‘TTS 174:Part 1:2015 3 Terms and definitions For the purpose of this standard the following definitions shall apply a4 Accessible. 344 accessible (equipment) admitting close approach, not guarded by locked doors, elevation, or other effective means 342 accessible (wiring methods) capable of being removed or exposed without damaging the building structure or finish, or not permanently closed in by the structure or finish of the building NOTE Wiring methods in which viring is located behind removable panels designed to allow access are not ‘considered permanently enciosed and are cansidered accessible wiring methods, 32 accessible, readily capable of being reached quickly for operation, renewal, or inspections, without requiring those to whom ready access is a requisite to climb over or remove obstacles or to resort to portable ladders, etc, NOTE This definition does not preckide the use of a locked door for service equipment or rooms containing service equipment, provided that those for whom ready access is necessary have access 0 € key or lock ‘combination 3.3 accessory current-carrying device, other than current using equipment, that Is associated with the wiring of an installation NOTE Examples of accessories are switches, fuses/circull-breakers, plugs, receptacies outlets, and lampholders, 34 ambiont temperature temperature, under normal conditions, of the medium surrounding a location where cables are installed, or are 0 be installed, including the effect of any artifical heating used in the building and any local source of heat, but excluding the increase of temperature in the immediate vicinity of the cables due to heat arising therefrom 3.5 appliance device which utilizes electricity for a particular purpose, excluding @ luminaire or an independent motor 36 bonded (as applied to items of metalwork) connected electrically to ensure common potentialTTS 174:Part 1:2015 37 bonding connection to establish electrical continuity and conductivity 38 bunched contained within a single conduit, duct, or trunking of, if not enclosed, are not separated from each other, e.g. on cable trays 39 busbar solid conductor forming @ common junction between @ number of circults 3.10 busbar trunking system (busduct) typetested assembly, in the form of an enclosed conductor system comprising solid conductors separated by insulating medium. NOTE The assembly may consist of units such as: 2) busbar bunking units, with or without tap-off facilities: bb) tap-olf units where applicable; and c) _phase-transposition, expansion, building- movement, flexible, end-feeder and adaptor units. 3.at : circuit-breaker device designed to open and close a circuit by non-automatic means. and to open the circuit automatically on a predetermined overcurrent without damage to itself vinen properly applied within its rating 3.42 circuit conductor current-carrying conductor forming part of a circuit or final sub-circult, but excluding the grounding conductor 3.43 ‘communication systems systems including voice, audio, data, interactive services, telegraph (except radio), outside wiring for fire alarm and burglar alarm from the communications utilty to the customer's communications equipment up to and including terminal equipment such as a telephone, fax machine, or answering machine 3.14 conductor (of a core or cable) conducting medium, consisting of 2 single wire or a group of wires in contact with each other 3.45 conduit tube purposely designed and manufactured for the reception of cables for the distribution of electricity 3.16 continuous toad load where the maximum current is expected to continue for three (3) hours or moreTTS 174:Part 1:2016 3.47 ‘consumer's terminals ends of the entrance cable belonging to the consumer at which the supply of energy is delivered NOTE Fora low voltage Installation, the consumers terminals are on the load side of the (ullity) moter. 3.48 : 4 Current carrying capacity maximum current which can be cared by a conductor under specified conditions without its steady: slate temperature exceeding a specified value 3.19 damp Permanently or intermittently moisture prone 3.20 dead at or about ground potential and disconnected from any live system 3.24 declared nominal voltage value designated from the set of standardized system voltages in current use as applied to the utility supply or manufactured equipment 3.22 device ‘component of an electrical system that carries or controls electrical energy as its principal function 3.23 : discrimination ablity of a downstream protective device to operate in preference to an upstream protective device 3.26 diversity factor (of a group of consumers or loads connected to a common system) ratio of the sum of their maximum simultaneous demand to the sum of the maximum demands of the loads. 3.25 double insulation equipment in which protection against electric shock is based on both basic and supplementary insulation 3.26 duct (for cables) closed passageway formed underground or in @ structure and intended to receive one or more cables 3.27 entrance cable Portion of the installation between the point of supply and the service equipment 3.28 electrical apparatus current-using equipment, machines and fittings excluding cables and conductorsTTS 174:Part 1:2015 3.29 exposed conductive part conductive part of equipment which can be touched and which is not a live part but which may become live under fault conditions NOTE Asan example the metalic housing of an electric teaster Is considered en exposed conductive part 3.30 extraneous conductive part Conductive part liable to introduce a potential, generally earth potential and not forming part of the electrical instalation NOTE When 2 motor is installed within 1.8 m (6 feet) ofa stool column, the column is then considered an ‘extraneous conductive part. 3.31 feeder Circuit conductors between the service equipment, the source of a seperately derived system, or other ower supply source and the final branch-circuit overcurrent devices: 3.32 final sub-circuit (final branch-circuit) ‘outgoing circuit connected to a distribution board and intended to supply electrical energy to current. using apparatus, either directly or through receptacle outlets 3.33 fire-reststing chamber (fire area) ‘aggregate floor area enclosed and bounded by fire walls, fre bariiers, exterior walls or fie resistance- rated horizontal assemblies of a building + 3.34 flameproof constructed in such a way that an intemal ignition of a flammable atmosphere will not be transmitted outside of the enclosure 3.35 flammable ‘capable of burning 3.36 generator device that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy 3.37 ground general mass of earth 3.38 grounded ‘connected to ground or to some conducting body that serves in place of ground. 3.39 grounded, effectively intentionally connected to ground through ground connection(s), of sufficiently low impedance and having sufficient current-carrying capacity to prevent undue hazards to connected equipment or persons 7‘TTS 174:Part 1:2015 3.40 grounded conductor system or circuit conductor that is intentionally grounded 341 grounding conductor conductor used to connect equipment or the grounded circuit of @ wiring system to grounding electrode(s) 3.42 grounding conductor, equipmont conductor used to connect the non-current carrying metal parts of equipment, raceways, and other enclosures to the system grounded conductor, the grounding electrode conductor, or both, at the service equipment or at the source of a separately derived system 3.43 grounding electrode conductor Conductor used to connect the grounding electrode to the grounded conductor of the circuit at the service equipment or at the source of a separately derived system 3.44 ground-fault circuit interrupter Gevice intended for the protection of personne! that functions to de-energize a circuit or portion thereof within an established period of time when a current to ground exceeds some predetermined value that is less than that required to operate the overcurrent protective device of the supply circuit 3.45 Ground-fault protection of equipment System intended to provide protection of equipment from damaging line-to-round fault currents by ‘operating to cause a disconnecting means to open all ungrounded conductors of the faulted circuit NOTE This protection is provided at current levels less than those required fo protect conductors from damage through the operation ofa supply circuit overcurrent device. = 3.48 impedance ‘opposition to the flow of alternating current in a circuit 3.47 insulation Suitable non-conducting material enclosing, surrounding, or supporting a conductor 3.48 intorsystem bonding bonding of grounded conduciors of all systems to the grounding electrode conductor of the main electrical system NOTE Referto Figure 10.1 3.49 Intrinsically-safe 3.49.4 intrinsically-safe (apparatus) apparatus in which all circuits are intrinsically-safeTTS 174:Part 1:2015 3.49.2 intrinsically safe (circult) ciroult in which any spark of thermal effect is incapable of causing ignition of a mixture of flammable of combustibie meterial in air 3.60 isolator mechanical switching device which, when open, cuts off all power supply to a circuit or equipment for the purpose of safety 3.51 tive conductor or conductive part, including the neutral conductor, intended to be energized in normal use 3.82 neutral conductor Conductor of a 3-phase 4-wire system or the conductor of @ single-phase 2-wire or 3-wire system which is grounded at the service equipment 3.53 Panetboard single panel or group of panel units designed for assembly in the form of a single panel, including buses and automatic overcurrent devices, and equipped with or without switches for the contro! of light, heat, or power circuits designed to be placed in a cabinet or cut-out box placed in or against a wall, partion, or other support and accessible only from the front 3.84 . plug 5 device intended for connection to a flexible cord or flexible cable which can Be engaged manually with a receptacie outlet, connector or adaptor and which has current-carrying contact pins which may be exposed when not engaged 3.55 point (in wiring) {ermination of the fixed wiring or device intended for connecting the supply to a current-using appliance or luminaire 3.56 point of entrance ‘Point at which the supply authority connects to the entrance cable 387 raceway enclosed channel of metal or non-metallic materials designed expressly for holding wires, cables, or busbars 3.68 receptacle outlet device with protected current-carrying contacts intended to be connected to the fixed wiring of the installation and intended to receive a plugTTS 174:Part 1:2015 3.59 rising main electrical power supply system, used in multi-storey commercial or residential installations, where ‘conductors are run from the main intake position vertically to supply each floor or apartment in'a block NOTE The rising main can either bein the form of busbar trunking or cables; whien cables are used they ere called risere, 3.60 separately derived system premises wiring system whose power is derived from a battery, generator, transformer, converter windings or renewable energy systems, and has no direct electrical connection, Including a solidly connected grounded circuit conductor, to supply conductors originating in another system NOTE See TTS 171-3: 2011, Renewable enorgy systems and interconnection requirements. 3.6 service equipment equipment connected to the load end of entrance cable for the purpose of providing the principal means to control and disconnect the premises wiring from the source of utility supply 3.62 shower heater apparatus installed as a showerhead for the electrical heating of water by the passage of an electric. current through heating element(s) 3.63 space factor , ratio (expressed as a percentage) of the sum of the effective overall cross-sectional areas of cables forming a bunch to the intemal cross-sectional area of the conduit, pipe, duct, trunking, or channel in which they are installed NOTE The effective overall cross-sectional area of @ non-circular cable ie taken as that of a circle of a diameter equal to the major axis of the cable. 3.64 switchgear ‘apparatus for controlling the distribution of electrical energy in an installation 3.65 transfer switch ‘switch for transferring load conductor connections from one power source to another NOTE Such a swicn may be automatic oF manual 3.68 transformer Static electrical device that transfers energy by inductive coupling between its winding circuits NOTE Transformers may be of current or voltage types. 3.67 trunking (for cables) fabricated casing for cables, normally of rectangular cross-section, of which one side is removable or hinged to allow cables to be laid therein 10TTS 174:Part 1:2015 3.68 unfinished basements Portions of areas of the basement not intended as habitable rooms and limited to storage areas and work areas 3.69 ungrounded systems systems which are not connected to ground, or which do not have conductors referenced to ground 3.70 Voltage Potential differences of the extra-low, low and high voltages (root mean square (rms) values for a.c.) 3.70.4 voltage, extratow normally not exceeding 60 V a.., whether between conductors or to ground 3.70.2 voltage, low normally exceeding extra-tow voltage but not exceeding 600 V 3.70.3 voltage, high normally exceeding low voltage (600 V) 374 water heater 7 ‘apparatus for the electrical heating of water by the passage of an elactric gurrent between electrodes. immersed in the water. 3.72 within sight of Visible and not more than 15 m away 4 General provisions 44 Workmanship ‘All installations shall be made in a neat and workmanlike manner and shall be so arranged as to be free from hazards, 4.2 Statutory requirements All electrical works shall comply with the provisions of the Trinidad and Tobago Electricity Act Chapter 54:70, the Electric Installations (Buildings) Act Chapter 54:71 and the Electricity (Inspection) Act 5472 NOTE At the time of publication of this document, these Acts may be freely obtained from the Ministry of Legal Affairs’ website (www Jeaalafairs cov. t) NOTE 2 Sample test methods are provided in Annex A to assist in verifying compliance to this Code, 1"TTS 174:Part 1:2015 43 Safety Electrica! equipment shall be installed and guarded so that adequate provision is made for the safely of persons and property and for the protection of the electrical equipment from damage. 