Purely Resistive A.C. Circuit Purely Capacitive A.C. Circuit Purely Inductive A.C.

Circuit

VS R VS C VS L

According to OHM’s Law:

𝑉 𝑉𝐶 1 𝑉𝐿
Resistance, 𝑅 = 𝛺 Capacitive reactance, 𝑋𝐶 = = 2𝜋𝑓𝐶 𝛺 Inductive reactance, 𝑋𝐿 = = 2𝜋𝑓𝐿 𝛺
𝐼 𝐼𝐶 𝐼𝐿

In a purely resistive A.C. circuit, the In a purely capacitive A.C. circuit, the In a purely inductive A.C. circuit, the
current IR and applied voltage VR are current I leads the applied voltage current I lags the applied voltage VL by
in-phase VC by 90° 90°

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 Series R-C Circuit Parallel R-C Circuit
In a series R-C Circuit Current 𝑰 Leads 𝑽𝑺 by a degree between 0° to
90°
VR VC

V R leads VS V C lags V S

R
C
VS
G BC
I

I leads V S

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 Series R-C Circuit Parallel R-C Circuit
Impedance Phasor ➔ Impedance triangle: Admittance Phasor ➔ Admittance triangle:

R R BC Y BC Y BC
-θ -θ

XC Z XC Z XC +θ +θ
G G
𝑋 𝐵
Here, 𝜃 = −tan−1 ( 𝐶 ) Here, 𝜃 = tan−1 ( 𝐶 )
𝑅 𝐺
1
Resistance = 𝑅 (unit: Ohm Ω) Conductance, 𝐺 = (unit: Siemens S)
𝑅
1 1
Capacitive Reactance, 𝑋𝐶 = (unit: Ohm Ω) Capacitive Susceptance, 𝐵𝐶 = = 2𝜋𝑓𝐶 (unit: Siemens S)
2𝜋𝑓𝐶 𝑋𝐶
1
Total Impedance, 𝑍 = 𝑅 + (−𝑗𝑋𝑐) (unit: Ohm Ω) Total Admittance, 𝑌 = = 𝐺 + 𝑗𝐵𝐶 (unit: Siemens S)
𝑍

Magnitude of Impedance, |𝑍| = √𝑅 2 + 𝑋𝐶2 Magnitude of Admittance , | 𝑌| = √𝐺 2 + 𝐵𝐶2

Impedance triangle ➔ Voltage triangle: Admittance triangle ➔ Current triangle:

R I.R=VR
θ θ Y BC
I.XC=VC

V.BC=IC
×𝐼
×𝑉
θ θ
Z XC
G V.G=IR

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Analysis of Series RC circuit using OHM’s law Analysis of Series RC circuit using OHM’s law
𝑉 1
𝑉 = 𝐼𝑍 𝐼= 𝑍 = 𝑉𝐼 𝑉 = 𝐼𝑍 = 𝐼 𝐼 = 𝑉𝑌
𝑍 𝑌

Here, current 𝑰 is the same everywhere in a series circuit, Here, voltage 𝑽 is the same in all the parallel branches in the
so we can obtain the voltage phasors by simply circuit, so we can obtain the current phasors by simply
multiplying the impedance phasors by the current. multiplying the admittance phasors by the voltage

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 Series R-L Circuit Parallel R-L Circuit
In a series R-L Circuit Current 𝑰 lags 𝑽𝑺 by a degree between 0° to
90°
VR VL

V R lags VS VL lead s VS

R
VS
L
VS G BL
I

I lags V S

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 Series R-L Circuit Parallel R-L Circuit
Impedance Phasor ➔ Impedance triangle: Admittance Phasor ➔ Admittance triangle:

XL Z XL Z XL G G
-θ -θ R

+θ +θ BL Y BL Y BL
R R
𝑋 𝐵
Here, 𝜃 = tan−1 ( 𝐿 ) Here, 𝜃 = −tan−1 ( 𝐿 )
𝑅 𝐺
1
Resistance = 𝑅 (unit: Ohm Ω) Conductance, 𝐺 = (unit: Siemens S)
𝑅
1 1
Inductive Reactance, 𝑋𝐿 = 2𝜋𝑓𝐿 (unit: Ohm Ω) Inductive Susceptance, 𝐵𝐿 = = (unit: Siemens S)
𝑋𝐿 2𝜋𝑓𝐿
Total Impedance, 𝑍 = 𝑅 + 𝑗𝑋𝐿 (unit: Ohm Ω) 1
Total Admittance, 𝑌 = = 𝐺 + (−𝑗𝐵𝐿 ) (unit: Siemens S)
𝑍
Magnitude of Impedance, |𝑍| = √𝑅 2 + 𝑋𝐿2
Magnitude of Admittance , |𝑌| = √𝐺 2 + 𝐵𝐿2

Impedance triangle ➔ Voltage triangle: Admittance triangle ➔ Current triangle:

G V.G=IR
XL θ θ
I.XL=VL

V.BL=IL
Z ×𝑉
×𝐼
θ θ Y
BL
R I.R=VR

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 Series R-L Circuit Parallel R-L Circuit
Analysis of Series RL circuit using OHM’s law Analysis of Series RL circuit using OHM’s law
𝑉 𝐼
𝑉 = 𝐼𝑍 𝐼= 𝑍 = 𝑉𝐼 𝑉 = 𝐼𝑍 = 𝐼 = 𝑉𝑌
𝑍 𝑌

Here, current 𝑰 is the same everywhere in a series circuit, Here, voltage 𝑽 is the same in all the parallel branches in
so we can obtain the voltage phasors by simply the circuit, so we can obtain the current phasors by simply
multiplying the impedance phasors by the current. multiplying the admittance phasors by the voltage.

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Power Triangle for Series RC circuit:
In a series circuit, the way we multiplied the impedance phasors by the current to obtain the voltage phasors the same
way if we multiply the voltage phasors with Irms will give us the power triangle (or equivalent to multiplying the
impedance phasors with Irms2).

Apparent power (𝑃𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 ) is the product of the magnitude of the current and magnitude of the voltage and is plotted
along the hypotenuse of the power triangle.
Power Triangle from Voltage Triangle: Power Triangle from Impedance Triangle:

VR I.VR=PTrue R I2.R=PTrue
-θ -θ -θ -θ

I2.XC=Preactive
I.VC=Preactive
×𝐼 × 𝐼2
VS Z
VC XC

Power Triangle for Series RL circuit:

Power Triangle from Voltage Triangle: Power Triangle from Impedance Triangle:

I2.XL=Preactive
VL
I.VL=Preactive

VS XL
×𝐼 Z × 𝐼2
θ θ θ θ
VR I.VR=PTrue I2.R=PTrue
R
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