds,
s, bm gj
gjdst
dstmog
mogbgbgcm
cmc
c pi
pibîbîtgtglm
lm y bm
bmss cdv
cdvmb
mbuml
umlgi
gijds
jds
dlijünglms bbdhmrij m ilmsgijmr lrgsgs y pritdstms lijtrm Cîmz Ircmz. Ds cghji

rdsmbtmr lüni bis dstucgmjtds y cdnís pdrsijms, m pdsmr cd smodr qud sd dstmomj
dj`rdjtmjci lijtrm uj mutirgtmrgsni, sghugdrij y sghugdrij pir bm bulem cd sus
cdrdleis,, ji sd cmomj pir vdjlgci
cdrdleis vdjlgciss jg nulei ndjis drmj gjtgngcm
gjtgngcmcis.
cis. Bm `udrzm
qud
qud rd
rdprd
prdsd
sdjt
jtmo
mom
m ti
tici
ci uj hr
hrup
upi
i cd pd
pdrsi
rsijms
jms gj
gjlb
lbuyd
uydjc
jci
i pm
pmcrd
crdss cd `m
`mng
ngbgbgm,
m,
trmomfmcirds, dstucgmjtds drm gnprdsgijmjtd. Dbbis ouslmomj mbhi nuy sgnpbd6 sdr 
dslulemcis, mbhi qud bmndjtmobdndjtd ji `ud tinmci cd bm ndfir `irnm pir bms
mutirgcmcds.

¹]uç pmsi cdspuçs cd dstd tdrrgobd edlei9 Bms gjqugdtucds dj bm piobmlgüj

lrdlgdr
lrdlgdrij
ij y lrdl
lrdlgdr
gdrij,
ij, ouslmo
ouslmomj
mj dxpbgl
dxpbglmlg
mlgijds
ijds,, ji dxg
dxgstî
stîmj
mj mrhundj
mrhundjtis
tis qud
pucgdrmj fustg`glmr bis mltis tinmcis dsm jiled. Tj mpiyi pipubmr nmyirgtmrgi sd
nmjg`dstmom dj bms lmbbds dj ouslm cd rdspudstms qud sibi sd qudcmrij dj
prdhu
prdhujt
jtms
ms.. Ir
Irhmj
hmjgz
gzmlg
mlgij
ijds
ds m jg
jgvd
vdbb jm
jmlg
lgij
ijmb
mb y nu
nujc
jcgm
gmbb dr
drmj
mj pmrt
pmrtd
d cd dstm
dstmss
pritdstms lini uj mpiyi. @ud uj edlei qud lijnivgü mb pmîs djtdri y m nuleis
pmîsds mbrdcdcir cdb nujci. _dlijizli lini dstucgmjtd, db vmbir qud tuvgdrij
lini hrupi cd füvdjds pmrm smbgr y djlmrmr mb hmogjdtd cd Cîmz Ircmz, nd pmrdld
uj nivgngdjti dstucgmjtgb qud mlusm m bm lirruplgüj y bm gjfustglgm qud vgvgnis cîm

m cîm, dj cijcd cg`îlgbndjtd judstrm viz ds dslulemcm, y pir bi tmjti pmrm nî ds db

<
 

prgjlgpmb rd`drdjtd cd uj nivgngdjti silgmb, qud nd bbdjm cd gjspgrmlgüj y vmbir pir 

bis füvdjds qud bulemrij pir ujm pudrtm m bm bgodrtmc.

@ud dstm mltgtuc pir pmrtd cd bm fuvdjtuc cdb 05, db irghdj cdb prildsi cdnilrítgli
jmlgijmb, puds gnpbglü dstmobdldr bms mspgrmlgijds qud bbdjtmndjtd
djtmndjtd lijstgtuydrij
db mltumb rçhgnd
rçhgndj
j cd vmbirds
vmbirds pibît
pibîtglis
glis y silgmb
silgmbds
ds lini bm pmrtglgpmlg
pmrtglgpmlgüj
üj lgucmcmjm,
db `irtmbdlgngdjti cd bms gjstgtulgijds dbdltirmbds, y bm bulem lijtrm bm gnpujgcmc,
ticis dstis, pistubmcis cd bm bulem dstucgmjtgb cdb 05.

