Induction Triaxial or 3D

Tools
 Definitions
 Rh Horizontal (Parallel) Resistivity:
 Obtained when the current flow, Ih, used to
measure resistivity is parallel to the
bedding.
 Signal is proportional to Conductivity

 Adds conductivities
 Rv Vertical (Transverse) Resistivity:
 Obtained when the current flow, Iv ,used to
measure resistivity is perpendicular to
the bedding.
 Signal is proportional to Resistivity

 Adds Resistivities
 TI (Transverse Isotropic) formation
Anisotropy Coefficient λ

Rv
  ratio 
Rh
 Laminar Formations and
tool vertical resolution
Ra=1ohm-m

Rb= 20 ohm-m

N/G = 0.5
?
Rh Sensor

?
Rv Sensor
VGF
 Laminar Formations and
tool vertical resolution
Ra=1ohm-m Ca=1000 mmho∕m

Rb= 20 ohm-m Cb= 50 mmho ∕ m

Rh resistivity
0.5*1000 + 0.5*50 = 525mmho-m
In Resistivity=(1000 ∕525 = 1.905ohm-m)
This is what an induction tool reads

Rv Resistivity
0.5*1 + 0.5*20 = 10.5 ohm-m

5 10
Understanding Rh and Rv
(Resistive Macro-anisotropy)
True R Rh3ft Rv3ft
0.1 1 10 1000.1 1 10 1000.1 1 10 100
1000

1010
Thick beds both
read Rtrue

1020

1030

Laminated beds
1040
Rh close to Rshale
Rv close to Rsand
1050

1060
Rh & Rv
 Horizontal Resistivity Rh:
Resistivity measured from
signals that are
proportional to conductivity
Induction with coils
perpendicular to the tool
axis.
 Vertical Resistivity Rh:
Resistivity measured from
signals that are proportional
to conductivity
Induction with coils parallel to
the tool axis.
Can we calculate Rsand ?
1 %𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑 %𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑒
1ohm-m = +
𝑹𝒉 𝑅𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑅𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑒

𝑹𝒗 = %𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∙ 𝑅𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑 + %𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑒 ∙ 𝑅𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑒

%𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑 + %𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑒 = 1

• Rh , RV are measured,
• %shale can be estimated (other logs)
then:
We can solve for Rsand, Rshale, %sand

Tool does not measure individual

Resistivities of laminations, but measures
Rh and Rv.
20 ohm-m
From these we can estimate Rsand without
the effect of shale
Thin bed reservoir
environments
 Fluvial point bars
 Deltas
 Deep water submarine fans
 They present a problem to be
evaluated when thinly
laminated sand shale
sequences
 Response of induction tool is
dominated by the conductivity
of the shales.
 Hence Hydrocarbon evaluation
can be underestimated.
 The phenomena is aggravated
when dipping beds
 More and more wells are being
drilled angled or horizontal
hence it is important to
address this issue
 Thin bed reservoir account for 20
to 30% of global reserves
(Mollison 2001)
 Macroscopic Electric anysotropy
(or Apparent anysotropy) occurs
when the individual bed thickness
is less than the tool resolution
 Microscopic anysotropy: occur
when some grains posses and
elongated shape (mica, illite) and
were laid down with an orientation
parallel to the sedimentation strata
and give a preferred current path
in this direction.
 What do Triaxial or 3D
Induction tools provide
 Resistivity Information
 Traditional Induction logs (both OBM or
WBM)
 Same spacings, frequencies, processing and
answers as traditional Array Tools
 Real time Rh , Rv (OBM only)
 Free from dip effects
 3 Depths of Investigation & Different Vertical
Resolution
 After Logging Rh , Rv Shoulder bed corrected
 Currently this information by frequency
• Dipmeter Information (OBM only)
 Dip, Azimuth
 3 Depths of Investigation
 Radial 1D inversion
Z
1 ANSYS 11.0
REALY
1
AUG 11 2007
22:22:34
NODAL SOLUTION
STEP=1
SUB =1
FREQ=12000
AZ
RSYS=0
SMN =-.905E-09
SMX =.377E-06
A =.117E-07
B =.368E-07
C =.620E-07
D =.872E-07
E =.112E-06
F =.138E-06
G =.163E-06
H =.188E-06
I =.213E-06
J =.238E-06
K =.263E-06
L =.289E-06
M =.314E-06
N =.339E-06
O =.364E-06
REALZ
REALX
MCI_2D_Zsensitivity
MCI_2D_Zsensitivity
Co-located X-Y-Z Coils
Typical Tri-axial or 3D Log
LATEROLOG - RESISTIVITY
Dual Laterolog operating
environment
 Highly resistive formations
 Conductive boreholes only

