FORMATION EVALUATION

Water saturation - Sw
Fraction of the pore volume occupied by formation water
Hence:
Hydrocarbon saturation (Sh) :
Sh = (1 – Sw)

Rock volume (1-F)

Unit volume

Hydrocarbon volume (F*(1-Sw))

Water volume (F*Sw)

1
FORMATION EVALUATION
NOTE:
Log Measurements is affected by :
- bed thickness (shoulder effect and
shale effect)
Res
- borehole diameter and shape
- - invasion process
Me
diu
- borehole & formation temperature
m - tool limitations R = resistivity (ohm•m)
Rann = resistivity of the annulus
Rh = resistivity in the horizontal
logs need to be corrected
direction (ohm•m)
Rm = resistivity of the mud column
(ohm•m)
Resistivity Deep Rmc = resistivity of the mudcake
Rmf = resistivity of the mud filtrate
Res Rxo = resistivity of the invaded
- zone
Sha Rt = resistivity of the uninvaded
llow formation
Rv = resistivity in the vertical
direction (ohm•m)
Rw = resistivity of the formation
connate water (ohm•m)
Rwa = apparent water resistivity
from deep resistivity and porosity
Sxo = water saturation of the
invaded zone 2
 LOG
PERMEABLE
POROSITAS

TOP SAND HC=Res high

NET PAY GAS = Net thickness gas

GROSS/NET
SAND NET PAY OIL = Net thickness oil

BOTTOM SAND
 LOG SUMUR TRISAKTI-01
Permeable Measured Porisity Resistivity

GR Gamma Ray
CALI Caliper
RHOB Density
NPHI Neutron
MSFL Micro 400

1400

2400

3400

4400 midline
Shale neutron
line & dens
FORMATION EVALUATION
Environmental Corrections

tool chart correction

GR GR-1 Mud weight, hole size
SP SP-3 & SP-4 Invasion, bed thickness
LDT Por-15a Hole size
CNL Por-14c Hole size, mud cake thickness, mud salinity, mud
weight, formation temperature, mud pressure
MSFL Rxo-3 Mud cake
DIL Rcor-1 SFL
Rcor-4a ILM/ILD
Rcor-6 Bed thickness for ILM
Rcor-5 Bed thickness for ILD (>4ft)
Rcor-7 Bed thickness for ILD (<4ft)
Rint-2c Invasion for ILD/ILM/SFL
Rint-5 Invasion for ILD/SFL/Rxo
DLL Rcor-2 Hole-centered DLS-B
Rcor-2b Hole-centered DLS-D/E
Rcor-2c Hole-eccentered DLS-D/E
Rcor-9 Bed thickness LLD-LLS
Rint-9a DLT-B
Rint-9b DLT-D/E
5
FORMATION EVALUATION
Archie’s Law (1942)
Based on laboratory measurements of F, k, Rt on cores from
Gulf Coast. Cores were saturated with salt-water (brines) at
different salinities. He found that there are:

1. a constant relationship between the resistivity of the rock (Ro)

and that of the resistivity of water its contains (Rw) :

Ro1/Rw1 = Ro2/Rw2 = Ro3/Rw3 ….= Ron/Rwn = F

2. a constant relationship between formation factor (F) and

porosity (F) :

F = a/Fm

where a is the intercept and m is the (negative) slope

6
FORMATION EVALUATION
Archie’s Law (1942) – cont’d
Then on partially saturated hydrocarbon cores, Archie also
found :

3. a constant relationship between the resistivity of the rock

saturated with water (Ro) and that of the resistivity of rock
partially saturated with hydrocarbon (Rt) :
Rt > Ro ===> hydrocarbon
Rt = I . Ro
Rt = Ro ===> water
4. Where I is proportional to water saturation :

I = 1 / Swn

where n is the saturation exponent.

7
FORMATION EVALUATION
Archie’s Law (1942) – cont’d
Combining all those relationships, then :
saturation exponent intercept

a . Rw a . Rw Sw =
Rt = ⎯⎯⎯ n
Sw = ⎯⎯⎯ a/Q exp Rw/Rt
or
Fm.S n w F m. R t
Rw = Q*Rt

n = 1.8-4, normally 2
m = 1.7-3 normally 2
a = 1 (carbonate) cementation factor
a = 0.62 (sandstone)

- In a clean formation with homogeneous intergranular porosity

- Not valid in fractures or vugs (secondary) porosities
- Empirical-derived formula based on Gulf coast cores.

8
FORMATION EVALUATION
Variation of resistivities and saturations in a borehole.

To be noted that near borehole,

we also have part of the
formations which is invaded by
drilling mud filtrate.

Note that each zone has its own

resistivity and saturation!

9
FORMATION EVALUATION
Invaded zone
The Archie formula in the invaded zone can be expressed as
follows :

a . Rmf
Sxon = ⎯⎯⎯
F m. R xo

Where :

Rmf is the mud filtrate resistivity

Rxo is the flushed zone resistivity

10
FORMATION EVALUATION
Log Interpretation Flow chart

Swn = (F * Rw/ Rt) - Sxon = (F * Rmf/ Rxo)

n F Rxo Rt Rw Rmf

n=1.8-2.5 Microlog ILD Log Header

Mostly 2.0 Prox. Log LLD
MSFL
Formation factor SFL Rw water catalogue
F=a/Fm
Rwa = Ro /F
Sonic porosity
F=(Dt-Dtma)/(Dtf-Dtma) SSP = -K.log (Rmf/Rw)

Average porosity
F=((FD2+ FN2 )/2)1/2

Density porosity
F=(rma- rb )/(rma- rf)
GL 454 - Formation Evaluation 11
STRATIGRAPHIC CORRELATION W - E
 Trisakti Reservoir Properties

WELL Type TOP SND BOT SND TOP TVD BOT TVD NET SND NET PAY POR SW KAVG

N 261 G 11455 11472 11403 11420 17 17 12% 24% 28

N 257 G 11556 11589 11413 11446 24 24 11% 46% 12

N 096 G 11460 11474 11424 11439 14 11 11% 53% 9

N 173 G 11600 11602 11548 11550 1 0 13% 45% 49

N 137 G 11604 11611 11566 11574 5 3 11% 70% 6

N 118 G 11658 11662 11614 11618 4 4 17% 37% 28

N 163 G 11746 11775 11711 11739 25 22 15% 39% 73

N 097 G 11794 11799 11760 11765 3 3 9% 59% 1

11858 11877 11826 11845 18 17 15% 25% 64

N 047 G

N 032 G 12148 12152 12085 12089 3 3 14% 51% 29

N 021 G 12281 12305 12237 12261 20 15 14% 49% 9

N 056 W 12862 12891 12828 12857 25 0 ###### ##### -999

TUGAS

1. HITUNG KOEFISIEN HETEROGENITAS

MENGGUNAKAN 2 METODA, MANA YANG LEBIH BAIK?
2. BERADA DI FASIES MANA RESERVOIR TERSEBUT
3. BUAT ULASAN GEOLOGI DAN PEMBENTUKAN
PROPERTI RESERVOIR TERSEBUT