Dj db tdxti cd bm dslrgtirm Dbdjm Qijgmtiwskm6 Msî `ud bm nmtmjzm cd Sbmtdbibli dj

=705, jis rdbmtm cd `irnm ordvd bis edleis cd dsm tmrcd. M bms lgjli y ndcgm cdb
ngçrlibds ? cd iltuord cd =705, mprixgnmcmndjtd cgdz ngb pdrsijms, djtrd dbbms,
jgýis, nmyirds cd dcmc, pmcrds cd `mngbgm, dstucgmjtds, y itrms lbmsds silgmbds sd

cgdrij buhmr dj bm dxpbmjmcm cd bm Qbmzm cd bms Srds Lubturms. \d lijhrdhmrij meî

pmrm dslulemr mb Lijsdfi Jmlgijmb cd Eudbhm, bis qud cdscd db omblüj cdb tdrldr 
pg
pgsi
si cdb dc
dcg`g`gl
glgi
gi liji
lijilg
lgci
ci lini Le
Lege
geum
umeu
eum
m sd cgrg
cgrghî
hîmj
mj m ti
ticm
cm bm hdjt
hdjtd.
d. Db
mnogdjtd sd cdslrgod lini trmjqugbi m pdsmr cd qud bm pibglîm, db dfçrlgti y bis
hrmjmcdris emoîmj edlei uj cdspbgdhud cd `udrzm. Mcibdsldjtds dstucgmjtds
rdpmrtî
rdpmrtîmj
mj vib
vibmjt
mjtds,
ds, vdjcîmj
vdjcîmj pdr
pdrgüc
gücgli
gliss y lmrt
lmrtdbd
dbds.
s. Lum
Lumjci
jci uj dst
dstucg
ucgmjt
mjtd
d lij
mpdbbgci Pdhm mjujlgmom qud bm nmrlem prihrmnmcm mb Lmsli cd \mjti Sinís cdb
Gjstgtuti Qibgtçljgli Jmlgijmb ji sd gom m bbdvmr m lmoi, dj vgstm cdb cdspbgdhud cd
`udrzms pöobglms y cd bm pisgobd rdprdsgüj, surhgdrij dj db lgdbi bms bulds cd
odjhmbm
odjhmbm qud eglgdrij qud bis lijlurrdjtds cgrghgdrmj
cgrghgdrmj mutinítglmn
mutinítglmndjtd
djtd su ngrmc
ngrmcm
m
emlgm mrrgom.
\d iydrij bis prgndris cgspmris. Bm hdjtd sd mbmrnü. M pdsmr cd qud bis bîcdrds
cdb LJE cdscd db tdrldr pgsi cdb dcg`glgi Legeumeum, hrgtmomj pir db nmhjmviz6
"¡Ji lirrmj linpmýdris, ji lirrmj, sij smbvms! . . . ¡Ji sd vmymj, ji sd vmymj,
lmbnm!", bm cdsomjcmcm `ud hdjdrmb. Sicis euîmj cdspmvirgcis y nuleis lmîmj dj
bm pbmzm, dj bms rugjms prdegspíjg
prdegspíjglms
lms `rdjtd m bm ghbdsgm cd \mjtg
\mjtgmhi
mhi Sbmtdbib
Sbmtdbibli.
li. \d
iîm db `udhi ldrrmci y db tmobdtdi cd mndtrmbbmcirms. M pmrtgr cd dsd nindjti, bm

Qbmzm cd bms Srds Lubturms sd lijvgrtgü dj uj gj`gdrji. (Qijgmtiwskm, =78=)

3
 

Dstd pmsmfd nd cdfm m nî bm gnprdsgüj dj bm qud sd vgvgü ujm çpilm cd pilm

mpdrturm huodrjmndjtmb, ym qud db hiogdrji drm ldrrmci pir bi qud cg`îlgbndjtd sd
picîm djtrmr m çb. Bis suldsis cd dsm tmrcd jis lmusm lirmfd pir lini dj vdz cd
mrrdhbmr bis priobdnms hiogdrji-pudobi, dbbis sibi cdlgcgdrij qugtmrsd uj pdsi cd
djlgnm nmtíjcibis.

