Class Presentation (Assignment)

Log Names Topics Covered

Lithology Logs
• NGS (Natural Gamma Ray Log)
• Spontaneous Potential Log • Log Presentation and Scales
Porosity Logs
• Compunsated Neutron Log (with other logs in Tracks)
• Sonic Log
• Typical Log Responses
• Bulk Density Log
Resistivity Logs (Fluid Types) • Log measurement Tool
• Resistivity Log (MSFL, )
• Induction
• Log Applications
Petrophysical Interpretation (Petrophysical)
• Workflow • Background and formula Used
• Borehole televiewer (BHTV)
• Temperature Measurements • Interpretation
Data resolution v. coverage (typical subsurface field)
• Core and log provide good-quality data with very high
resolution, but sample a very limited portion of the
reservoir.
• Seismic data sample the entire reservoir but at a
resolution that is typically too low to capture geobody
geometry.
(b) Quantification of aspects are shown.
• Proportion of a reservoir based on a typical field that is
5 × 3 × 0.05 km, penetrated by four wells.
Scale (Petrophysical scene)
 Data Acquisition
•Depth of investigation
–The distance away from the borehole
that a logging tool can measure
•Resolution
–Capability to distinguish and properly
measure thin beds
VERTICAL RESOLUTION OF WELL LOGS
Petrophysical Measurements
 Family of Nuclear Tools
• Radioactivity is a result of decay of an unstable nucleus through
emission of particles or energy.
LITHOLOGY LOGS
Spontaneous Potential Log
Gamma Ray Log
 SP Log
• The Spontaneous Potential, SP curve
Shale
commonly abbreviated SP, is a
measurement of the naturally
occurring electrical potentials in
the wellbore as a function of
depth.
• It is one of the oldest logging Uninvaded M

I Zone (DS)
SP curve Zone
measurements and in today's (Concentrat (D Sand
environment one of the most ed S)
under utilized measurements. Solution)

• It is sensitive to grain size,

permeability and fluid content.
• SP is somewhat less quantitative
than other measurements,
however if used carefully it can Shale
provide a wealth of information.
Invaded Zone Mud (Dilute Solution)
(Dilute Solution)
 SP Log
• The SP is a measure and
record of Direct Current (DC)
voltage differences between
the naturally occurring
potential of a moveable
electrode in the well bore, and
the potential of a fixed
electrode located at the
surface.
• The SP log is recorded on the
left hand track of the log in
track #1.
 SP Scales
• It is measured in millivolts (mV). Spontaneous Potential (mV)
• The scale on the log shows a ->10mV<+
number of mV per division.

For Example, 20mv/division.

This gives a total for the track of
200mV

• The scale across the track is

variable and depends on the
conditions in the well.
• The scale is set during logging to
have the SP curve in the track over
the zone of interest and as much of
the rest of the log as possible.
 Basic Measurement Principles
• The recording of the SP is the measured potential difference between a single passive
moving electrode in the wellbore and a reference electrode, usually located at the surface in
the mud pit, or attached to the casing head, or in sea water.
There are three possible sources of the electrical potential which contribute to the SP; they
are:
1. The electrochemical, Ec potential ,made up of the membrane and liquid junction potentials
2. The electrokinetic, Ek. potential. (sometimes called streaming potential)

• The sum of these different potentials results in a measurement that is not absolute but
relative.
• The potential sensed by the SP electrode is the voltage drop across the mud in the borehole.
• Since the SP requires a current path in the mud it will not function in an oil based mud.
• There also be little or no signal if there is no potential difference between the borehole and
the formation i.e. where Rmf=Rw.
 Basic Measurement Principles
• The maximum normally encountered SP is
called the Static Self Potential (SSP). Bore Hole

• The SSP is the amount of deflection

observed when the SP electrode passes from Ground on
a position inside a very thick, porous, Surface
permeable, clean water sand to a point well
within a thick uniform shale.
• The SSP is the value of the SP that is
predicted by the following equation: Isolated
Cable
SP = -Klog (aw/amf) ;
where:
aw = the activity of the formation water,
Electrode
amf = activity of the mud filtrate,
K = constant Open Hole SP Measurement Principle
 Typical Response of the SP Log
• The deflection may be either to the
left (negative) or to the right
(positive), depending on the relative
salinities of the formation water and
the mud filtrate.