44 Marking 4.4.1 General requirements Each piece of electrical apparatus shall bear the following markings as may be necessary, to ensure safety and suitability for the particular application: @) the manufacturer's name, trade mark, or other recognized symbol of identification: ) catalogue number and type; ©) tated voltage or rated voltage ranges(s) in volts and the nature of the supply with the symbol representing the nature ofthe supply being piaced next to the marking for the rated voltage(s) or rated voltage range(s) 4) rated load in amperes; €) rated power consumption, in watts or volt-amperes; ) number of phases; 9) rated frequency or rated frequency range(s) in hert h) rated full load speed in revolutions per minute; |) designation of terminals; 1) whether for continuous or intermittent duty; and i) other markings as may be necessary. 442 Rebuilt or rewound electrical machine or apparatus ‘Where any electrical machine or apparatus is rebuilt or rewound with any change in its rating or characteristics, it shall be provided with a nameplate giving the name of the person or firm by whom such change was made together with the new markings. 4.4.3 Replacement of original nameplate Where the original nameplate is replaced, the original manufacturer's name and any original identifcation data, such as serial numbers, shall be added to the new nameplate 4.5 Standards All applicable Trinidad and Tobago Standards shall be adhered to during design, planning and Installation of the electrical witing of buildings and equipment. 2TTS 174:Part 1: 015, § Distribution and protection 54 Control 8.4.4 Every electrical installation shall be adequately controlled by a manually operated and physically separated fused main switch or clrcuit-breaker. This disconnecting means shall be readily accessible to the operator or user ofthe service, properly identified and preferably located as near to the entrance of the service conductors as possible. The maximum height of the disconnecting means shall be 2 m ftom the finished floor level to the centre of the device's operating handle when the handle is at its highest position, 5.1.2 The main disconnecting. means or circuit-breeker shall simultaneously disconnect all live conductors in the building from the service entrance conductors, and shall contain over-current protection for all live conductors. It shall be externally operable and shall plainly indicate whether itis ln the open or closed position. The neutral conductor, however, shall not be broken by the disconnecting means, 5.4.3 Each occupancy of multiple occupancy dwellings shall have a separate and readily accessible disconnecting means. 5.2 Panelboards 5.2.4 The number of circuits that are installed or may be installed in a panelboard shall not exceed the maximum number of circuits specified by the manufacturer of the panelboard, 5.2.2 A circuit-directory in accordance with Table B.1 in Annex B, printed on durable material and written oF printed to remain legible for the life of the installation shall be fed in a permanent manner on each distribution panel. 8.3 Discrimination 5.3.1 The characteristics and settings of protective devices and the arrangement of the distribution system shall be such that proper discrimination in operation of the protective devices is ensured, 5.3.2 Ambient temperatures shall be taken into consideration in the selection and application of Protective devices. 5.4 Interrupting capacity Throughout the installation, the interrupting capacity of fuses or circul-breakers shall be adequately rated to the maximum available short circuit current 5.5 Isolation Where the consumers installation comprises two or more buildings, separate means of isolation, complying with 5.1.2, shall be provided at each building. 5.6 Protection Every cable or bare conductor shall have a current rating not less than that of the over-current device, which protects it. The over-current device shall be fitted at the origin of the circuit 8TTS 174:Part 1:2015 5.7 Diversity factor A diversity factor may be applied to the selection of the cross-sectional area of the conductors and associated protective devices, where conditions of operation can be shown to justify it. §.8 Final branch-circuit load and protection 5.8.1 The current rating of sub-crcuits supplying one lamp, one receptacle outlet or one appliance shall be greater than the load or rating ofthe device. See Annex C. §.8.2 Where more than one outlet for known loads are supplied by a final branch-circuit, the number of outets shall be dependent on the rating of the protective device, See Annex C. 5.8.3 Where more than one lighting or receptacle outlet is supplied by a final branch-circult, the number of outlets and the protective current rating of the branch-circuit shall be in accordance with Annex C. 5.8.4 No final branch-circuit shall supply more than the number of receptacle outlets and lighting fixtures as specified in Annex C. 5.9 Isolation of appliance or luminaire ‘An appliance or luminaire connected to an installation, other than by means of a plug and receptacle ‘cutie, shall be controlled by a switch or switches, separate from the appliance or luminaire and arranged to disconnect ail live supply conductors. The maximum height of this switch shall be 2 m above floor finish. 6.10 Final branch-circuit wiring 5 5.10.1 Every final branch-circuit shall be protected by a separate over-current device. 5.10.2 The wiring of each final branch-circuit shall be electrically separated from that of every other final branch-circult, 6 Cables and conductors 6.1 Approval of cables All cables intended for use shall meet the relevant national Trinidad and Tobago Standards NOTE This does not apply to conductors forming an integral part of electrical apparatus that Complies with relevant product specification(s). 6.2 Flexible cables 6.2.1 Permitted uses Flexible cables shall only be used in applications as specified in Article 400.7 of the NFPA 70: 2041 4TTS 471:Part 1:2015 6.2.2 Uses not permitted Flexible cables shall not be used in applications as specified in Article 400.8 of the NFPA 70: 2011 6.3 Selection of cables 6.3.1 The conductors of metric sizes shall be insulated with the applicable class of insulation in accordance with the appropriate standard (see Table D.1B) to withstand a voltage not less than the highest sustained voltage to which they are likely to be subjected. 6.3.2 The conductors of AWG or komil size shall meet the relevant requirements of Article 310 of the NFPA 70.2011 NOTE Table G.2 provides a comparison of conductors of metric, AWG and kemil sized cables. 6.4 — Current carrying capaci 6.4.1 The current-carrying capacity of a cable for continuous service under the particular conditions of its installation (I, as obtained through the use of Annex D) shall be equal to of greater than the design current (I,) of the circuit. 6.4.2 The nominal current or current setting of the protective device (|,) shall also be equal to or greater than the design current of the circuit, 6.4.3 Where overload pratection is being provided, the current-carying capacity of a cable for continuous service under the particular conditions of its installation shall be equal to or greater than the nominal current or current setting ofthe protective device. 6.4.4 Where a branch circult supplies continuous loads or any combination of continuous and non- continuous loads, the rating of the overcurrent device shall not be less than the non-continuous load plus 126 % of the continuous load. 65 — Paralleling of cables ‘Conductors shall be allowed to be paralleled for each phase, neutral or grounded pathway provided that the conductors are: a} ofthe same length; b)_ of the same conductor material; ©) ofthe same size (cross-sectional area); 4d) of the same insulation type; and €)_ terminated in the same manner. All paralleled conductors shall be grouped together. The current rating of the paralleled metric-sized conductors shall be calculated using Table D.2A. The current rating of the paralleled AWG or komil sized conductors shall be in accordance with Article 310.10(H) of the NFPA 70:201%. The minimum metric size of conductors to be used, when paralleling cables, shall be 60 mm* for copper conductors and 70 mm? for aluminium conductors, The minimum AWG size of conductors to be used shall be 1/0 AWG, as specified in 310.10(H) of the NFPA 70:2011. 16TTS 174:Part 1:2015 Where single core conductors are paralleled and installed in multiple non-metallic raceways, an appropriately sized grounding conductor shall be installed in each raceway. 6.6 — Single-core cables on A.C. applications Single-core cables armoured with steel wire of tape shall not be used for carrying alternating current, 6.7 — Identification Every single-core cable and every core of a twin or multicore cable, not appropriately colour coded, shall be identified by the application of sleeves or discs of the appropriate colours or by taping Conductors with green or green with yellow stripes insulation shail not be re-identified and used asa grounded or ungrounded conductor. See Clause 6.28 6.8 Terminations 6.8.1 Terminations of conductors shall be accessible for inspection and shall be mechanically and electrically sound 6.8.2 At every cable termination, the insulation tape or braid shall be removed no further than necessary. 6.8.3 Cables terminated in locations where flammable or explosive dust, liquid, vapour or gas is likely to be present, shall be enclosed in an appropriate fiting for the hazard, for example flameproot and explosion-proof. 69 — Connections Every connection to a terminal shall securely contain and anchor all the wires of the conductor, and shall not Impose any appreciable mechanical stress on the terminal. 6.10 Cables to be enclosed Cotes of sheathed cables from which the sheath has been removed and non-sheathed cables at the termination of conduit, duct or tunking shall be enclosed. The enclosure shall be of an ineombustible material and may be a ox complying with the requirements of the appropriate standard, or an accessory oF luminaire, Alternatively, it may be formed by part of an accessory or luminaire and the building structure. 6.14 Accessibility of joints Where joints in cables are required, they shall be accessible for inspection, except forthe following: 2) a joint designed to be buried in the grounds; and b)_ajoint made by welding, soldering, brazing or appropriate compression tool. 6.12 Insulation of joints Every joint in a cable shall be provided with insulation no less effective than that of the cable cores and shall be protected against moisture and mechanical damage 16TTS 474:Part 1:2015 6.13 Copper and aluminium connections Where an aluminium conductor and a copper conductor are joined together, precautions shall be taken against corrosion and against mechanical damage to the conductors, 6 4 Mechanical protection Al cables and conductors shall be adequately protected against any risk of mechanical damage to ‘hich they may be exposed in normal conditions of service, 6.15 Cables in elevator shafts Only cables (other than trailing cables) that form part of the elevator installation shall be run in an elevator shaft, and they shall be armoured, rubber-insulated, copper-sheathed or enclosed in metal conduit, or raceway. 6.46 Cables under floors or above ceilings ‘Where cables are installed under floors or above ceilings they shall be protected as applicable and run in such positions that they are not liable to be damaged. 6.17 Bushing of cables Where a cable passes through structural metalwork, every hole shall be bushed to prevent abrasion of the cable. 648 Bends in cables * ‘The internal radius of every bend in a cable shail be not iess than six times the overall diameter of the cable, 6.19 Mechanical supports Cables installed in or on a building shall be supported so that there is no appreciable mechanical strain on any cable termination. The minimum support spacing shall comply with Table G.1. 6.20 Protection of cables against extremes of temperature Cables shall be selected and installed to ensure their suitabilly for operation under any ambient temperature that is tikely to occur during use. See Annex D. 6.21 Approved cable types for specific locations 6.21.4 Conductors exposed to oils, greases, vapours, gases, fumes, liquids or other substances having a deleterious effect upon the conductor or insulation shall be of a type specific for the usage. 6.21.2 Cables which are insulated or sheathed with general purpose PVC shall not be installed in refrigerated spaces or other situations where the temperature is consistently below 0° 6.22 Fire-resisting barriers Where cables, conduits, ducts or trunking pass through floors, walls, partitions or cellings, the hole shall be made good with cement or similar fire-resisting material to the full thickness of the floor, wall, 7TTS 174:Part 1:2015 etc, fo close any spaces, through which fire or smoke might spread. In addition, where conduits, cables or conductors are installed in ducts, chases, channels, shafts or trunkings which pass through floors, walls, partitions or cellings, suitable internal fire-resisting barriers shall be provided as necessary to prevent the spread of fire, 6.23 Damp or corrosive situations 6.23.1 In damp situations and when exposed to the weather, salt spray or other risks of corrosion, ‘metal conduit or ducts, metal sheets or armour of cables, and clips and thelr fixings shall be of corrosion-resisting material or finish and shall not be placed in contact with other metal with which they are liable to set up electrolytic action; steel conduit shall be heavy gauge and screwed. EMT Conduit shall net be used in damp or corrasive situations. 