Organ Transplantation

Estimated Teaching Hour: 9 Lesson:5
APPLICATION OF BIOLOGY
Monday, September 28, 2020 1
(TISSUE AND ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION)
• Amniocentesis
• Process of Amniocentesis
• Significance of Amniocentesis
• Drawbacks of Amniocentesis
9/28/2020 7:52 AM ANIMAL TISSUE 3
You will be able to understand and explain:
• Tissue and Organ Transplantation
• Types of Transplants
• Transplant Rejection and Prevention
• Advantage and Disadvantage of Transplantation
• Tissue and organ transplantation is a medical procedure in
which a tissue and organ is removed from one body and
placed in the body of a recipient, to replace a damaged or
missing organ.
• Tissue transplantation include: cornea, skin, islets of

Langerhans (pancreas islet cells), bone marrow/adult stem
cell, blood transfusion, blood vessels, heart valve, bone.
• Successfully transplanted organs include: the heart, kidneys,

liver, lungs, pancreas, intestine, thymus and uterus.
• Worldwide, the kidneys are the most commonly transplanted

organs, followed by the liver and then the heart.
• 1869: First skin autograft-transplantation by Carl Bunger, who documented the first modern
successful skin graft on a person.
• 1905: First successful cornea transplant by Eduard Zirm (Czech Republic)
• 1908: First skin allograft-transplantation of skin from a donor to a recipient (Switzerland)
• 1950: First successful kidney transplant by Dr. Richard H. Lawler (Chicago, U.S.A.)
• 1954: First living related kidney transplant (identical twins) (U.S.A.)
• 1954: Brazil's first successful corneal transplant, the first liver (Brazil)
• 1955: First heart valve allograft into descending aorta (Canada)
• 1963: First successful lung transplant by James D. Hardy with patient living 18 days (U.S.A.)
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_transplantation#Artificial_organ_transplantation
• 1964: James D. Hardy attempts heart transplant using chimpanzee heart (U.S.A)
• 1964: Human patient lived nine months with chimpanzee kidneys, twelve other human patients
only lived one to two months, Keith Reemtsma and team (New Orleans, U.S.A.)
• 1965: Australia's first successful (living) kidney transplant (Queen Elizabeth Hospital, SA,
Australia)
• 1966: First successful pancreas transplant by Richard Lillehei and William Kelly (Minnesota,
U.S.A.)
• 1967: First successful liver transplant by Thomas Starzl (Denver, U.S.A.)
• 1967: First successful heart transplant by Christian Barnard (Cape Town, South Africa)
• 1981: First successful heart/lung transplant by Bruce Reitz (Stanford, U.S.A.)
• 1983: First successful lung lobe transplant by Joel Cooper at the Toronto General Hospital
(Toronto, Canada)
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_transplantation#Artificial_organ_transplantation
• Autograft: The transplant of tissue to the same person (self transplant). Eg. Skin graft,
vein extraction for coronary artery bypass surgery (CABS), stem-cell autograft etc.
• Isograft: The transplant of organs or tissues from a donor to a genetically identical
recipient (such as an identical twin).
• Allograft: The transplant of an organ or tissue between two genetically non-identical
members of the same species.
• Xenograft: The transplant of organs or tissue from one species to another (genetically
different species). Also known as heterograft.
An example is porcine heart valve transplant, which is quite common and
successful.
Another example is attempted piscine-primate (fish to non-human primate)
transplant of islet (i.e. pancreatic or insular tissue) tissue.
Organ donors may be living or may have died of brain death or circulatory death.
- Living Donor
- Deceased Donor
• The failure of transplantation of tissues and organ due
to genetic difference in allograft and xenograft is called
transplant rejection.
• Recipient body recognizes the transplanted tissue or
organ as foreign (non-self) object, that acts as an
antigen.
• Consequently the immune system of recipient gets
stimulated to produce the antibody against the
transplanted tissues or organs.
• Histocompatibility genes (H-genes) and Human
Leucocyte antigen (HLA) or Major Histocompatibility
Complex (MHC) are responsible for transplant rejection.
A blood grouping is based on the presence and absence of antibodies and inherited antigenic
substances on the surface of red blood cells.
• Prefer for auto-graft and iso-graft.
• In case of allograft, tissue typing (H-genes and HLA)
should be matched before transplantation.
• Use of immunosuppressive drugs eg. Imuran,
cyclosporin, azathioprine etc.
• Use of radiation therapy to suppress the immune
response.
• Use of monoclonal antibodies, which recognize and
destroy the killer T-cells only, that is responsible for
transplant rejection.
ADVANTAGES:
• Transplantation of organ or tissue save life of person.
• Keratoplasty: transplantation of cornea restores vision of eyes.
• One can save other’s life by donating organs or tissues like kidney, lungs, blood etc.
DISADVANTAGES:
• Transplant rejection may lead into sudden death of patient.
• It is expensive medical procedure.
• One needs to have immunosuppressive medication throughout the life.
Hemodialysis (simply: dialysis), is a process of purifying the blood of a person whose
kidneys are not working normally.
Monday, September 28, 2020
Fig: 1. Artificial kidney transplanted 2. Bionic artificial kidney (real size) 3. Wearable artificial kidney

Organ Transplantation

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Organ Transplantation

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Estimated Teaching Hour: 9 Lesson:5

• Tissue and Organ Transplantation

• Transplant Rejection and Prevention

• Advantage and Disadvantage of Transplantation

• Tissue transplantation include: cornea, skin, islets of

• Successfully transplanted organs include: the heart, kidneys,

• Worldwide, the kidneys are the most commonly transplanted

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