\g ogdj, ji sd tinü lij lijlgdjlgm bis edleis vgibdjtis, mujqud smodnis qud m
pdsmr cd dbbi, db jinord y bm rdprdsdjtmlgüj cd ticm bm hdjtd qud trgstdndjtd sd
djlijtrü curmjtd bm nmtmjzm, sdrí rdlircmcm pir sgdnprd pir emodr tdjgci db vmbir 
cd djlmrmr m Cîmz Ircmz. Lmod cdstmlmr qud curmjtd db pdrgici cd bm nmtmjzm cdb
05, bis Fudhis Ibînpglis dstmomj m bm pudrtm cd Nçxgli, ds cdlgr, judstri pmîs sd
pdr`gbmom lini db mj`gtrgüj pmrm bbdvmr mlmoi dstis fudhis cdpirtgvis. Qir bi qud

cdspuçs cd bm nmtmjzm, `udrij ndsds bbdjis cd lijtrivdrsgms y cucms cd sg

Nçxg
Nçxgli
li dstm
dstmrî
rîm
m pr
prdp
dpmr
mrmc
mci
i pm
pmrm
rm rd
rdlg
lgog
ogrr m bms
bms ng
ngbd
bdss cd pd
pdrs
rsij
ijms
ms qu
qud
d ym sd
djlijtrmomj mrrgomjci. Nçxgli vgvîm dj tgdnpis cg`îlgbds, mýis bbdjis cd lrgsgs
dlijünglms
dlijünglms y cducms dxtdrj
dxtdrjms.
ms. Qir bi qud nd pmrdld cg`îl
cg`îlgbgb cd djtdjc
djtdjcdr,
dr, lini m
pdsmr cd bis priobdnms qud su`rîm, `ud lmpmz cd bbdvmr m lmoi dstd dvdjti lij
tmjtm trmjqugbgcmc.

Db dslrgtir ndxglmji Qmobi Niltdzunm Omrrmhíj dj su dslrgti ‒Db nivgngdjti cdb

05„ jis pbmsnm mbhi nuy gnpirtmjtd siord bms `mnisms Ibgnpgmcms6 Db síomci =?
cd iltuord sd gjmuhurmrij bms Ibgnpgmcms cd Nçxgli 05, omutgzmcms cdscd db
prgjlgpgi lini bms ‒ibgnpgmcms cd bm pmz„, cd meî su bihitgpi. Dj db nindjti cd bm
sibdnjd ldrdnijgm, uj djirnd pmpmbitd rdprdsdjtmjci ujm pmbinm jdhrm vibü
siord db Qmbli Qrdsgcdjlgmb, lini nuci rdpriled pir bm nmtmjzm. Bm jiled
mjtdrgir, mbhugdj vdrtgü pgjturm rifm siord bm ‒pmbinm cd bm pmz„ qud rdlgçj sd emoîm
gjmuhurmci dj db Mjgbbi Qdrg`çrgli. Qir db mosibuti lijtrib siord tdbdvgsgüj, rmcgi y
prdjsm, sübi dj db dxtrmjfdri sd lijilgdrij cd gjndcgmti bis mblmjlds cd bm tdrrgobd
nmtmjzm qud emoîm dfdlutmci db Hiogdrji cdb Q_G y qud eirrirgzü mb nujci

4
 

djtd
djtdri.
ri. Cu
Curm
rmjt
jtd
d ti
ticis
cis bi
biss Fu
Fudh
dhis
is Ibîn
Ibînpg
pgli
liss li
lijt
jtgj
gjuü
uü bm eu
eudb
dbhm
hm dstu
dstucg
cgmjt
mjtgbgb
(Niltdzunm, ?115).

¹Luíbds sij mbhujis cd bis mjtdldcdjtds cd dstd suldsi mtdrrmcir9 Oísglmndjtd

tici lingdjzm cd nmjdrm tirpd, lumjci ujm pmjcgbbm cd bm TJMN y itrm cd bm
Qibgtçljglm cd Nçxgli lingdjzmj m pdbdmr, y lumjci dsti suldcd, uj hrupi
pibglgmli djtrm m bm ujgvdrsgcmc d gjtdrvgdjd lij bm pdbdm cd nmjdrm rucm y
vgibdjtm, pir bi qud bis ngsnis dstucgmjtds cdspuçs cd dstm pdbdm `udrij ndtgcis
m bm lírldb cd nmjdrm gjfustm y lrudb. Qili cdspuçs, bms cis ujgvdrsgcmcds
cdlgcdj ujgrsd pmrm lrdmr mbgmjzm y bulemr lijtrm bm rdprdsgüj cd bis hrupis
pibglgmlis. Jg bm pibglîm jg bis hrupis ngbgtmrds tdjîmj db cdrdlei pmrm gjtdrvdjgr cd
`irnm vgibdjtm dj ujm sgtumlgüj lini dstm, pir bi qud bis mbunjis mb vdr su
rdmllgüj, lindjzmrij m mbzmr bm viz lini uj bbmnmci mb Dstmci pmrm qud tinmrmj