6.23.2 Armoured PVC or XLPE insulated cables installed in damp situations or wherever exposed to the weather, salt spray or other risks of corrosion, shall have an overall extruded covering of PVC. Where AWG or kemil sized cables are used, these shall be approved for use in damp and corrosive situations. 6.24 Segregation of circuits 6.24.1 Cables for power and lighting operating at a voltage exceeding extra-low voltage shall not be drawn into the same conduit or duct as the cables of extra-iow voltage systems or of radio, telephone. bell and call or sound distribution systems, unless the latter are insulated for the highest voltage present in the power and lighting cables. 6.24.2 Where a common trunking is used to contain cables insulated for the two categories of circuits, a partition shall be provided 5 6.24.3 Where controls of outlets for both categories of crcults are mounted in of on common boxes, ‘Switchplates or blocks, the wiring and connections of the two categories of circuits shall be separated from each other by means of rigidly fixed sereens or partitions. 8.24.4 Where any conductor of a muticore cable operates at a voltage exceeding extra-low voltage, no ather conductor ofthat cable shall be used in any system operating at extra-iow voltage, or in any radio, telephone, bell and call or sound distribution circutt 625 Bonding Metal sheaths and armours of all cables operating at low voltage and metal conduits, ducts and trunking and bare grounding conductors associated with such cables, which may come into contact with other fixed metal work shall be either segregated or bonded fo prevent appreciable voltage differences with possible points of contact, 6.26 Bare and lightly-insulated conductors Bare and lightly insulated conductors, including those that are taped or painted, may be installed for the following purposes only: a} grounding connections except: 1) where enclosed in raceway(s); and 2} for main service entrance or distribution panel grounding. 18) the conductors of extra-low voltage systems; and ©) protected rising-main and busbar system, 6.27 _ Rising main and busbar systems Bare conductors that are used for rising main and busbar systems operating at low voltage, shall a) be installed so that they are either totally enclosed in grounded metal or fixed in chases, channels, shafts and trunkings specially provided for the purpose; b) be of adequate strength to withstand the electromechanical stresses that may be set up by the Prospective short-citcuit current; ©) _be free to expand and contract, as the temperature changes, without self-damage or damage to any other part ofthe installation; and 9) be protected by enclosing in a non-absorbent, incombustible, insulating material, when passing directly through floors, walls, parttions or cellings, unless grounded metal trunking is used, 6.28 Grounding arrangement Metal sheaths, armours of cables and associated accessories shall be grounded in accordance with the requirements of Clause 10. Where non-metallic joint boxes are used, means shall be provided to ‘maintain the grounding continuity, such as a metal strip having a resistance not greater than that of the sheath of the largest cable entering the box. 6.29 Colour coding 6.29.4 Single-phase system Conductors of a single-phase, three-wire system shall conform to the following colour code: a) Line 4 ~ Brown; b) Line 2 ~ Black; ©) Neutral ~ Grey; and d) Ground - Green or green with yellow stripes. 6.29.2 Three-phase system Conductors connected to poles or busbars of a multi-core branch circuit of a distribution board for 1151230 V or 230/400 V three-phase systems shall conform to the following colour code: a) For phases of an a.c. star or delta supply; 1) Diagrammatic clockwise sequence — brown, black, blue; 2} Busbar alignment in phase sequence (left to right) - brown, black, blue (facing front); and 3) Busbar alignment in phase sequence (top to bottom) — brown, black, blue 19TTS 474:Part 1:2015 b) For phases of an a.c, delta supply with a centre-tapped grounded neutral, blue shall be the phase with the higher lin-to-neutral voltage; and grey for centre-tapped neutral, ©) Neutral ~ Grey; and 4) Ground ~ Green or green with yellow stripes. 6.29.3 Secondary wiring for metering equipment The secondary wiring on three-phase voltage transformers or three-phase current transformers which are associated with tne metering at low voltage or high voltage shall conform to the requirements of 6.292. 6.30 Wiring between buildings 6.30.1 Underground wiring installations Wiring intended for operation at low voitage and installed underground for distribution between a building and a point of utilzation not attached (for example another building) shall be in the form of one oF mors of the following systems, using the types of cable indicated with a minimum burial depth ‘of 0.5 m from the top of the cabie to the finished grade: @) in concrete ducts; 1) , armoured PVC or XLPE insulated cable having an overall extruded covering of PVG; or 2) PVC or XLPE insulated, PVC-sheathed cable, or rubber-insulated’ (heat-resisting, oll-tesisting, and flame-retardant) sheath. ble having an ho.tr. b) In conduits or pipes: 1) PVC or XLPE insulated, PVC-sheathed cable, or rubber-insulated cable having h.o.fr sheath in adequately protected heavy-gauge steo! conduit or galvanized metal pipe, provided that the ‘conduit or pipe shall not be used as a grounding conductor; or 2) PVC or XLPE insulated, PVC-sheathed cable, or rubber-insulated cable having an hor, sheath, in non-metallic conduit ‘ 3} Each conduit shall be embedded in sand of minimum 50 mm thickness both at the top and bottom of the conduit with cable covers or equivalent mechanical protection at the top of the sand bed and fil to the finished grade. Refer to Figure F.3. ¢) laid direct in the ground; All cables shall be buried to @ depth of 0.5 m from the top of the cable to the finished grade. Each cable shall be embedded in a sand bed at least 50 mm from the top of the cable to the top of the sand bed and 50 mm from the bottom of the cable to the botiom of the sand bed with cable covers or equivalent mechanical protection at the top of the sand bed and fill to the finished grade. 6.30.2 Installation on exterior surface walls, boundary walls and the like ‘Wiring intended for operation at low voltage and installed on exterior surface walls, boundary walls and the like with adequate structural support for distribution between a building and a point of 20TTS 174:Part 1:2015 utilization not attached (for example another building), shall be in the form of one or more of the following systems: 8} heavy-gauge, hot-dipped, zinc-coated metal conduit or steel pipe systems; or ) armoured cables, preferably having an overall covering of PVC, or an oikresisting and flame- ‘retardant sheath overall, preferably black in colour. ©) cables in non-metallic conduits in accordance with Clause 7.4. 6.30.3 Overhead wiring Installations Overhead wiring intended for operation at low voltage and for distribution between 2 bullding and a Point of utilization not attached to (for example another building), shall be in the form of one er more of the following systems, using the types of cable or conductor indicated as follows: @) PVC or XLPE insulated, PVC-sheathed cable or rubber-insulated cable having an h.o.te sheath, preferably black in colour, without intermediate support, provided that the terminal supports shall be so arranged that no undue strain is placed upon the conductors or insulation of the eabie, and Provided that adequate precautions are taken against any risk of chafing of the cable sheath; or ») PVC or XLPE insulated, PVC-sheathed cable or rubber-insulated cable having an hor. sheath installed in heavy-gauge hot dipped zinc-coated galvanized metal conduit without intermediate Support. provided that the conduit is grounded, shall be securely fixed at the ends of the span, and shall not be jointed in its span; or ©) PVC-covered overhead line conductors of hard-drawn copper, hard'drawn aluminium, metalcore aluminium, or aluminium alloy, installed on insulators without intermediate support. provided that ‘no part of the san shail be accessible to any person from any bullding or other place without the use of a ladder or other special device; or @) cable sheathed with PVC or lead or an h.o.fr. sheath preferably biack in colour, adequately ‘Supported by a catenary wire; ot ©) special aerial cable incorporating a catenary wire, 7 Raceways 7.4 — General requirements Conduit systems, normally using rubber-insulated braided and compounded or PVC or XLPE insulated cables, shall comply with the requirements of 7.1.1 to 7.2.7, 74.1 Raceway installation ‘The conduits for each circuit shell be erected complete before ary cable is drawn in. Inspection boxes, pul boxes, ete, shall remain accessible throughout the life ofthe installation for such purposes as the withdrawal of existing cables or the installation of additional cables, 24:Part 1:2015 7.1.2 Conduit capacities The maximum number of single-core cables run in one conduit shall be such as to permit easy drawing in of these cables and shall in no circumstance exceed the eporopriate number as specified in Annex E. 7.A.3- Conduit ~~ 7.1.3.1 The radius of any conduit bend shall be in accordance with the requirements of 6.18 for the bending of cables and, in addition, the inner radius of the bend shall be not less than 2.5 times the outside diameter of the conduit | 7.4.3.2 Only inspection type elbows and tees shall be used, except at the ends of the conduits i immediately behind accessories or luminaires, where the non-inspection type shall be used. | 7.4.3.3 Where non-metal conduits are terminated, boxes may be of non-absorbent, non-flammable ‘material other than metal. All unused conduit entries shall be blanked off, and all removable covers firmly secured to provide complete enclosure, 71.4 Boxes Boxes of ample capactty shall be provided at every junction involving a cable connection in a conduit system. Boxes shall also comply with Table E.3 in Annex E, 74.8 Abrasion of cables To avoid abrasion of cables, the ends of lengths of conduit shall be reamed and conduits shall be bushed where they enter enclosures, . 7.4.6 Bunching of cables Cables of a.c, circuits installed in conduits shat! always be bunched so that the cables of all phases, the neutral (if any), and ground conductor (as required) are drawn into the same condult. 7.2 Ducting or trunking 7.2.4 Completion Ducting or trunking systems shall be erected completely before cables are 7.2.2. Mechanical protection Where ducting or trunking systems may be subjected to mechanical damage, they shall be adequately protected, 7.2.3 Entry of water and other liquids All entries to finished ducts or trunking shall be placed to prevent the entry of water or liquids, or be protected against such entry, 22TTS 174:Part 4:2015 7.24 Joints and outlets Every outlet for cables from a ducting system, every joint in such a system, and every joint between such a system and another type of duct or conduit, shall be formed to ensure that the joints are machanically sound and the drawn cables are not subjected to abrasion, 7.28 Duct bends Bends in @ duct shall be of an inner radius not less than 2.5 times the outer diameter of the duct if Circular, or 2.6 times the smaller dimension of the duct if rectangular. 7.26 Concrete ducts 7.2.8.1 Bends formed in a concrete duct (whether or not formed by channels or formers retained in position after the concrete has set) shall be of an inner radius not less than four times the diameter of the completed duct 7.26.2 Concrete ducts cast in situ (whether or not embodying channels ot formers retained in ‘position after the concrete has set) shail be so formed that the radial thickness of concrete or screed ‘surrounding the cross-section of the completed duct is not less than 12.5 mm at every point: Rubber- insulated and braided and compounded cables, or PVC or XLPE insulated cables, shall not be drawn into this type of duct. Where armoured PVC or XLPE insulated cables are installed in this type of duct, the cables shall be of a type having an overall extruded covering of PVC where there Is a risk thal the duct may become damp. 7.27 Capacity 7.2.7.4 The number of cables to be installed in conduits shail @) permit easy drawing in without damage to the cables; and ») not exceed a space factor of 40 %; 7.2.7.2 In trunking, the number of cables installed shall not exceed a space factor of 45 %. 7.2.7.3 In the case of conduits and trunking, the space factors in 7.2.7.1 and 7.2.7.2 are based on the assumption that cables are not to be drawn around more than two 90° bends; if this fs not so, appropriate reduction shall be made in the number of cables installed, See Table 7.1 23TTS 174: Table 7.1 - Minimum internat radii of bends in cables for fixed wiring | Forfa cables the diameter refers to the major axis, ® The value in brackets relates to single-ore circular conductors of stranded construction installed in gonduit, ducting or trunking, «Mineral insulated cables may be bent to a radius not less than three times the cable diameter over the copper sheath, provided that the bend is not reworked, ie. straightened and re-bent. Factor to be applied to ‘Overall dlameter of j Insulation Finish overt aay | cable to determine | minimum intemal radius of bend —_[Theimoseting or thermoplastic. Novarmoured—— dP - (PVC) (circular, or circular 10 10 6 conductors) ‘Armoured 6 ‘Thenmoselting or thermoplastis | Armoured or fon Any 3 (PVC) (Solid aluminium or armoured shaped copper conductors) Mineral Copper sheath | Any é with or without covering 7.3 Metal conduits 7.3.4 Metal conduits shall be grounded in accordance with the requirements of Clause 10 and shall be mechanically and electrically continuous across all joints. Ifthe condult is used as a grounding ‘conductor, the requirements of Ciause 10 shall apply 5 7.3.2 Where flexible metal conduit is connected to metal conduit, duct, of trunking, a separate ‘grounding conductor, complying with the requirements of Clause 10, and a suitable adaptor shall be used, Where necessary, flexible conduits shall be adequately supported. 