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• Determine Hydrocarbon
versus Water-bearing zones,
3
The resistivity of a formation depends on:
Laterolog 7 (LL7) 5
• In the normal device a current of constant
intensity is passed between two electrodes,
A and B.
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• Response of the normal device in beds
more resistive than the surrounding
formations.
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• The lower part shows the response in a bed
with a thickness less than the spacing. The
curve is still symmetrical but is reversed.
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Resistivity Logs are used to determine Water saturation, Sw and
hydrocarbon zones, porosity and permeability.
Borehole Environment
• Dh = Hole Diameter
• R = Resistivity
• Rm = mud
• Rmc = mud cake
• Rmf = mud fluids (filtrate)
• Rxo = rock and filtrate
• Rt = rock and formation fluids
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• Sw, water saturation can be estimated from a
resistivity measurement using the Archie Equation,
an empirical relationship derived from experiments
done by G.E. Archie in 1942.
If,
Rw = Resistivity of water in the rock pores (measured)
R0 = Resistivity of rock 100% saturated by water of Rw.
Then, a Formation Resistivity Factor (F) can be defined:
F = R0/Rw,
and
R0 = F Rw
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• Based on experiments, Archie found that F could also be
related to a tortuosity factor (a) the porosity (ɸ) and a
“cementation exponent” (m) by
• Combining these relationships produces
the Archie Equation:
N, F, a and m are experimentally determined, and there are tables for typical
rock types.
Rw = resistivity of fluids in the rock and must be estimated at the well site.
Rt is the resistivity of the combined rock and fluid measured by the logging tool.
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• Experimentally determined
formation factors for
various lithologies.
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• In water saturated flushed zones, the porosity can be determined from the short
reading resistivity logs. The Archie equation for the flushed zone is:
So solving for F,
If there are any hydrocarbons left in the flushed zone, F will be too low.
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Dual laterolog (DLL) Induction Log
• Measure the resistivity between two • Measure the Conductivity between two
electrodes. electrode.
1. SFL : Shallow depth zone Rxo 1. MSFL: Shallow Depth Rxo, Rm, Rmc and Rmf.
2. LLS : Shallow to Medium zone Rxo, Rt. 2. ILM: Shallow to Medium Rxo, Rt.
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• Qualitative and Quantitative analysis:
1. Qualitative:
Low Resistivity:
1. Shale
2. Quantitative:
Resistivity of
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Ohmm’s
0.2 1 10 100 1000
2000
Basic “Archie” resistivity formula:-
Shale
Sw n = a x Rw
m x Rt