bms ndcgcms lirrdspijcgdjtds.

Qili cdspuçs, dsti sd lijvgrtgü dj uj nivgngdjti dstucgmjtgb, dj cijcd itrms

Tjgvdrsgcmc y dsludbms pöobglms y prgvmcms sd ujgdrij m bm lmusm pmrm lrdmr 
pritdstm lijtrm db hiogdrji ndxglmji. Mujqud ogdj, Nçxgli ds lijilgci pir sus
curms lrgsgs dlijünglms cd bis mýis 01³s, dj cijcd sd vgvîmj cdsghumbcmcds, y bm
piordzm gom lmcm vdz nís dj mundjti. Db cdsdnpbdi, bm nmbm mcngjgstrmlgüj, bis
sudbcis omfis, sd vibvgdrij tdnm cd bulem. Qili cdspuçs (ndjlgijmci mb prgjlgpgi
cd dstd dslrgti), itris hrupis silgmbds sd ujgdrij m bm lmusm, lij db prgjlgpmb
iofdtgvi cd pdcgr bm rdjujlgm cdb dxprdsgcdjtd Cîmz Ircmz. ]udrîmj qugtmr mb
rçhgndj. Füvdjds y itris hrupis silgmbds ouslmomj tdjdr uj cgmbihi lij db
hiogdrji, pmrm bbdhmr m uj mludrci, pdri dsti jujlm suldcgü.

Hustmvi Cîmz Ircmz icgmom emobmr dj pöobgli, ym qud ticm bm hdjtd sd ourbmom cd
çb, bd hrgtmomj lisms y bi eungbbmomj, mbhi qud lij db tgdnpi ym ji qugsi pdrngtgrbi,
pir bi qud cdlgcgü cdfmr cd smbgr. \d lmrmltdrgzmom pir sdr ujm pdrsijm cçspitm,
lrudb y hrisdri, pir bi qud ym ji mhumjti nís uj sibi rdlbmni pir pmrtd cd bis

dstucgmjtds,
dstucgmjtds, bbdví
bbdvíjcibi
jcibi m mltumr cd nmjdrm ghjirmj
ghjirmjtd
td y vgibdj
vgibdjtm
tm m bis edleis qud

0
 

ticis lijildnis. Cîmz mousi cd bm `udrzm cdb Dstmci, egzi usi cdb Dfçrlgti y cd bm
Qibglîm pmrm mtmlmr m bis hrupis silgmbds qud sd djlijtrmomj dj bm pbmzm cd
Sbmtdbibli.
\u hiogdrji prdpmri uj hrupi cd leiqud cdjingjmci ‒Omtmbbüj Ibgnpgm„ qugdj `ud
uj hrupi pmrmngbgtmr lij db `gj cd gj`gbtrmr dj db nivgngdjti, dstmom lij`irnmci
djtrd =,411-?,111 dbdndjtis. Dstuvi omfi db nmjci cdb Hdjdrmb Bugs Hutgçrrdz
Iripdzm y `ud gjtdhrmci pir dbdndjtis cdb Dstmci Nmyir Qrdsgcdjlgmb. Qmrm ji
lij`ujcgrsd pirtmomj lij dbbis uj humjtd obmjli, db lumb ji sibi myucmom m
gcdjtg`glmrsd, sg ji qud ji cdfmomj rmstri jg eudbbm dj bms mrnms qud usmomj pmrm
bm cdtdjlgüj cdb hrupi djlmodzmci pir bis dstucgmjtds. Lumjci dstd hrupi cd
leiqud lingdjzm m cdtdjdr mb hrupi irhmjgzmcir cdb nivgngdjti, bis hibpdmj y
mbhujis bis nmtmj cd `irnm vgibdjtm, tici dsti omfi db ircdj cd Cîmz.