7.4 Non-metallic conduits 7.44 Non-metallic conduit systems shall be used only where they are designed for the range of ambient conditions to which they may be subjected while in service and where the conduit system may not be subjected to mechanical damage. EXAMPLE Rigid PVC conduits are not suitable for use where the nommal working temperature of the conduits {and fitings are outside of the ambient temperature range of -15 °C to 60°C, 7.4.2 Non-metallic wire-ways shall be supported in accordance with the following: (@) Horizontal supports ~ at intervals not exceeding 900 mm, and at each end or joint, unless listed for other support intervals. In no case shall the distance between supports exceed 3000 mm; (0) Vertical supports ~ at intervals not exceeding 1200 mm, unless listed for other support intervals, ‘and shall not have more than one joint between supports: and (©) Adjoining non-metalic wire-way sections shall be securely fastened together to provide a rigid joint 24TTS 174:Part 4:2015 7.6 Electrical metallic tubing (EMT) Where electrical metallic tubing is used, the installation shall 2) be adequately protected against any risk of mechanical damage to which it may be subjected in normal conditions of service; b) not be fixed in positions where they may be exposed to rain, dripping water or condensation, or to ‘accumulation of water, oil or corrosive substances and hazardous locations; ©) be provided with adequate supports where they may be subjected to direct mechanical loading or vibration; d) not include any tubing with an internal diameter smaller than 15 mm nor greater than 102 mm; 8) not have bends which may damage the tubing or effectively reduce its internal diameter; and f) not be butied directly in the ground. 8 Current ratings and voltage drop for cables in general use 8.1 Voltage rating The current ratings and values of voltage drop for cables in this standard apply to cables having @ voltage rating not exceeding 600/1000 volts. 8.2 Voltage drop for cables ‘The voltage drop for any particular cable run shall be such that the total voltage drop between the consumers’ terminals and the other end of the circuit does not exceed 3 % of the declared nominal voltage when the circutt is carrying the designed full load current. 8.3 Ambient temperature 4. The current ratings given in the tables of Annex D are based on an ambient temperature of 30°C. Where the ambient temperature differs from this figure, the appropriate rating factor given in Table D.3A of Annex D shall be applied. 8.3.2 For cables laid directly in the ground or run in single way underground ducting, the current ratings are based on a ground temperature of 20 °C at a depth of 0.8 metre below ground {evel Where the ground temperature varies from this value, the appropriate rating factor given shall be applied. Refer to Table D.3B in Annex D. 8.4 Circuit grouping ‘The ratings given in the tables of Annex D are for single circuits only. For groups of more than’one Circuit of single core cables, the appropriate rating factor from Table D.2A shall be applied 8.8 — Cable current ratings for various installation methods 8.5.1 For cables of the types specified in Table D.1B, the appropriate reference method to be used in determining the current rating of a cable shall be selected using the tables in Annex D. The current 25TTS 174:Part 1:2015 carrying capacity of cables shall be calculated using the tabulated current rating and any applicable correction factors in Annex D. 8.5.2. For cables which have AWG or komil sized conductors, the appropriate wiring method shall be selected in accordance with Article 300 of the NFPA 70: 2011. These conductors shall also meet the relevant requirements of Article 310 of the NFPA 70:2011, 9 Installation of electrical equipment 9.1 General All equipment, uniess otherwise stated in this document, shall be installed in accordance with the manufacturers’ recommendations/instructions. 9.2 Rating of equipment 9.2.1 All equipment shall be rated for a voltage not less than the maximum steady RMS voltage likely to be applied. 9.2.2 All equipment shall be rated for a current not less than the maximum steady RMS current likely to flow through it, and its maximum temperature rise at rated current during its normal period of service shail not exceed that appropriate to the insulation used. 9.2.3 Every fuse and circuit breaker shall have on its case or cover, an indelible indication of its current and voltage rating 9.2.4 Every fuse and circutt breaker shall be selected in accordance with the characteristics of the circuit which it protects. 9.3 Environmental considerations Every itefn of apparatus, cables and terminations shall be suitable for the environmental conditions in which itis to be installed 9.4 Panelboard location 9.4.1 All panelboards shail be readily accessible. All panelboards shall be installed not less than 1.8 m from the closest edge of any sink or water tap to the closest edge of the panelboard, Panelboards shall not be instailed in washrooms, bathrooms and toilets. 9.42 All panelboards shall be mounted in a vertical position 9.4.3 The working space for equipment operating at 600 V, nominal or less to ground, and are likely to require servicing, adjustment or maintenance while energized shall comply with NFPA 70-2011, Article No.110.26 (AX), (2) and (3). The depth of working space in the direction of live parts shall not be less than specified in Table 9.1, unless the requirements of NFPA 70:2011, Article No.110.26 (AX), (2) and (3) are met. The distances shall be measured from the exposed live parts, or ifthe live parts are enclosed it shall be ‘measured from the enclosure or opening. 26TTS 174:Part 4:2015 ane Table 9.1 - Working spa um clear distane: Minimum clear distance j ‘Wominal voltage to Canon t ‘Condition Condition ‘ground (V} ot Bra min OA WaT BA sam OA 751-600 ‘14 mm GR) Tim AA 72m R) Exposed lve parts on one side of the working space and no live of grounded parts on the other sido ofthe ‘working space, or exposed live parts on both sides of the working spece that are effectively guarded by insulating materials Exposed five parts on one side of the working space and grounded parts on the other side of the working ‘space, Concrete, brick, or tle wails shall be considered as grounded, Exposed live parts on both sides of the working space. 9.5 Exposure to damage Electrical apparatus shall be suitably protected, where it may be subjectad to mechanical or ‘environmental damage. 9.6 Hazardous situations Flamo-proof enclosures or inrinsically-safe apparatus shall be used where risk of explosion would otherwise occur. NOTE Requirements for flame-proof enclosure of electrical apparatus arid for intrinsically-safe electical ‘apparatus are normally specified in the appropriate international standards. * 9.7 Special installations 9.7.1 The special installations listed in Table 9.2 shall comply with the relevant reference documents, , a7TTS 174:Part 1:2015 ‘Table 9.2 - List of references for special installations No. | Reference ‘Special installations *_[ NFPA 702011, Article No.260__| Grounding and Bonding 2_[ NEPA 70.20%, Article No.285 | Surge ~ Protective Devices (SPDs), TkV of less NEPA 70.201, Article No.445 | Generators 2011, Article No.40.3_| a epeaeos (Ol ‘Transformers Overcurrent ‘Protection NFPA 70.2011, Article No.480 | ‘Storage Batteries NEPA 70:2011, Article No.500- | 12 ordous (Classified) Locations z 6 7_| NEPA 70:2017, Article No.511 | Commercial Garages, Repair and Storage 3s 9 NEPA 70:2011, Article No.513 | Aircraft Hangers NEPA 70:2011, Article No.514 | Motor Fuel Dispensing Faclities 10 | NEPA 70:2011, Article No517__ | Health Care Facilities z 11 [NFPA 70-2041, article No-sa0__| Moton Pltire and Televaion Skis and snr 42_| NFPA 70:2011, Article No.540 |" Motion Picture Projection Room [13 [ NFPA 70:2011, Article No.645 Information Technology Equipment 14 NEPA 70:2011, Article No,680_—| Swimming Pools, and Similar Installations NEPA 70:2011, Article No.700~ ] Emergency Systems, Legally Required Standby 48 | 702 ‘Systems and Optional Standby Systems | 6 | NEPA 702011, Article No 760_—_| Fire Alarm Systems He 17 [NEPA 780 Installation of Lightning Protection Systems 418 | USDA Bulletin 1761F-810 Grounding of Telecommunication Equipment Figure F.2 in Annex F provides an example of an acceptable means for configuration of a | standby generator connection. 9.7.2 In addition to the requirements of Article 511 of the NFPA 70:2011 for’ commercial garages, in places where motor-driven vehicles are stored, serviced or repaired, every fixed item of apparatus shall, unless of a totally enclosed or flame-proof type, be fixed at a minimum height of 1200 mm above the general floor level 9.7.3 Electrical apparatus in bathrooms The following requirements shall apply to @ bathroom containing a fixed shower, bath, sink, or washbasin where electricity is used at a voltage exceeding extra-iow voltage: a) Those parts of a lamp-holder likely to be touched by a person replacing a lamp shall be constructed or shrouded in insulating material and fitted with a protective shield. bb) Every switch or other means of control or adjustment shall be situated out of reach of a person in Contact with the shower, bath, sink or washbasin. ©) No provision shall be made for the use of portable appliances, except for the use of electrical dry shavers only, by Installing the shaver outlet out of reach of a person in a fixed shower or bath, The outlet shall have a ground terminal, and protection shall be afforded by a voltage-operated ground faut circultinterrupter or an isolating transformer in which the secondary circuit supplying the shaver is isolated both from the supply mains and from ground. 4) The use of receptacle outlets shall be permitted in bathrooms for the purpose of supplying shower heaters provided that the outlets are installed at a minimum height of 2.5 metres above floor level and mounted on the wall above the shower, All such receptacie outiets shall be controlled by a 28‘TTS 174:Part 1:2015 switch, inacoessibie to any person using the bath or shower, The connections at the shower heater shall be enclosed. Screw type connections that are exposed shall not ie acceptable. ) For each bathroom area, a G.F.C. protected duplex receptacie outlet shall be installed within 0.9m of the outer edge of each face basin, 9.8 Heating effects 9.8.1 Every item of apparatus, including luminaires, resistors, inductors, capacitors, transformers or rectifiers, which may cause hazards due to overheating shall comply with the requirements of 9.8.2, and 9.8.3. 9.8.2 Fixed apparatus of ratings exceeding 60 watts other than lamps, shall be adequately ventilated and either enclosed in a suitably designed incombustibie enclosure or so mounted that no Wood, or other combustible material not protected by incombustible material is within 260 mm (10 in) measured vertically above, or 125 mm (5 in) in any other direction, from the apparatus. 9.8.3 Where the temperature of any part of the enclosure of fixed apparatus exceeds 80°C, the ‘enclosure shall be located or guarded fo prevent accidental contact. 9.8.4 Al lamps shall be installed or guarded to prevent ignition of any flammable materials. Any shade or guard used for this purpose shall be able to withstand the heat from the lamp. 9.9 — Leakage of oil 9.9.4 Where indoor electrical equipment contains more than 76 littes of liquids that will burn in air, ‘means shall be provided for draining away surplus liquid to a safe containment or disposal area and for preventing the escape of liquid into any other part of the building. + 9.8.2 Indoor electrical equipment containing more than 186 litres of liquids that will bum in alr shail be placed in a fire-resisting chamber, ventlated to the outside of the building only 9.10 Lampholders Where centre-contact bayonet or sorew-type lampholders are used, the outer or screwed contact shall be connected to the neutral or grounded conductor, 9.41 Pendant luminaires Where pendant luminaires are used, the associated accessories shall be suitable for the weight suspended, 9.12 Receptacle outlets 9.42.4. In residential bulidings receptacle outlets shall be installed in each room, except bathrooms, ‘such that no point, measured horizontally along the floor line of any wail, is more than 1.8 metres (6 ft) from a receptacle outlet 9.12.2 The mounting height for surface-mounted receptacle outlets shall be a minimum of $00 mm (12 in) above finished floor. The mounting height for receptacle outlets that serve counter-tops shall be a minimum of 150 mm (6 in) and a maximum of 500 mm (20 in) above the countertop, Where receptacle outlets are used on island and peninsula countertops, they shall be mounted at or less than 300 mm (12 in) below countertops. 29TTS 174:Part 1:2015 9.42.3 Recepiacle outlets mounted above 2 m shall have a readily accessible disconnecting switch. Exceptions shall include emergency lighting, security cameras, garage door openers and similar applications where it fs undesirable to have accidental disconnection of devices. 9.12.4 Receptacle outlets shall not be placed in cupboards, wall cabinets or other enclosures except where they are intended for use with specific appliances which are located within the enclosure, A readily accessible disconnecting means shall be provided for such receptacle outlets, - —— 9.42.5 Receptacle outlets connected to circuits having different voltages, frequencies or types of Current on the same premises shall be of stich design that attachment plugs used on such circults are not interchangeable, 9.12.6 All receptacie outlets shall have a contact for grounding and shall be polarized. { 9.12.7 Receptacles and luminaires shall not be supplied from the same circuit. | 9.43 Ground-fault circult interrupter protection Ground-fault circuit interrupter protection shall be provided by either circuit breakers or receptacle outlets in the following areas: a) Bathrooms; b) kitchen countertops; ¢) Outlets located within 1.8 m from the outer edge of any sink or water tap; 4) Open porches e) Garages; Outdoor receptacles; 9) Craw! spaces; fh) Unfinished basements; |) Rooftops; j) Boathouses; | k) Construction sites; and Other locations which may become damp or wet during normal use. 9.14 Control of fixed appliances 9.14.1 Every non-portable appliance, except electric clocks, bell transformers. or emergency signalling circuits, shall either be fed trom an adjacent receptacie-outlet or be controlled by a switch, ‘switch-fuse or push-button, which shall be adcitional to any autoratic control device, and shall be Aartanged to disconnect the appliance from all ive supply conductors. NOTE The neutral conductor need not be isolated or switched where it can be regarded as being reliably connected to ground by suitably low impedance. 