Production Logging Overview

M. Watfa
3.4: PL Overview
PL Standard Sensors

 Telemetry Interfaces
 Casing Collar Locator
 Accelerometer/ Deviation
 Caliper
 Gamma Ray Detector
 Temperature
 Pressure
 Flowmeter

2 Copyright ©2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved Material: M. Watfa

3.4: PL Overview
PL Sensors - CCL

Depth Control in Casing

Casing Collar Locator CCL

Single Casing
Casing Collar
Casing
S
Collars

Casing Collar
Locator (CCL) N

Perorations

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3.4: PL Overview
PL Sensors- Acceleration meter

*manufactured by Sundstrand
Provides:
 Acceleration in one axis.
 Deviation
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3.4: PL Overview
PL Sensors- The Gamma-Ray (GR) Tool

 The GR tool is run with all cased hole logs

 Used mainly to get on depth
 The total Gamma ray emission is measured
 Tool : 1/11/16 inches
 Sensor: Geiger Counter
 No need to calibrate the tool- only the plateau
voltage is calibrated for the sensor
 Used mainly for qualitative correlations

5 Copyright ©2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved Material: M. Watfa

3.4: PL Overview
PL Sensors - Caliper: Tubing Caliper Sonde (old)

Pointer position change the

potentiometer resistance

Caliper arm
Detail

Main application in:

 Open hole completions
 Obsolete for cased hole
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3.4: PL Overview
PL Sensors - LVDT-Caliper: Linear Variable Differential Transformer

PL Sensors- Caliper

 More accurate than potetiometer

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3.4: PL Overview
PL Sensors-Multi-Finger Calipers

PMIT – Hardware Specifications

PMIT-A General Specifications PMIT-B
Pressure 15 kpsi
Temperature 300 degF
Radial Resolution 0.005 in (0.127mm)
Max Logging Speed 6000-ft/hr
Relative Bearing 5Deg Accuracy
Corrosion Resistant Upto 70Degree Dev.

1 11/16-in OD (43-mm) 2 3/4-in OD (70-mm)

Fingers 24 Fingers 40
Range 1 3/4- 4 1/2-in Range 3 -7 1/2-in
Length 7.62ft (2.32m) Length 8.86ft (2.70m)
(w/o centralizers) Weight 87.4lbs
Weight 36.4lbs Vertical Resolution 0.11 in at
Vertical Resolution 0.11 in at 1600-ft/hr
2160-ft/hr Built in Motorized centralizers
Mechanical centralizers
required (28.4in, 12lbs)
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3.4: PL Overview
MIT-A Scale in 3 ½” Tubing

Ex-5: MultiFinger caliper example

Scale: Decrease
in diameter
Corrosion: Increase
in diameter
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 3.4: PL Overview
PL Sensors - Temperature Log
Principles
The most common electronic
temperature sensors are
thermocouples, Thermistors and
temperature resistors. Temperature
resistors are by far the most common
device used in measuring downhole
temperature.
Thermocouples
Thermocouples employ the Seebeck
effect, which occurs at the junction of
two dissimilar metal wires. A voltage
difference is generated at the hot
junction due to the difference in the
energy distribution of thermally
energized electrons in each metal.

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 9.1 - Leak Detection
2. The Temperature Log
Calibrating the Temperature Logs
120

Flow-rate 110

Bl/d
2000 100
1550

Temperature- oC
1000 90

750
500 80
0
70

Depth
60
2000 2200 2400 2600 2800 3000 3200 3400
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 3.4: PL Overview
PL Sensors Sapphire Pressure Gauge

PL Sensors- Sapphire Pressure Gauge

 Single sapphire crystal with Wheatstone bridge as a thin layer on top

 Better dynamic response because no interlocking creeping crystals
 Resolution 0.1 psi

12 Copyright ©2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved Material: M. Watfa

 Pressure Profile During Production

The pressure profiles

during production help to:
Identify fluid entries
Compute fluid hold ups
This appears as
changes in the density
values and slopes

13 Copyright ©2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved Material: M. Watfa

 3.4: PL Overview
PL Sensors - In-Line Flowmeter

PL Sensors: Spinners

Continuous Spinner
 Not collapsible
 Measurements in Tubing & Casing
 Not sensitive to small flow variations
 Low resolution
 Typical OD: 1-11/16”, 2-1/8”, 2-7/8”

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 3.4: PL Overview
PL Sensors - Oil Entry Identified with GHOST Tool

Ex-1
 Three-phase production
profile determined
 Oil and water
discrimination possible with
relative optical properties
 Bottom interval producing
water, oil and tiny amount
of gas
 Measuring < 10% oil not
possible without GHOST
measurement

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 3.4: PL Overview
PL Sensors - Gas Entry Identification

EX-2
 Surface conditions: High GOR
and four wells sharing one
multiphase separator
 Determined flow profile and
well water cut
 Identified dry gas entry (X905
and X960) for calculations of
relative GOR
 Re-perforated bottom interval to
increase oil production without
gas

16 Copyright ©2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved Material: M. Watfa

 3.4: PL Overview
Water Recirculation Confuses Traditional Production Log Interpretation

EX-3
 Small water entry point
(X40) differentiated from
fluid recirculation in wellbore
with GHOST bubble count
 Client received necessary
information to alter remedial
action from frequent scale
removal to one-time water
shutoff

17 Copyright ©2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved Material: M. Watfa

 3.4: PL Overview
Water Entry Detected in High-Rate Gas Well

EX-4
 Over 400,000 m3/D gas
downhole production
 Less than 120 BWPD water
downhole production
 Character of bubble count
curves indicates water
recirculation in wellbore
 Gas first entry located below
major contribution (X270)
 Water entry at X270 seen by
GHOST bubble count

18 Copyright ©2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved Material: M. Watfa

 3.4: PL Overview

 Why Production
Logging?
 Fluid Properties
 Flowmeter
 Pressure
 Fluid Density
 Temperature
 Hold-up
 Leak Detection
19 Copyright ©2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved Material: M. Watfa