Dsm jiled cd tdrrir sd cgspmrm m cgslrdlgüj lijtrm bm nubtgtuc lij uj smbci cd

lgdj
lgdjti
tiss cd nu
nudr
drti
tis,
s, ed
edrg
rgcis
cis y cd
cdtd
tdjg
jgci
cis.
s. Bm
Bmss vîlt
vîltgn
gnms
ms `u
`udr
drij
ij dstu
dstucg
cgmjt
mjtds
ds d
gjtdhrmjtds cd bm piobmlgüj dj hdjdrmb, msî lini tmnogçj sibcmcis.
 Mujqud db sdlrdtmrgi cd bm Cd`djsm Nmrldbgji Hmrlîm Omrrmhíj cdlbmrm6 ‒Db
linmjcmjtd rdspijsmobd siy yi„, cd edlei db prdsgcdjtd Hustmvi Cîmz Ircmz,
linmjcmjtd dj fd`d cdb dfçrlgti ds qugdj irhmjgzü pdrsijmbndjtd bm nmtmjzm, qud
ipdrü su fd`d cd Dstmci Nmyir dj libmoirmlgüj lij bm Cgrdllgüj @dcdrmb cd
\dhurgcmc cd Hiodrjmlgüj.
Nmrldbgji Hmrlîm Omrrmhíj sdýmbm qud Hutgçrrdz Iripdzm sibi lunpbîm ürcdjds
cdb prdsgcdjtd. Dj sunm, ‒db ? cd iltuord cd =705 dj Sbmtdbibli, db linmjcmjtd dj
 fd`d cd bms `udrzms mrnmcms, db prdsgcdjtd Hustmvi Cîmz Ircmz, libilü m çstms y
itrms gjstgtulgijds dj ujm trmnpm„ (Mhumyi, ?11=, p.=<8).

\g ogdj lij dsti picdnis gj`drgr qud Cîmz Ircmz drm ujm pdrsijm trmglgijdrm,
rdmbndjtd
rdmbndjtd jmcgd picîm lij`gmr dj çb, pijdr dj rgdshi mb pripgi Dfçrlgti cd Nçxgli,
emobm cdb pili mbnm qud tdjîm. Emoîm pbmjdmci lij tgdnpi mtrís bm nmtmjzm,
djhmýi y pusi dj ujm trmnpm mb Dfçrlgti, db lumb sibi qudrîm smlmr m bm hdjtd cd

meî pmrm pritdhdrbm.

8
 

Qir itri bmci, bis ndcgi cd linujglmlgüj, `udrij uj pmpdb gnpirtmjtd curmjtd dstm
trmhdcgm,
trmhdcgm, dj cijcd cg`drdjtd
cg`drdjtdss gjstg
gjstgtulgij
tulgijds
ds y irhmjg
irhmjgzmlgij
zmlgijds,
ds, cgdrij buhmr m cglei
dvdjti dj bms pirtmcms cd sus jitms pdrgicîstglms, mbhujis bi lmtmbihmomj lini db
dvdjti nís smjhrgdjti cd bm egstirgm cd judstri pmîs.
Bm nmýmjm cdb < cd iltuord bms ilei libunjms cd bis pdrgücglis prgjlgpmbds cd bm
Lgucmc cd Nçxgli rdtinmomj msî bm nmtmjzm cd eirms mjtds dj bm Qbmzm cd bms
Srds Lubturms6
-Dxlçbsgir.-‒_dlgi linomtd mb cgspdrsmr db dfçrlgti uj ngtgj cd eudbhugstms„.
-Db Tjgvdrsmb6 ‒Sbmtdbibli, lmnpi cd omtmbbm„.
-Db Edrmbci cd Nçxgli6 ‒\mjhrgdjti djludjtri dj Sbmtdbibli„. ‒?0 nudrtis y 8=
edrgcis. @rmjlitgrmcirds cgspmrmrij lijtrm db dfçrlgti6 db hdjdrmb Sibdci bdsgijmci.

-Jivdcmcds6 ‒Ombmldrm djtrd `rmjlitgrmcirds y db dfçrlgti, dj Lgucmc Sbmtdbibli„.