30TTS 474:Part 4: 15 9.14.2 The switch, switch-fuse or push-button referred to in 9.14.1 shall be within sight of the appliance but mounted apart from it and is readily accessible. 9.15 Control of motors and motor circuits 9.18.1 Every electric motor shall be provided with an appropriate and effective means for starting and stopping. The means of stopping shall be readily accessible to the operator of the motor. 9.48.2 Every motor and its starting and control equipment shall be provided with a disconnecting ‘means, which wil open all ungrounded conductors. If this isolator is out of sight from the motor then: 2) an additional isolator adjacent to the motor shall be installed; oF b) a lockout device which will prevent the application of current to the motor shail be installed adjacent to the motor; of ¢) provision shall be made for the isolator to be locked in the off-position. The isolator shall be rated at not less than 115 % of the full-load current rating of the motor. 9.46 _ Rating of motor supply cables 9.46.1 The cables carrying the starting, accelerating and load current of a motor shall have ratings not iess than 125 % of the full-load current rating of the motor. 9.16.2 Each ungrounded conductor of a motor circuit shall be protected by an over-current device, ‘according to &.6. Where the over-current will not permit the motor to start. the rating or setting may be. increased to a value not exceeding 300 % of the ful-load current rating of the motor. 9.17 Step-up transformer Where a step-up transformer forms part of a consumer's installation, a linked multiple-pole switch shall be provided for isolating the transformer from the supply 9.18 Autotransformer 9.48.1 An autotransformer which has an output in the extratow voltage range (le. buck-boost transformer) shail not be used to supply any: @) receptacle outlet; or 'b) portable appliance, unless the autotransformer is contained therein; or ©) extra-low voltage circuit 9.18.2 A step-up autotransformer shail not be connected to an installation obtaining its supply from a system which Is ungrounded, 9.18.3 The common neutral of every autotransformer winding shall be connected to the neutral conductor of the supply. 34TTS 171:Part 1:2015 40 Grounding 10.1 Grounded systems 10.1.1 Bonding of exposed non-current-canying conductive materials _ All exposed non-current-carrying conductive materials shall be grounded under the following conditions: '8) where itis likely to become energized under fault conditions; and ») where it encloses electrical conductors or equipment or forms part of such equipment. 10.1.2 Bonding of extraneous non-current-carrying conductive materials Extraneous conductive parts shall be bonded to the grounding conductor or the exposed non-current= carrying conductive parts, EXAMPLE 1 A steel member tonded to the equipment grounding conductor or the exposed non-current- ‘carrying conductive material (frame of the motor). EXAMPLE 2. Akitchen sink bonded to the equipment grounding conductor. EXAMPLE 3. Grounding of a steel building structure — see Figure F.1 in Annex F, 10.1.3 Ground-fault current path Equipment, wiring and other electrically conductive material, likely to beconie energized under fault Conditions, shall be installed in a manner that creates a low-impedance circuit which allows the ‘operation of the overcurrent device. ‘The ground-fault current path shall be capable of safely carrying the maximum ground-fault current likely to be imposed on it from any point on the wiring system where a ground fault may occur to the electrical supply source 10.1.4 Extra-low voltage circuits. Grrevits with voltages of less than 50 volts (extra-ow voltage) shall be grounded in the following conditions: @) where they are supplied by transformers from systems of more than 150 volts to ground; 'b) where they are supplied by transformers from underground systems: and ©) where they are run overhead, outside buildings. 10.1.8 Limiting hazardous fault voltages Electrical apparatus operating at a voltage exceeding extraow voltage shal limit hazardous voltages resulting from ground fauits by: 8) Insulation which encloses the apparatus and is durable and substantially continuous; 32.TTS 174:Part 1:2015 'b)_ ensuring that appliances have double insulation; ©) grounding of exposed metal parts; or 4) solation of metal in such a way that its not kely to come in contact with live parts. 10.1.6 Ground fault current ‘The grounding arrangements of the consumer installation shall be such that on the occurrence of a fault of negligible Impedance from a phase ungrounded conductor to adjacent exposed metal, a current to activate the overcurrent protection device oan flow rendering the faulty circuit dead. 10.1.7 Size of grounding conductor 40.4.7.4 The cross-sectional area of every grounding electrode conductor shall be equal to at least half the cross-sectional area of the current carrying conductor subject to a minimum of 10 mm* and a maximum of 70 mm. 410.4.7.2 The cross-sectional area of every equipment grounding conductor shall be equal to at least half the cross-sectional area of the current carrying conductor subject to @ minimum of 2.5 mm? and a maximum of 70 mm? 10.1.7.3 Conductors with green or green with yellow stripes insulation shall not be re-identified and used as a grounded or ungrounded conductor. Conductors with green or green with yellow stripes, insulation shall only be used for grounding conductors, 10.1.7.4 The main bonding jumper shal be the same size as thé electrode grounding conductor. 10.4.7.5 Where the resistance of a single ground electrode exceeds 25 ohms, a second ground electrode shall be installed. The distance between ground electrodes shall not be less than 4.8 m, NOTE Where itis necessary to measure the resistance of the ground electrode, the test glven in AA of Annex ‘A may be used 10.1.7.6 The effectiveness of the continuity between the grounded components of the installation and the ground electrode shall have a resistance of not more than 1 ohm, 10.1.8 Prohibited grounding means Members of structural steel work shall not be used to form part of the grounding conductor. 10.1.9 Protection against mechanical damage Every grounding conductor shall be protected where necessary against mechanical damage and agains! coneson parole a he pont of connection fo the grounding electrode o other means of 10.4.10 Connection to the grounding electrode The connection to the grounding electrode or other means of grounding shall be readily accessible and soundly made by use of exothermic welding process of substantial clamps of non-ferrous ‘material 33TTS 174:Part 1:2015 10.1.11 Grounding electrode conductor The grounding electrode conductor shall be connected to the line side of the consumers’ main disconnecting means, to an effective grounding electrode buried in the ground, 10.112 Grounding of metal frames Metal frames of portable, stationary and fixed electric appliances operating on citcults above 50 volts to ground shall be grounded in an approved manner. 10.41.13 Grounding of metal fixtures Metal fixtures and luminaires installed on outlets wired with mulicore cable in metallic raceways, metal-ciad or armoured cable or non-metallic sheathed cable operating at more than 50 volls to ‘ground shall be grounded, 10.1.14 Grounding of accessories Receptacle outlets and cord connectors equipped with grounding contacts shail have those contacls effectively grounded. The brarich circuits or branch circuit wiring shail include or provide a grounding Conductor to which the grounding contacts with the receptacle or cord connector shall be connected. The armour of a metal-ctad or armoured cable or a metallic raceway shall be acceptabie es a ‘grounding conductor: 10.1.15 Grounding of equipment Equipment shall be considered as grounded where mechanically connected in a permanent and effective manner to a metal raceway, the armour of metal-clad cable, the grounding conductor in a non-metallic sheath or to a separate grounding conductor not smaller than 2.§ mm’, provided that the raceway or grounding conductor is itself grounded in an approved manner. Equipment grounding conductors shall be terminated to the metal frame of an electrical panelboard, metal enclosures and metal sinks by machine screw type fasteners that engage not less than two threads or are secured with a nut 10.1.16 Ground fault protection {mn addition to the requirements in 10.1.1 to 10.1.15 for grounding, where, owing to the high impedance Of the circuit, itis impracticable to ensure operation of a fuse or circuit breaker before a dangerous current flows, one or more ground fauit circuit interrupters shall be provided for all parts of an installation to which the requirement of grounding applies. 10.1.16.1 For personnel protection, refer to 9.13 for locations required to have ground fault circuit protection. 10.4.46.2 Ground fault protection of equipment shall be provided for solidly grounded wye-connected electric services of more than 150 V to ground but not exceeding 600 V phase-to-phase for each service disconnect rated 100A or more 10.117 Connection by grounding conductor All wiring installations shall include the consumer's ground terminal or the equivalent to which a grounding conductor shall connect the following: 34TTS 174:Part 1:2015 2) all metal work associated with the wiring system including cable sheaths, armour, conduit, ducts, and boxes; >) exposed metatlc parts of apparatus; ©) ground terminais of receptacle outlets; ) one point of the secondary winding and of the metallic parts of any transformer used in the Installation, except where the transformer is contained within an apparatus. 10.2 Ungrounded systems Ungrounded systems shall be treated as special installations and shall be in accordance with Article 250 of the NFPA 70:2011 (See Table 9.2) 10.3 Intersystem bonding Separate electrical systems shall be bonded together to the main grounding electrode. Such systems include but are not limited to communication systems and isolated grounding conductors. See Figure 104 for further information. Utility Telephone TVandRadio CATV NPBCS Steel roof/Steel electrode electrode electrode -—electrode columns electrode Service grounding electrode =| interaystem boning conductor Other alectrodes Figure 10.1 — Intersystem bonding 10.4 Bonding for other systems ‘An intersystem bonding termination for connecting intersystem bonding conductors required for other systems shall be provided external to enclosures at the service equipment or metering equipment fenclosure and at the disconnecting means for any additional buidings or structures. NOTE The use of an isolated equipment grounding conductor does net relieve the requirement fr bonding that ‘conciuctor to the main pawer service grounding conductor. 36TTS 474:Part 1:2016 11 Testing requirements 11.1. Insulation resistance 14.4.1 The insulation resistance between the phases and ground shail be not less than 1 megohm (MQ) when measured with all protective devices in place, all switches (including, if practicable, the main switch) closed-and--all poles or phases of the wiring electrically connected together. 14.4.2. The insulation resistance shall be not less than 1 megohm (MQ) when measured between all the conductors connected to any one pole or phase of the supply and, in tum, all conductors connected to each other pole or phases of the supply. 14.4.3 When an apparatus is disconnected for the tests under 11.1.1 the insulation resistance between the case or framework and all live parts of each item of fixed apparatus shall be measured separately and shall be not less than 0.5 megohm (MOQ). NOTE An example of an appropriate method is provided in Annex A, 14.2. Polarity 11.2.4. All overcurrent protective and control devices shall be connected to the phase conductor(s) ony. 11.2.2 Centre-contact bayonet and Edison-type screw lamp-holders in circuits having a grounded ‘conductor (neutral) shall have their outer or screwed contacts connected to that conductor. 41.3. Impedance of grounding conductor 11.3.1 The impedance or resistance between the consumer's grounding terminal and the remote end of every equipment grounding conductor shall not exceed a value of 1 ohm where the ground fault protection relies on the operation of fuses or circuit breakers. 14.3.2 The impedance or resistance between the consumer's terminal and the remote end of every equipment grounding conductor shall not exceed a value of 1 ohm where metal conduit or pipe forms art of, of the whole of, the equipment grounding conductor, or where the equipment grounding ‘conductor is composed entirely of copper, copper alloy or aluminium, 11.4 Effectiveness of grounding The maximim values of the ground electrode resistance shall conform to Clause 10.1.7.5. The ground-fault-loop-impedance shall be such that the protective device activates within 5 seconds for fixed apparatus and 0.5 seconds for receptacle outlets. NOTE Where ground fault protection refies on the operation of a ground fault circuit breaker, its effectiveness may be tested in accordance with A.3 of Annex A. 36‘TTS 174:Part 1:2015 12 Conflict In the event that there is a conflict between this standard and any other related standard, the Chief Electrical inspector shall be the sole arbitrator and his decision shall be final. Equipment and material approved for use by the NFPA 70:2011 shall be installed in conformance with TTS 171: Part 1: 2016, Trinidad end Tobago Electrical Wiring Code — Part 1 — Low vottago installations. Where the installation of such equipment and material is not specifically addressed in TTS 171: Part 1: 2015, Trinidad and Tobago Electrical Wiring Code - Part 1 — Low voltage installations the installation requirements of the NFPA 70:2011 shall apply. Where referred to specifically or where implid, tables and engineering information of the BS 7671 shall apply unless otherwise specified within this document. 