• If the formation-water salinity is

greater than the mud-filtrate salinity
(the more common case), the
deflection is to the left.

• If the mud-filtrate salinity is

greater than the formation-water
salinity, the currents flow in the
opposite direction, producing
positive SP deflections.

• If the salinities of the mud filtrate

and formation water are similar, no
SP is generated.

Typical response of the SP Log Permeability recognition by SP log

 SP Log Interpretation
Calculation of Shale Volume Calculation of Rw:

Vsh= (1-PSP/SSP) Rw= 10 power (K.log(Rmf)+SP)/K

• PSP = SP log read in a thick homogeneous shaly sand zone, The Quick-Look Method – Procedure
• SSP = SP log read in the thick clean sand zone. The Single Chart Method – Procedure
The Smits Method – Procedure

• This assumes a linear mixing relationship between the SP

log and shale volume, and has no theoretical basis.
• It probably overestimates the shale volume.

Mineral Recognition
• Though not as good as some other logs, the SP log does
react unusually to a few minerals and formations.
• The most common occurrences are as follows, BUT are not
reliable:
 Coals: Large negative kick (or none at all!)
 Pyrite: Very large negative kick.
 Rhyolite: Large negative kick.
 Black shale: Positive kick.
 Factors Contribute To Less Than Maximum Deflection
• The shape of the SP curve approaching or leaving the sand/shale boundary is controlled by the relative
resistivities of the mud, sand, and shale, an inflection point is observed at the bed boundary interface.
• This inflection point may be shifted to closure to one formation or another depending on relative resistivities
but the inflection point represents the bed boundary.
1. Insufficient bed thickness: causes the effective resistance of the sand to increase, because of the
corresponding reduction in the cross sectional area of the sand.
2. Increased borehole diameter: the effective resistance of the mud decreases because of the increase of the
cross sectional area of the borehole.
3. Deep invasion: the interface between the liquid junction and the membrane junction is moved deeper into the
formation; which increases the effective resistance of the sand because of the increased path length to the
borehole.
4. Presence of hydrocarbons: increases the effective resistance of the sand because oil and/or gas have a much
higher resistivity than water resulting in a greater drop of potential across the sand, resulting in a suppression of
the SP deflection.
5. Presence of clay: restricts the migration of Cl- ions and assists the migration of Na+ ions due to the
predominant negative charge of the clay.
6. Significantly reduced porosity and permeability.
 Applications

• Differentiate permeable from non-permeable reservoir rocks from

impermeable shales
• Determine bed boundaries and bed thickness
• Give an indication of shalliness (maximum detection is clean sand;
minimum is shale)
• Determine formation water resistivity, Rw
• Can be used to calculate Rw in wet zones
• Estimate the volume of shale, Vsh
 Borehole and Quality Considerations
1. SP's are very sensitive to extraneous electrical fields which can be caused by
welding or other rig electrical equipment, residual magnetism from the cable drum,
or atmospheric electrical charges.
2. Unresponsive SP's can be caused by poor grounding of the surface electrode.
3. Streaming potentials can caused by under or overbalanced mud columns with
differential pressure into or out of the formation.
4. The SP is a relative measurement and drifts with salinity and temperature
changes, practice in older logs was for the field engineer to manually bring the SP
back on scale. These scale changes are generally obvious but may confuse
interpretation.
5. Hydrocarbon causes suppression of the SP signal.
6. Thin beds affect SP development how much depends on the resistivity of the
formation and the contrast between Rw and Rmf .
7. SPs are often base adjusted to remove shifts and drift.
this needs to be done carefully so as not to introduce anomalous readings.
 Key Points
1. Variations in SP are the result of the electric potential between the
wellbore and the formation as result of the difference is the Rmf and Rw.
2. In most wellbore environments, where salinity of the formation water is
greater than the salinity of the mud or mud filtrate (Rw<Rmf).
The result of this relationship is that the expected SP development opposite
relatively high salinity formations is negative. The deflection will be
positive if Rw>Rmf.
3. The SP requires a conductive fluid in the borehole, therefore the SP can
not be run in non-conductive mud systems or air or gas drilled wells.
4. The SP response of shales is relatively constant and follows a straight line,
known as the shale baseline. SP deflection is measured from the shale
baseline.
5. If Rmf = Rw the SP will not deflect from the shale baseline.