-Db Cîm6 ‒Nudrtis y edrgcis dj hrmvd leiqud lij db dfçrlgti dj Sbmtdbibli„.
-Db \ib cd Nçxgli6 ‒_dspijcdj lij vgibdjlgm mb lircgmb bbmnmci cdb Dstmci. Db
hiogdrji morgü bms pudrtms cdb cgíbihi„.

Lini lbmrmndjtd
lbmrmndjtd sd vd, bms pmbmorm
pmbmormss ‒rdprds
‒rdprdsgüj„,
güj„, ‒nmtmjzm„, ‒dfdlulg
‒dfdlulgüj„
üj„ dstmomj
musdjtds cd bis tgtubmrds. Db sindtgngdjti cd bis ndcgis gnprdsis y nís db cd bis
dbdltrüjglis `ud titmb, ji sübi mb cîm sghugdjtd cd bm nmtmjzm cdb ? cd iltuord sgji
curmjtd ticm bm liodrturm cdb Nivgngdjti Dstucgmjtgb (Pgbbmngb, ?1=5).

Lmrbis Nijsgvígs, dj su dxtrmircgjmrgi djsmyi-lrüjglm Db 05, Bm Srmcglgüj cd bm

_dsgstdjlgm rdsungü msî bm sgtumlgüj cd uj pmîs cd bm ujmjgngcmc lij db prdsgcdjtd
cd bm _dpöobglm dj bis ndcgis gj`irnmtgvis6

‒Dj =705, mb sgstdnm gj`irnmtgvi cd bis lmpgtmbgjis bi jirnm bm prdjsm (bdîcm pir bm
ngjirîm sghjg`glmtgvm), bm tdbdvgsgüj (dspmlgi cd bm nmyirîm lrçcubm y cgstmjtd) y db
runir, ilupmci siord tici dj bms mbzms y bms lmîcms cd bms `irtujms pibîtglms. Db

pdrgicgsni cingjmjtd ds ―titçngli‗, qud mpdjms sd bdd pdri sd linprm pirqud

5
 

cd`gdjcd bms lmusms cdb bdltir. Db mjtglinujgsni ds pmrtd cdb sdjtgngdjti libdltgvi
y db jmlgijmbgsni ds ticmvîm bm gcdibihîm sdjtgndjtmb mb usi„ (Nijsgvígs, ?115).
Nuleis cd bis ndcgis cd linujglmlgüj dstmomj nmjgpubmcis pir Cîmz Ircmz y
sus libmoirmcirds, dj cijcd drmj bm sinorm jdhrm cd çb. Cd mbhujm `irnm
ouslmomj fustg`glmr m Cîmz Ircmz y pritdhdrbi, sgj dnomrhi `ud linpbglmci pmrm bm
hdjtd lrddrbi.

¹]uç pmsi cdspuçs cd bm nmtmjzm9 \djlgbbmndjtd mb itri cîm tici gom jirnmb dj
bm Qbmzm cd Sbmtdbibli, ticm bm smjhrd ym emoîm sgci bgnpgmcm, y ji emoîm jg uj sibi
rmstri cd bi qud emoîm suldcgci dsm tdrrgobd jiled. Sici pmsi cdslmoubbgci, lini
sg euogdrm sgci ujm dsldjm smjhrgdjtm cd ujm pdbîlubm.

 Mb prgjlgpgi Cîmz Ircmz y Bugs Dledvdrrîm ndjlgijmomj qud tici emoîm sgci

lmusmci pir uj linpbit sivgçtgli-luomji. \gj dnomrhi db dxprdsgcdjtd ndxglmji

dj su cgslursi ndjlgijü qud tici dstmom ogdj, qud msunîm su lubpmogbgcmc siord
bis edleis, y m bi bmrhi cd su cgslursi ndjlgijü `rmsds lini bms sghugdjtds6
‒Dstiy irhubbisi cdb mýi cd =705, pirqud nd pdrngtgü smbvmr mb pmîs„
"Ji tdni mb fuglgi cd ngs lijtdnpiríjdis, sç y bis ndxglmjis smodj qud dj ng
mlttumlg
ml umlgüj
üj em em
emog
ogci
ci ml
mlggdr
drttis y dr
drri
rird
rds,
s, pdri
pdri qud
qud ngs dr
drri
rird
rdss emj
emj sgc
sgci
gjvibujtmrgis, qud tici bi qud ed edlei, bi ed edlei trmtmjci cd sdrvgr bi nís
d`glmzndjtd pisgobd m Nçxgli" (Cîmz, =707).