37TTS 174:Part 1:2015 Annex A (normative) a Test methods ~ - A.1 Insulation resistance A141 General Insulation resistance tests described in 11.1.1 to 14.1.3 shall be made before a completed installation cr alteration to an existing installation is permanently connected to the supply. Ad.c voltage not less than twice the normal voltage of the supply (ms value of an a.c. supply) shall be applied for the measurements of insulation resistance NOTE For these tests, large installations may be divided into groups of oulets, each containing approximately {50 outlets, to avoid pessimistically low vakies of insulation resistance, Wherever practicable, all lamps shall be removed, all current-using apparatus shall be disconnected and all local switches controling lamps or apparatus shall be closed. Where the removal of lamps or the disconnection of current-using apparatus is impracticable, the local switches controlling such lamps or apparatus shall be open. A412 D.C test of AC installation ‘Subject to the requirements for total ground loop impedance where steel conduit or pipe form part of the whole grounding electrode conductor, a resistance not exceeding 0.5 ohm is satisfactory. Where the grounding electrode conductor is composed entirely of copper, copper-alloy or aluminium a value of resistance not exceeding 1 ohm is acceptable. A.2 — Ground-fautt4oop impedance tests A241 Tests in line-ground loop These tests may be achieved by an instrument which determines the current flowing when a known resistance is connected between the live conductor and consumer's grounding terminal. If using such an instrument, care should be taken that no ill effects arise if the grounding circuit is defective. A2.2 Tests in neutral-ground loop 4.2.2.4 Except when the system is grounded by protective multiple grounding, itis permissible to test the neutra-ground loop instead of the line-ground loop. This may be achieved by a method which injects current into the neutral-ground loop, preferably by means of a transformer fed from the mains, or alternatively from a d.c. source, the polarity of which is rapidly and continually reversed. The instrument employed shall be so designed, or used, that its indications are not affected by neutral Currents flowing in the system. In using such an instrument, care should be taken to ensure that no il effect could arise if the circuit tested is defective, Measurements on systems fed from small transformers may require compensation, to include an allowance for the impedance of the winding of transformers, balancers, etc. If @ test with rapidiy-reversed dc. is made on an ac installation, It should be ensured, by inspection, that no inductor is incorporated in the grounding conductor. 38TTS 174:Part 1:2015 4.2.2.2 When a measurement on an a.c. system is made with less than 10 amperes a.c,, or with rapkily-teversed d.c., and the grounding conductor is wholly or mainly of steel conductors or pipe, the effective value shall be taken as twice the measured value less the value measured at the cohsumer’s grounding terminal. In all other cases the effective value shall be the measured value, subject to any necessary adjustment for impedance of supply transformers, balancers, etc, as ‘mentioned previously. 3 Test of ground fault circuit-breakers ‘A3.1_ For the purpose of this test a voltage not exceeding 45 volts, obtained from a double-wound transformer connected to the mains supply, shall be applied across the neutral and ground terminals, (or neutral and frame terminals of a voltage-operated, ground fault circuit-breaker) and the circuit. breaker shall trip instantaneously. The transformer shall preferably have a short-time rating of not less than 750 VA. See A. of this Annex. A3.2 When cross-bonding to other services Is carried out in an installation where a voltage- operated ground fault circuit-breaker is provided, this may result In a direct ground connection of low impedance being introduced in parallel with the path through the ground fault circuit-breaker. Thus an increased value of ground fault current would need to flow before the circuit-breaker came into operation, and! in some instances the cross-bonding may well remedy the deficiency which originally gave rise to the need for the ground fault circut-breaker. These effects are not harmful, itis common practice to use the best solld ground available, (for example, suitably spaced grounding electrodes) in parallel with a ground fault circuit breaker. The circuit breaker would stil be effective in preventing the ‘exposed metalwork of the installation from rising to a dangerous voltage, A4 — Ground electrode resistance 4 4.1 Measurement of earth electrode resistance using a four-lerminal earth tester via the fall of potential method, A414 Cy and P, shall be connected to the electrode under test (Ty) via separate leads to exclude the resistance of the test leads. AAA.2- The current electrode (T.) shall be connected to CG; and placed at least 10 times its length from Ty, A4A.3 The potential electrode (T,) shall then be placed micway between T; and T. AAAA The resistance value indicated by the instrument shall then be recorded. A4A.8 The electrode T, shall then be moved 3 m from its position towards the electrode T; and the resistance value indicated by the instrument recorded, A416 __ The electrode T, shall then be moved 6 m from its position towards the electrode T. and the resistance value indicated by the instrument recorded AAA.T The average of the three resistance readings shall then be calculated and the maximum difference (D) between the recorded values and the average value shall then be determined, A4A.8 This maximum difference (D,) shall then be expressed as a percentage of the average value, 39TTS 174:Part 1:2015 AAAG The percentage deviation (D,) shall then be multiplied by 1.2 and if the value is less than 5%, then the average value is considered acceptable. Ifthe average value Is not acceptable, then the above steps shail be redone increasing the distance between electrodes T, and T. Py Cy P2 Ca Wf Srey equal distance a senna ‘et to overiag Figure A. Measurement of ground electrode resistance Ti ground electrode under test, disconnected from all other sources of suppl T)— auxiliary ground electrode second auxiliary ground electrode X= alternative position of Tp for check measurement Y —further alternative position of T, for check measurement. 40TTS 174:Part 1:2015 Annex B (normative) Electrical circuit directory Table B.1~ Sample electrical circuit directory acces T « wa | | ne io stmes-unen | oe t]se wig we je capa a |i [sx] we va | st " worsen smevonn | on tf] ve ve | s tel ape an er ee vst | 5 4] ©) weepra enn ioe Heaps : ‘onee . sor] vee wa | st # | 5 | werxawrotwmsusenesamy tse * ve | se . coy, a ms ae ae roman tee > ao a9 i eae ore Von Sei Cc ee =OMUNTORK “sa i 300! ue ag 7 ed aoHoA wensnan| paier ‘SN= GHVOBNYE aTTS 174:Part Annex C (normative) Sub-circuit rating and requirements C4 Sub-circuit ratings Table ©.1 gives the maximum number of outlets for the specified sub-clrcuits ratings which shall be used for domestic, commercial and industrial premises. Sub-circuits that do not fall into Section A of Table C.1 shall use the ratings given in Section B of Table C.1, Table C.1 ~ Requirements for sub-circuit rating Type of sub-cireuit | Sub-circult” | Maximum | Cable. ‘Additional requirement rating no. of cross. Amperes | outlets | section am? A. Domestic premises T For calalaion purposes, fal oad currant 4 | Ling 6 2 1.5 | shal notoxceed 80 % of overcurrent protection 2 | General pupose | 16 3 7S | Each receptatio outt shall be a dupiox receptacle cutot 20 8 25 | 1A 20 (NEMAS 198). 3 | Risen and ated 2 z 2S | Each iseepiage aaet shal be a duplex areas (reveptacie 48 120V (NEMA 5-188), outlets) 7 | Laundry Geaoptacle | 25 7 25 | Roceptac® oat shallbo a minimum ofa outlets) duplex 15 A 120 V (NEMA 5-168) or @ single 20 A 120 V (NEMA 5-20R). ‘5 | Airconditioning [20 1 25 For calculation purposes full load current | (receptacie outlets) shall not exc9ed 80 % of overeurront oe protection, © | Water Boater 20 7 25 | For calaulation pitposes fl oad event shal not exceed 80 % of overeurtont protection. 7 | Shaver heater 36 7 40 | Reterto 373 [8 TDner 30 t 40] For calculation pinposes falToad eurnt shal not exceed 80 % of overeurtont. protection © | Electicrange | 80 7 70 ‘The switch shail be Installed within Sight, readiy accessible, not drecly above ns appliance and not mors than 2 m away "B. Commercial and industial promises — | TT Lghting 5 SxHeV_] 15] Faralaton purposes falioad eurrt 20 8xiev | 25 | shal notexcoed 80% of overouront | pratection 2 | General parsose 76 3 18 | Eech eceplace oiit shal bo a duplox receptacle autets 20 4 25 | 4BA120V (NEMA 5-188) 30 3 40 es | 42.TTS 174:Part 1:2015 Annex D (normative) Current-carrying capacity and voltage drop for cables and flexible cords D.1__ Preface to the tables D141 Basis of tabulated current-carrying capacity D411 The current-carrying capacity tables set out in this Annex are based on BS 7671:2008, Da. ‘The tabulated current-carrying capacity relates to continuous loading and is also known as the ‘ull thermal current rating’ of the cable, corresponding to the conductor operating temperature indicated in the headings to the tables concemed. It is intended to provide for a satisfactory life of conductor and insulation subject to the thermal effects of carrying current for sustained periods in normal service, A cable may be seriously damaged, leading to early failure, ofits service lite may be significantly reduced, if it 8 operated for any prolonged period at a temperature higher than the indicated vatue. D.1.1.3 __In.addition, there are other considerations affecting the choice of the cross-sectional area of a conductor, such as the requirements for protection against electri¢ shock (see Chapter 41, BS. 7671), protection against thermal effects (see Chapter 42, BS 7671); overcurrent protection (see Chapter 43, BS 7671), votage drop and the limiting temperatures for terminals of equipment to which the conductors are connected. D414 The tabulated current-canying capacity relates to a single circuit in the installation ‘methods shown in Table D.1A, in an ambient air temperature of 30 °C. The current-carrying capacities given in the tables for a.c. operation apply only to frequencies in the range 49 to 61 Hz, For other Conditions appropriate correction factors are to be applied as described below. DA4.5 The current ratings given for single-core armoured cable are for the condition of armour bonded at both ends and to ground D.1.1.6 Further information on cables installed in thermal insulation may be obtained from ERA Report 86-0111. "The temperature rise of cables passing through short lengths of thermal insulation”. D147 — Cunent-carrying capacities may also be obtained by calculation using the method specified in BS 7769-1.1: 1997, D.1.2 Correction factors for current-carrying capacity ‘The current-carrying capacity of a cable for continuous service is affected by ambient temperature, by grouping, by partial or total enclosure in thermal insulating material and, for a.c., by frequency. This ‘Annex provides correction factors in these respects in the following clauses, 43TTS 174:Part 1:2015 D.1.2.4 Ambient temperature D4.2441 Tables D.3A to D.3E give the correction factor fo be applied to the tabulated current-carrying capacity depending upon the actual ambient temperature of the location in which the cable isto be installed, D.1.2.4.2 _ In practice the ambient ar temperatures may be determined by thermometers placed in {ree air a8 close as practicable to the position at which the cables are installed or are to be installed, subject fo the proviso that the measurements are not to be influenced by the heat arising from the cables; thus if the measurements are made while the cables are loaded, the thermometers should be placed about 0.6 m of ten times the overall diameter of the cable, whichever is the lesser, from the Cables, in the horizontal plane, or 150 mm below the lowest of the cables, D.4.2.1.3 Tables D.3A to D.3E do not take sccount of temperature increase, if any, due to solar or other infra-red radiation. Where cables are subject to such radiation, the current-carrying capacity may need to be specially calculated. D.1.2.2. Grouping Tables D.2A to D.2E give the correction factor to be applied to the tabulated current-carrying capacity where cabies or circuits are grouped, 0.1.2.3 Other frequencies In extreme cases, notably for large multicore cables, the reduction in current-carrying capacity of cables carrying, for example, balanced 400 Hz a.c. compared with the current-carrying capacity at 50 Hz, may be as much 25 60 %. Far smal! cables and flexible cords, which, may be used to Supply Individual tools, the difference in the 50 Hz and the 400 Hz current-carrying capacities may be negligible, 0.4.3 Effective current-carrying capacity DA. ‘The current-carrying capacity of a cable corresponds to the maximum current that can be Carried in specified conditions without the conductors exceeding the permissible limit of steady state temperature for the type of insulation concemed. D.13,2 The values of current tabulated represent the effective current-canying capacity only where no correction factor is applicable. Otherwise the current-carrying capacity comesponds to the tabulated value multiplied by the appropriate factor or factors for ambient temperature, grouping and thermal insulation, as applicable, 0.1.3.3 Irrespective of the type of overcurrent protective device