Well Logs

PGE - 452

Abdulrahman Saleh Alshahrani.

428102428
?What do we need to find out
:Rock type • :Fluids •
Sandstone – Type (water, oil, gas) –
Shale – Saturation –
Limestone – Salinity –
:Rock Properties • Pressure –
Porosity –
Permeability –
Fractures –
Temperature –
What for? (Log applications)
Formation Tops •
Quantitative Oil, Gas , Water saturations •
Porosity •
Correlation with seismic data •
Reservoir modeling •
Structural studies •
?What can we measure
Electrical Properties •
Natural radioactivity •
Induced radioactivity •
Shape of hole •
Temperature •
Depth •
Orientation of hole •
Log Types
Lithologic Logs •
Spontaneous Potential (SP) –
Gamma Ray (GR) –
Porosity Logs •
Neutron –
Density –
Sonic –
Resistivity Logs (Fluid Type) •
Resistivity –
Induction –
Spontaneous Potential (SP)
One of the Oldest •
Logging
Measurements
Used Commercially –
. in 1931
Discovered as Noise •
in Resistivity
Found to be Related •
to Presence of
Sandstone
 Typical SP log

SP has Poor Limestone Response -

Spontaneous Potential (SP) Drift -
Gamma Ray Log
Lithology log
Measures natural •
radioactivity
Uses a scintilometer •
(Gaiger counter)
Potassium (K), •
Uranim , Thorium,
hosphorous
K → abundant in clay •
→ shales
Unaffected by fluids •
Resistivity Log Applications
True” Rt Formation“ •
Resistivity
Fluid Saturation Sw from •
Archie’s Equation
Determination of •
Hydrocarbon-Bearing vs.
-Water
Bearing Zones
Geopressure Detection •
Diameter of Invasion •
Porosity •
Correlation •
Log Presentation and Scales

ID, IM, LL8 measure - : Resistivity logs

resistivity at different spherically focussed -
distances form the .)SFL(
.borehole Medium induction -
ID= deep induction - .(ILM)
IM= medium - deep induction (ILD) -
induction
LL8= shallow -
induction
The Borehole Environment
Calculating Fluid Saturation

Rxo= Resistivity of flushed zone

Rw= Resistivity of formation water
Rmf= Resistivity of mud filtrate
Rt= Resistivity of uninvaded zone
Density Log
Measures of Density - ρ •
Tied to Porosity, Fluid Content and •
Lithology
Tool emits gamma rays •
Detects returning scattered gamma rays •
Gamma ray absorption is proportional to •
rock
density
Neutron Log (CNL)
Tool has a neutron source •
Tool detects the emitted gamma rays •
H is mostly in formation fluids (water and •
)hydrocarbons
Can be run through casing •
Reads low in gas zones •
Cannot distinguish oil from water •
Applications of logs
Stratigraphic studies •
Sedimentary facies –
Well correlation •
Reservoir models •
Structural interpretation •
Fault recognition –
Thank you