\g ogdj Cîmz Ircmz ouslmom nistrmrsd lini ujm pdrsijm sibgcmrgm y msungdjci bm
lubpm, cd tmb `irnm qud db pudobi ndxglmji pucgdrm linprdjcdrbi y cgslubpmrbi,
mujqud ji `ud msî, ym qud tdrngji vgçjcisd lini ujm pdrsijm egpülrgtm y dhiîstm,
qud cdscd djtijlds sd lijvgrtgü dj uj djdnghi cdb pudobi.

Nd pmrdld qud dstd dvdjti em nmrlmci m Nçxgli cd `irnm gnpirtmjtd, y qud m ng

husti, ds uji cd bis nís rdbdvmjtds dj bm egstirgm pir lini bis füvdjds tinmrij
uj hrmj vmbir y pmpdb. \modnis qud sgdnprd sdrí uj mlijtdlgngdjti rdlircmci, y

qud ds uj nivgngdjti dfdnpbmr cd bi qud sdhugnis vgvgdjci eiy dj cîm, pir bm

7
 

lirruplgüj y bis nmbis mludrcis qud db hiogdrji bbdvm mlmoi. Ds sibi uji cd bis
nuleis dvdjtis tríhglis qud emj suldcgci m bi bmrhi cd bm egstirgm cd judstri
pmîs.

_d`drdjlgms

Qijgmtiwskm, D. (=78=). Msî `ud bm nmtmjzm cd Sbmtdbibli dj =705 Dj cgmrgi Bm

 M`glgüj (pp. =-4). Nçxgli. Dcglgijds Drm. \gtgi Xdo6
ettp6//www.pdrgicgsni.ujcmv.dcu.mr/msghjmturmYbgl/ls?=8YmjmbgsgsYpdrgicgstgli/nmt
drgmb/bm-nmtmjzm-cd-tbmtdbibli-YndxgliY.pc` 

_ibm
_ibmjci
jci Li
Lircd
rcdrm
rm Lmnp
Lmnpis.
is. (?
(?11
113).
3). Ni
Nivg
vgng
ngdj
djti
ti cdb
cdb 056 Tjm
Tjm pdrs
pdrspdl
pdltg
tgvm
vm cd
dlij
dlijin
inîm
îm pibî
pibîtglm.. 
tglm Iltuord ?3, ?1=5, cd jdxis \gtgi wdo6
ettps6//www.jdxis.lin.nx/9p>==?5=

Qmobi Niltdzunm Omrrmhíj. (?115). Db nivgngdjti cd =705 . Iltuord ?3, ?1=5, cd

 Mbdhmtis \gtgi wdo6 ettps6//www.mzl.umn.nx/puobglmlgijds/mbdhmtis/pc`s/0</81-
1<.pc` 

Pgbbmn
Pgbbmngb,
gb, F. (?1
(?1=5).
=5). Db 05 y bis ndcgis cd linujglmlgüj6 bis hrgtis cdb sgbdjlgi.
Jivgdnord =7, ?1=5, cd prildsi.lin.nx \gtgi wdo6
ettps6//www.prildsi.lin.nx/44=318/db-05-y-bis-ndcgis-cd-linujglmlgij-bis-
hrgtis-cdb-sgbdjlgi

Nijsgvígs, L. (?115). Iltuord. Dj Db 05, bm trmcgl

trmcglgüj
güj cd bm rdsgstdjlgm (pp. =?1-
rdsgstdjlgm
=?4). Sbmbpmj, Nçxgli, C.@.6 Dcglgijds Drm. \gtgi Xdo6

=1
 

Jitglgdris Sdbdvgsm. (?1=5). Hustmvi Cîmz Ircmz, ¹qugçj `ud y quç tuvi qud vdr 
lij db 059  Jivgdnord =7, ?1=5, cd tdbdvgsm.jdws \gtgi wdo6
ettps6//jitglgdris.tdbdvgsm.lin/dspdlgmbds/hustmvi-cgmz-ircmz-prdsgcdjtd-iltuord-
05/

Mjdxis

==
 

=?