Rmf
< 2.5
Rw

Rmf ≈ Rw

 Salt water-based mud

 Fresh water-based mud (if Rmf/Rw contrast low enough)
How resistivity is measured
V0 V1
ℓ
r=R
A
A I
r = resistance

ℓ
• The problem for logging…

How do you define the dimensions of a rock

that you are logging in the subsurface?
 Ohm’s law
V0 V1
V
R=K
I
A I
K = tool constant

ℓ
• Tool constant (K)
– Defines the shape of the current flow (equi-potential surfaces)
– Determined by tool design factors
– Helps define vertical resolution, depth of investigation
Surface Resistivity

 Ground water prospecting principles taken

forward
 Back in the old days…
 Lateral log (1927 – 1950)…unfocused electrical tool
V

B K(VM-VN)
R=
I

M
O

N
 Back in the not so old days…
 Normal log (1950 – )…unfocused electrical tool
V
B N KVM
R=
I
VN negligible

M
Limitations of unfocused electrode tools
 Salty mud dramatically affected geometry of current flow

 Also…conductive shoulder beds caused a problem

Conductive
Shale

Resistive We are interested

Formation in this formation

Conductive
Shale
Focusing LL3
V
B
 Forcing the survey
current to flow
beyond the
conductive borehole X
and into the
formation of interest

AO
How deep will the Survey current go?
1. Length of Guard Electrodes
2. How far was the Current Return
3. Frequency of AC current
Laterolog7 or LL7

X Monitor electrodes

Sense potential difference

and provide “feedback”
0 to electronics

AO Tool adjusts focusing to

maintain this potential
difference at zero
0
Why would the potential
difference ever NOT be
X zero?
 Dual Laterolog
 Provides simultaneous
measures
of formation resistivity at two
(“dual”) depths of investigation

LLD = deep
LLS = shallow

 Dynamic feedback tool

Employs monitor electrodes

 Electrodes serve multiple

purposes
LLD (Deep) current flow geometry

Tool constant (KD)

defines geometry

5 to 7 feet

2 feet

Function of guards is to
maintain a constant
current flow geometry
LLS (Shallow) current flow
geometry
Tool constant (KS)
defines geometry
2 to 3 feet

2 feet

Function of guards is to
maintain a constant
current flow geometry
DLLT measurement
resolutions
 Depth of investigation
LLD (Deep) 5 to 7 feet
LLS (Shallow) 2 to 3 feet

 Vertical resolution
LLD (Deep) 2 feet
LLS (Shallow) 2 feet
How the DLLT responds
RLL = JbhRbh + JxoRxo + JtRt

JbhRbh JxoRxo J tR t

How is JbhRbh minimized?

What about JxoRxo?
With borehole minimized
(salt muds)…
RLL = JRxo – (1 – J)Rt

With measure of RLL and estimate of Rxo…

…can determine Rt
Enter the Micro-Spherically Focused Log
 Why do we need measurements at
different D.O.Is
Water-Based Mud Oil-Based Mud

Resistivity ohmm
Invaded Zone Uninvaded Zone Invaded Zone Uninvaded Zone
Typical DLL suitable
Oil-Bearing Oil-Bearing
Salty Connate Water

Fresh Mud MSFL LLS LLD

Distance from Center of hole

Salt Mud
Water-Bearing Water-Bearing

Oil-Bearing Oil-Bearing
Fresh Connate Water

Water-Bearing Water-Bearing