Usually, the conversion of raw materials into desired chemical products in a chemical process cannot be

accomplished in a single stage. Chemical processes should be designed as part of a sustainable industrial
operation that protects the potential of ecosystems to ensure the future of both life and industrial
activities.

Waste heat recovery technologies holds great potential for cleaner production
by improving energy efficiency, reducing energy usage and emissions of
carbon dioxide. 

Systematic approaches for the construction of heat exchanger networks became the early emphasis.
Later, the concepts and methods developed to address the issue of the heat exchanger network formed
the basis for the methodology's expansion into new fields.