associated with the conductors concemed, the ambient temperature correction factors to be used when calculating current-carrying capacity (as opposed to those used when selecting cable sizes) are those given in Table D.3A D.1.4 Relationship of current-carrying capacity to other circuit parameters D441 The relevant symbols used are as follows: a) i, the current-carrying capacity of a cable for continuous service, under the particular installation conditions coneemed. b) the value of current tabulated in this Annex for the type of cable and installation method concemed, for a single circuit in an ambient temperature of 30°C. a4TTS 474:Part 1:2015 ©) fy the design current of the circuit, ie, the current intended to be carried by the circuit in normal service. d) ly _; the nominal current or current setting of the device protecting the circuit against overcurrent, e) —__ the operating current (i.e. the fusing current or tripping current for the conventional operating time) of the device protecting the circuit against overioad. f) © _ a correction factor to be applied where the installation conditions differ from those for ‘which values of current-carrying capacity are tabulated in this Annex. The various correction factors are identified as follows: |. Cg or ambient temperature; it Co for grouping; ii, Cifor thermal insulation; and Iv. Gyfor operating temperature of conductor. D'44.2 nail circumstances |; must be nat less thant |, and Ip also must be not less than I D.1.4.3 Where the overcurrent device is intended to afford protection against overload, Ip must ‘not exceed 1.45 |, and I, must not exceed I, (see item D.1.5 below). D.1.4.4 Where the overcurrent device is intended to afford shoit-circut protection only, In can be ‘greater than |, and lz can be greater than 1.46 |. The protective device is then to be selected for ‘compliance with Regulation 434-03-03, BS 7871 D.1.5 Overload protection D.1.5.1 Where overload protection is required, the type of protection provided does not affect the current-carrying capacity of a cable for continuous service (|,) but it may affect the choice of conductor size. The operating conditions of a cable are influenced not only by the limiting conductor temperature for continuous service, but also by the conductor temperature which might be attained during the ‘conventional operating time of the overload protection device, in the event of an overload. D.1.5.2 This means that the operating current of the protective device must not exceed 1.45 I. ‘Where the protective device is a fuse to BS 88-3: 2007 or BS 1361: 1971, a circult-breaker to BS EN 60898:1981 or BS EN 60947-21992 or a residual current circuit-breaker with integral overcurrent protection to BS 61009-1:1995 (RCBO), this requirement is satisfied by selecting a value of |, not less ‘han fp D.1.5.3 In practice, because of the standard steps in nominal rating of fuses and circuit-breakers, itis offen necessary to select a value of ly exceeding Is, In that case, because it is also necessary for I in tum to be not less than the selected value of |, the choice of conductor cross-sectional area may be dictated by the overtoad conditions and the current-carrying capacity (|,) of the conductors will not always be fully used. D.1.8.4 The size needed for a conductor protected against overload by a BS 3036:1958 semi- enclosed fuse can be obtained by the use of a correction factor, 4.45/2=0.725, which results in the same degree of protection as that afforded by otner overload protective devices. This factor is to bo ‘applied to the nominal rating of the fuse as a divisor, thus indicating the minimum value of |, required 45TTS 474:Part 1:2015 Of the conductor to be protected. in this case also, the choice of conductor size is dictated by the overload conditions and the current-carrying capacity (|) of the conductors cannot be fully used D.1.6 Determination of the size of cable to be used D..6.4 Preliminary steps D.1.8.1.1 Having established the design current () of the circuit under consideration, the appropriate procedure desctibed In items 0.1.6.2 to 0.165 below will enable tho designer to determine the size of the cable to be used DA.6.4.2 Asa preliminary step itis useful to identify the length of the cable run and the permissible voltage drop for the equipment being supplied, as this may be an over-riding consideration (see Regulation 525-01, BS 7671 and.Clause D.1.7 of this Annex). The permissible voltage drop in mV, divided by ty and by the length of run, will give the value of voltage drop in mV/Alm which can be tolerated. A voltage drop not exceeding that value is identified in the appropriate table and. the Corresponding cross-sectional area of conductor needed on this account can be read off directly before any other calculations are made. D.1.8.1.3 The conductor size necessary from consideration of the conditions of normal load and Overload is then determined. All correction factors affecting |, (i.e. the factors for ambient temperature, grouping and thermal insulation) can, if desired, be applied to the values of | as multipliers. ‘Thi¢ involves a process of trial and error until a cross-sectional area is reached which ensures that sis not less than ly and not less than I, of any protective device it is intended to select. in any event, a correction factor for protection by a semi-enclosed fuse is necessary, this has fo be applied to ly as a divisor. It's therefore more convenient to apply al the correction factors to |, as divisors. D.1.6.1.4 This method is used in items D.1.6.4.2 to D.1.6.1.4 and producés a value of current and that value (or the next larger value) can readily be located in the appropriate table of current-carrying capacity and the corresponding cross-sectional area of conductor can be identified directly. it should be noted that the value of I appearing against the chasen cross-sectional area is not |,. It is not necessary to know |, where the size of conductor is chosen by this method, but if it is desired to identify |, the value is determined by the method indicated in item D.1.3, D.16.1.8 | This method cannot be used for cables installed in enclosed trenches (installation methods 118, 119 and 120 of Table D.1A) because the correction factors given in Table D.2C are related to conductor cross-sectional areas. For such cables it is therefore necessary to use the Process of trial and error described in the third paragraph above, selecting on a trial basis a particular size of cable from, for instance, voltage drop considerations. 0.16.2 Where overload protection is afforded by a fuse (BS 88-3: 2007 or BS 1361:1974), circuit-breaker (BS EN 60898:1991 or BS EN 60947-2:1992) or a residual current circuit-breaker with integral overcurrent protection (BS EN 61009-1:1995) (RCBO). 0.1.6.2.1 For single circuits Divide nominal current of the protective device (I,) by any applicable correction factor for ambient temperature (C,) given in Table D.3A Then further divide by any applicable correction factor for thermal insulation (C). 46TTS 174:Part 1:2015 ‘The size of cable to be used is to be such that its tabulated current-carrying capacity () is not less than the value of nominal current of the protective device adjusted as above: 1, Loe (ay D.1.6.2.2 For groups Divide the nominal current of the protective device (In) by the correction factor for grouping (C,) given in Tables D.2A, D.2B, D.2C, D.20 or D.2E: J, 42 a @ Alternatively, it may be selected in accordance with the following formulae, provided that the circuts of the group are-not iabie to simultaneous overload: I end, (3) 4) The size of cable to be used is to be such that its tabulated single-cicult current-carrying capacity) is not less than the value of |, calculated in accordance with formula (2) or, where formulae (3) and (4) ‘are used not less than the larger of the resulting two values ofl ‘Where correction factors C, or C; are applicable, they are to be applied as divisors to the value of determined by the above formulae. D.1.6.3 Where the protective device is a semi-enclosed fuse to BS 3036:1958, D.1.6.3.1 For single circuits Divide the nominal current of the fuse (I,) by any applicable correction factor for ambient temperature {C,) given in Table 0.38 ‘Then further divide by any applicable correction factor for thermal insulation, (Cy) ‘Then further divide by 0.726, ‘The size of cable to be used is to be such that its tabulated current-carrying capacity (I) is not less the value of nominal current of the fuse adjusted as above: ® 47TTS 174:Part 1:2015 4.6.3.2 For groups Divide the nominal current ofthe fuse I, by 0.725 and by the applicable correction factor for grouping (C,) given in Table D.2A, D.2B or D.2¢: 1, 6) ee O75C,. ie ) Alternatively, it may be selected by the following formulae, provided that the cicuits of the group are Jot liable to simultaneous overload: 2 o 8) The size of cable to be used is to be such that its tabulated single-circuit current-carrying capacity (k) ‘s not lees than the value of I calculated in accordance with formula (6) above or, where formulae (7) Ind (8) are used, not less than the larger of the resulting two values of I, Where correction factors C, or ©; are applicable, they are to be applied as divisors to the value of h ‘etermined by the above formulae. D.1.6.4 Where overload protection is not required Vere Regulation 473-01-04, BS 7671 applies, and the cable under consideration is not required to we protected against overload, the design current of the circuit (|) is to be divided by any applicable Correction factors, and the size of the cable to be used is to be such that, its tabulated current-carrying ‘pacity (|) for the installation method concemed is not less than the value ofl, adjusted as above: C.C,C, (9) 1.4.6.5 Variation of installation conditions along a cable route the procedures in clauses D.1.6.1.2 to D.1.6.1.4 are based on the assumption that all the conditions ecessitating the use of correction factors appiy to the same part of the route of the conductors of the ircuit. Where various factors apply to different parts of the route, each part may be treated ‘parately, or alternatively only the factor or combination of factors appropriate to the most onerous Conditions encountered along the route may be applied to the whole of the route. itis permissible to *btain more precise factors by calculation of the Various conductor temperature rises that will occur long such a route, provided that the appropriate limiting temperature of the conductor is nowhere ~xceeded (see Regulation 623-01, BS 7671) 48TTS 174:Part 1:2015 D.1.7 Tables of voltage drop D.A7-1Use of voltage drop tables DAT.AA In the tables of this Annex, values of vottage drop are given for a current of one ampere for a metre run, Le. for a distance of 1 m along the route taken by the cables, and represent the result cof the voltage’ drops in all the circuit conductors. The values of voltage drop assume that the ‘conductors are at thelr maximum permitted normal operating temperatures. D.1.7.4.2 The values in the tables, for a.c. operation, apply only to frequencies in the range 49 to 61 Hz and for single-core armoured cables the tabulated values apply where the atmour Is bonded to ‘ground at both ends. The values of voltage drop for cables operating at higher frequencies may be substantially greater. D.1.7.1.3 For a given run, to calculate the voltage drop (in mV) the tabulated value of voltage drop per ampere por metre for the cable concerned has to be multiplied by the length of the run in metres and by the current the cable is intended to carry, namely the design current of the cifcuit (I) in amperes. For three-phase circuits the tabulated mV/A/m values relate to the line voltage and balanced conditions htave been assumed. D.4.7.4.4 For cables having conductors of 16 mm? or less cross-sectional area their inductances can be ignored and (mViA/m), values only are tabulated. For cables having conductors greater than 16 mm®, cross-sectional area the impedance values ate given as (mV/A/m),, together with the resistive component (mV/A/m), and the reactive component (mV/A/Im)y. D.A.7.4.8 The direct use of the tabulated (mViA/m), or (mV/A/m), values, as appropriate, may lead, to passimistically high calculated values of voltage drop oF, in other words, to unnecessarily low values of permitted circuit lengths. EXAMPLE Where the design current of a circut is significantly less than the effective current-carrying ‘capacity of the cable chosen, the actual voltage drop would be less then the calculated value because the Conductor temperature (and hence its resistance) wl be less than that on wich the tabulated mViA/m had been based, DA.7.4.6 As regards power factor in ac. circults the use of the tabulated mW/A/m values, (for the larger cable sizes, the tabulated (mV//A/m), values) to calculate the voltage drop is stricty correct only when the phase angle of the cable equals that of the load. When the phase angle of the cable does not equal that of the load, the direct use of the tabulated mV/Alm or (mV/Aim),, values leads to a calculated value of voltage drop higher than the actual value. In some cases it may be advantageous to take account of the load power factor when calculating voltage drop. D.1.7.2Accurate voltage drop assessment methods ‘Where a more accurate assessment of voltage drop is desirable the following methods may be used. D.A7.241 Correction for operating temperature D.1.7.2.1.1 For cables having conductors of cross-sectional area 16 mm” or less the design value of mViAim is obtained by multiplying the tabulated value by a factor Gy, given by 49TTS 174:Part 4:2018 (40) where tp is the maximum permitted normal operating temperature, (°C). ~D.A.7.2.4.2. This equation. applies only where-the overcurrent protective-device is-other than’a BS 3036:1958 fuse and where the actual ambient temperature is equal to or greater than 30 °C NOTE _ For convenience, the above formula is based on the resistance-temperature coefficient of 0.004 per °C ‘at 20 °C for both copper and aluminium conductors. D.1.7.2.1.3 For cables having conductors of cross-sectional area greater than 16 mm, only the resistive component of the voltage drop is affected by the temperature and the factor C; is therefore applied only to the tabulated value of (mV/A/m), and the design value of (mVIAim), is given by the vector sum of C,(mV/Alm), and (VIA). D.1.7.2.4.4 For very large conductor sizes where the resistive component of voltage drop is much less than the corresponding reactive part (ie. when x/r 2 3) this correction factor need not be considered D..7.2.2 _Gorrection for load power factor D.1.7.2.2.1 For cables having conductors of cross-sectional area of 16 mm? or less the design value of mVIAim is obtained approximately by multiptying the tabulated value by the power factor of the load, cos 4. 0.1.7.2.2.2 For cables having conductors of cross-sectional area greater than 16 mm? the design value of mV/A/m is given approximately by: 0s 6 (tabulated (mV/A/m),) + sin 6 (tabulated (mViA/m),) D.1.7.2.2.3 For single-core cables in flat formation the tabulated values apply to the outer cables and ‘may under-estimate for the voltage drop belween an outer cable and the centre cable for cross-sectional areas above 240 mm*, and power factors greater than 0.8, D.1.7.23 Combined correction for both operating temperature and load power factor From clauses D.1.7.2.2.1 and D.1.7.22.2, where itis considered appropriate to correct the tabulated mViA‘m values for both operating temperature and load power factor, the design values of mViAm are given by: For cables having conductors of 16 mm? or less cross-sectional area cos 6 (tabulated mviA/m) For cables having conductors of cross-sectional area greater than 16 mm*: ‘Gt cos 6 (tabulated (mVIA/m),) + sin 9 (tabulated (mVIA/m),)TTS 174:Part 1:2015 D.1.7.3 Simple formulae and worked example for voltage drop calculation D.A.7.3.4 Basic rules The magnitude of current passing through @ certain resistance is measured in Amperes. Energy expended by the current in doing so (ie. its Power) is measured in Watts, Volts, Ohms, Amps and Watts are all analogous as follows: Volts = electrical Pressure ‘Ohms. = Resistance Amps = Current magnitude Watts = Power output ‘The relationship can be derived from Ohm's Law VeixR where v Voltage (Vots) 1 Current (Amperes) R Resistance (Ohms) Then it flows: Volts = Ohms x Amps Volts Amps = PS Ohms Watts = Volts x Amps D.7.3.2 Voltage drop Values of voltage drop are tabulated for a current of 1 amp for a 1 metre run and represent the result of the voltage drops in all the circuit conductors. For balanced three-phase ac circuits, the values relate to the line voltage. For any given run, the values need to be multiplied by the length of the run (in metres) and by the current (In amps) that the cables ate to carry, D.1.7.3.3 Worked example Problem: Consider a balanced load of 40 Amps, 230 volts, three-phase, to be supplied by a 4-core, XLPE insulated, steel wire armoured (XLPE/SWA) cable. The tenath of the cable run from the distribution board to the load is 35 metres. The cable is to be installed clipped to the surface (Method 1) and ‘overcurrent protection is provided by a 60 Amp, 240V, 3-pole circuit breaker. Determine: a) The minimum size of cable allowed for this installation, and ») The actual voltage drop using the cable selected. Assume a maximum ambient temperature of 30 °C, and no other correction factor is applicable, stTTS 474:Part 1:2015 Solution: (Method 1) et Load current (A) Tabulated current carying capacity (A) Circuit breaker rating (A) Length of the cable (m) Maximum permissible voltage drop (V) _ VD. ~~ = Voltage drop (V) ee mViAim Maximum permissible voltage drop per ampere per metre (mViAVm) v = Nominal voltage (V) 2). The minimum size of cable selected will have, 1) a tabulated current carrying capacity (I) greater than or equal to the circult breaker rating (hd; i.e. h = 60 Al; and 2) mViAlm value such that the maximum permissible voltage drop (MPVD) of 3 % is not excseded; Le, a voltage drop of 6.9 V (3 % of 230 V) is not exceeded, Select the minimum sze of 4-core XLPE cable, whose tabulated current carrying capacity is greater an or equal to 50 Amps, from the appropriate table (Table D.6D1) and check the value of its mV/AIm from the corresponding Voltage Drop in Table D.5.D2. ‘Fhe minimum size found is 6 mm? whose = §3 A, and whose mViAm = 6.8. Calculate the voltage drop for this cable using the formula ViAlm x 1x VD = IAN EME 1000 ‘Actual voltage drop for 6 mm? _mMIAlmn x hy xt. 05000 8.8x40%35 “4000 5952 “he V. D. is greater than the MPVD of 6.9 V, therefore the 6 mm? cable is not allowed, fhe next higher size cable is 10 mm? with a mV/Aim = 4.0 Calculating the voltage drop for this cable gives a value of 5 6V. VIA x xt Meee) 4040395 1000 =58V ‘herefore, the minimum size XLPE/SWA cable that is allowed for this installation is 10 mm?,TTS 174:Part 1:2015 D.1.8 Methods of installation of cables DA.84 Table D.1A lists the methods of installation for which this Annex provides guidance for the selection of the appropriate cable size. Table D.1B lists the appropriate tables for selection of current fatings for specific constructions, The methods of installation distinguished by bold type are reference methods for which the current-carrying capacities given in this Annex have been determined. For the ther methods, an indication is given of the appropriate reference method having values of current-carrying capacity, which can safely be applied. D.4.8.2 The use of other methods is not precluded, where specified by a sultably qualified ‘electrical engineer, in that case the evaluation of current-carrying capacity may need to be based on experimental work’ 63TTS 174:Part 1:2015 Tablo 0.14 ‘Schedule of installation methods of cables (including referonce method) for determining curront- ‘earrying capacity (Table 442 in BS 7671:2008) ana nae a oben tetas Neate mee Deon even pay Nor-shenthod ceo in concuit Room i a herald wel with a one kin having dheraalcondtnceof uot less tan lo Wink * Muiticore cabin conduit ina thermally insulated wall wit inns kin baving a ermal conduetance of mot less ben 10 Winx Non-shsthed cables in conduiten 2 wooden ermasonry wal or B spaced ese hua 03x crit diameter from it" Malticore cabo in condita wooden a sonny wal oe ® spaced lest han 03x con dine rr it Non-soathed cables f in eabte trunking on a woodse or asonry ra 8 6 =r horizonaliy* | timer | cameo | wom sos, | “Ome | mone sap Cowammnee [Cpe ses Seam (So108aR) A LIDVaV> ONTAIIV-LNERRENDTTS 174:Part 1:2015 Table D4B2 (Table 4028 in BS 7671:2008) sero ocro sero 1zo ssro swo oe vo ocro sore +0 caro ed sco ocr 10 “co sto eo 60 ocr sco +e0 oco “xo seo sev eo ro 3€0 90 sero wo oso ssr0 uo 90 % ovr sso svar 09r0 $90 0 om ovr ovo +60 sro £60 $60 0s sho ort svt sore set scl se sro ast st oro set set x vz ec ou se + o ¥9 £L 9 s6 uv ’ st sr st st & 7 a ” ” Carvin coyvins) Cavin) Y 1 uons05 9 aseyd-oam $8019 Do 04 ompezadeuay FeneIad0 so}onpUED ‘argeo siosnog 30 comm, ‘enem od arodure rod) {O¥d FOVLIOA 75TTS 174:Part 1:2015 Table Act Single-core armoured 70 °C thermoplastic insulated {non-magnetic armour) (COPPER CONDUCTORS) (Table 4D3A in BS 7671:2008) oe ws 196] soot |Last] seat | sre Bos [tor] cee sé] O00T wk wee $06 ere eet lob 988, Mt 946 ol 616 oos, ee | i | ome] coe | tae | -erzt | os | sz | cs | ooo | cee | ces oi | Te | ue | ors | tos | seor | tee | cco | sos | co | cox | 00s zea | eo | coe | cee | iss wo | aio | ee | ses | sso | oop us | 99 | om | 30 | ou ss | us | wo | sis | ves | one see | sos | sos | ess | ceo tos | zor | oss | sor | ses | oz ser | Oo | ose | ms | see | srs | sve | zee | oo | oc | aor | sot sor er 6c ore as 6uy ele Le ely ze £6£ ost ase | see | ese | toy | oo | sir | vce | eee | ove | oo | oe | oc ele see zee ore. ore, use Re. sez eI ove 56 sor | sez | ez | ewe | ou | wor | ee | gee | ose | cee o my | oe ] az. | oc | oi | oe | ter | ost | soe | oct os oO | | o> wo | wo] wi wl om lw | ow (cosa) a r or 6 3 t ° 5 ¥ € z 1 es, fimozuoR| jeome, |pemozuoH| eons eee ea ee A Se israel eps || ee era ee ‘veomd| ovoomd| veasmd | comm | ovaseud | pany owpseyd-oam | ae aseydojiias som | ann | ffs | ‘sige | atu | srrras ‘s21qe9 9 30 € ‘samge9 z spssmqor | some | ‘serge | sae | paoe | ‘somqeac | MOS ‘ “BieMTeIp a1qe 9u AG poseds Bayo], Bangonay—— |rojenpuo-y (eps 0 HURAROG “Aan a|GeD poreIEjued BuO 10 TOsaH ‘Garp paddy pony courgjoy Spey ener eer rere seer eee UeeeeeeEE ISTE De OL ‘omMeIAdmim SmeIIdo s0}onpuo> Do OE ommeradiaay mstquy 2 pomayy somaya -souadame) ATIOVEVO ONTAAVO-INALAND 76Table D.4C2 (Table 4038 in BS 7671:2008) TTS 174:Part 4:2015 snp sey. 9 yas TO fq Ho | Bu | LON 7 Tor 0 aT Tar ToT Oe] sxe cy om = wo sar soo | soo | toe 0 so ero mo foro sro | ooo | oo tro = ware a @ veo se | smo | os wo sc sro oo eo Bs arco | sare | om wo wo aro | eo osm | tees f m0 sco sr | veo ere | aro | ox wo seo | eo cee | wr | > so Ge | ize eco | amo | oe wo go ro | ero feo seo | ceo et oo | aco | ro seo | zo | st we oro eo | are coco | ten sato wo eo wo | exo wo | ao | on tooo oro | roca veo | ae wer oo oo | avo eco | 50 | oc ee ee wo ogo | oe so | aro nra, ro | we eo wey | woo xo two | 0 | sro weo aco | ao bro afew, oro. | eso oe toe | oo xu, to | eo |r fama) cowne) arias conine) eva 7 9 T 5 7 + pees en FO Sexe at som we Sree NOTE SRT RST sp | ores Taya RTS cr ee | moe Hrommenonset =o 5. 0c rede 390909 {oxeu sd ada 33) 08 FOVETON 7TTS 174:Part 1:2015 Table D401 ‘Multicore armoured 70 °C thermoplastic insulated cables (COPPER CONDUCTORS) (Table 4D4A in BS 7671:2008) ee as es 69 bs oe oe se 31s, 0p ob ove zee see oer are oF st 9 we oe 906 9s ost ez 06¢ ore we ore ot woe Ise we wz 6 er we zt zw on ovr sor ist set os ott sel sti sri se 6 ot er ant st 8 8 6 a 6 ot ® 3 uw 85 o a1 oF * s aw ow ° “ se = se * e % is er ereea|ecteaat ae. st wz 6 a 81 tz st w w w w oxy 9 5 ¥ = z r spice | onerqdcom | spice | ovomdcam | opio oe ssradopis | ‘oygesamea | comgd-ofdas | “aygeaaioo | oseqtaysuix ‘ayqeo 2102-0089 | ney 20 sam |_| "2yqe0 9500-088 7 are (Serppna ponors0 ope eee srSunonp 120 pared wasp) | sen qa prong vo 9 9) (rasp pod) coo poo sooty 2 pomayy sous Ra TeINPUTY ssiadun} XTIOVAVO ONIAWUVO-NAWATO 32 02 simeoducn argue pamoas) 26006 ‘aimperodaray yuoiqure ary 78TTS 174:Part 1:2015 Table D402 (Table 4048 in BS 7671:2008) savo oer sev 0 zo seo sro | sero one io oro soto | veo aso asto | ost on szo oer 10 sco ost so xo sr 6x0 oto 90 ro sso 00 so ost se0 sero €0 wo ssro #0 oeo ocr eo sev wo oso esto wo oro 6 10 ono so sv “oro 90 90 oe 10 oro ogo ¥60 sora $60 60 05 ort sro ort scl sr sct st st ost sro ost st our ser set sc ve sz az 3 ve +r vr o v9 eL et ° 86 ul uw ® st a1 al st sx e si cavins) (ayia) (a) + € T xp jae | ruosaoe-si0s9 avons | song Do OL ‘empanadas Zuneredo roxpuey, {enow 204 aradure 124) 4OUd FOVLTOA 79TTS 474:Part 1:2015 Table DAE 70°C thermoplastic insulated and sheathed flat cable with, protective conductor (COPPER CONDUCTORS) {Table 4D5 in BS 7671:2008) “woneqnsm jeonp tg pasasen SRTOOC TRE COC Ua SRE SUPIONE OGH|SA HOMO Pas A MTIOp PRONTO STAT “ssge aye jo toute soumpioay 9 xpuadly i-coRs Sal's ees woUNEEA Ta a ons wonsod poy 29 0h 3 989 oqgeDEN AAA eR MONET ZV AGEL 0 2s PORTE LOS HY OF ACOT 2°" cor poqany onenrser 2vF jg 13383 pomoNE MONE TE IOA OL {ot poarera waren 2¥p reo PONE MONAT. FIO (ot porong wonerTsUT CVF AGEL o2]3) PoP WORTH Fg J 400 ‘s19p> pe Poe ota 2G 20} ng OC POAT wORMHTMSTT Ty aI]. 01377 PONE LONNIE IO 6) wv 7 7 7 » = a & se ° us su , a ss ls o o 3 * © o 9 5 (ome es SH LP qe para Bree ome ee pear fanomed | arempaovurposopm) | oom poe) | pemorqne te are exam yr nee ands) ” ° 01 01 eee dep seen] roman eeY | pom SmI rom poere De 04 !amyeradwar Sumezado ope’) 2 0€ summradua orgy “Xone rod staduue Jad) JOU ADV.LIOA Pu (S:adu) ALI VA¥D ONIAWAVI-LNALUD 80Table D.SA1 Single-core 90 °C thermosetting insulated cables, non-armoured, with or without sheath {COPPER CONDUCTORS) (Tablo 414 in BS 7671:2008) TTS 174:Part 1:2015 ‘dup suj0n poe Szeto Amiummam 2 SOI TEEPE ang_| 29g | eomts| Sede) cused 2p.0 4] seat] s720 24 ‘my etomgtcoen | mmanse |vecead| opseoe | coum | sed | came | sor | vasan| ormd | owe ereacesp.n | seco] samp [omttadu| seem | aiee | see | ame | ‘Stee | See | monn smodue tee) “amor [samc | mame | pee [seer] pee [sue] sme | emtor| "oom ons serena (28a coor (2m rons omen a9 (recep) | ensqepmenmi vo mats) aon som | apwasnesmaey —— [ommMN meaning | Crete | V PHENO ‘9-06 sumed Fugndo compUE (Go) ALIOVAVS ONIAMYVOINRUID Sloe snmediea merecry atTTS 474:Part 1:2015 Table 0.582 (Table 4£28 in BS 7671:2008) sao ozro oro zo ssv0 0¢ 1zo stro +0 sero oF sco sevo 6zo sco oro sero sco 1€0 veo osro woe 60 oct sO zo ro 56 090 eo 90 o 180 01 860 os stt ser seT se sor ost set st st 6x ot ov e or 89 6L 9 ol zu ’ ot 6 sz a Te st oF oF 1 (ovis (arviarey | (== ¥ v mae ‘Se aseq oom TWuopaas-ssor> ‘atqee exoo-snoy 20 -20ny De 06 ‘omeradm=y unexado roroapuE, ‘@nam sed aradune 19d) {OYA FOVLIOASt oe emmadon weary 3 E TAO RT| aT Fa Raa z ses | cmt | seit | sat sos | aut | ‘oe 2 ons | zec | zeax | seit te | ao | 0 z us| ge | oe | tor te | te | om 5 at | om | ae | ow ait | ot | om = su oe soe]? 28 99, ss moe $ om fos [oe | oe as | 5 | oe ar ws | ae | a | so | is | sr 3¢8 as | as | os | 9 ty | oa | ost 36 & or | sw | ur | me we | se | oc 538k coe | see | cr | oe | oc | oni exe | oe | 56 8225 ve | ase | ue | ae | oe | ose uz | mw | oo ose oe | ae | oe | oe | oz | me mj als » B50 = ow ow oy w) 7 w w ow) | (ey best = 8g a 7 Por cs ? 7 = z t 5 § See sa te pmeTEsaG sean [econ eon fee mn mono ovoma| op 83 SHON end er ee 2 coremeom | vests See | aaa | gta 8 “ecorne Ret =yemer ree | some | 3 Rea aor pom 5 AR a PET SAAT a 2 “pomort 90231 prea eoay & 19.06 smmndus Fue 2029009 {ssa SIIDVEYD ONAN ANAND TTS 174:Part 1:2015TTS 474:Part 1:2015 Table D.5C2 “dow ofwgon am sys en sua fg 00 ME SENN «ETON. ar ar =a FASO aeae es eae als 2 9 ceed ete Sg ee eee ors en cle eae Riso EO wo, wo wo 860 sO iso zo vo tro, 60} oe : 8 Bove Cease eee eH aera eet aoa Ss ao 0 wo 90 zo 70 0 x0 xo oo 0 0 oL f= 8 S/R SS weet eto? fetal 2 wn ec con toa tome om é ¢ ; : : : ; oe na a ont aa a: a SRR Sead a whe | 29 2 spoT souaIR;Dy ee 2 06 secu Buna {eu 19 au 18) UG ZV TOA.