POWER Writing-Process Writing

Planning: take stance, find ideas

Organizing: arrange paragraphs, preparing details

Writing: signposting, paraphrasing

Evaluating: criteria, model answer

Revising: grammar & lexis, writing sample

(5 m planning & Organizing 20-25 m writing 5-10 m evaluating & revising)

雅思写作箴言
一针见血 Answer the question
言必及物 Think before you write
格物致知 Dig deeper
义正词严 Argue to appeal
遣词造句 Mobilize your language
言简意赅 KISS
一气呵成 Write it fast
起承转合 Follow the bread crumbs
咬文嚼字 Thesaurus
文从字顺 Make it flow

雅思写作 6+1
1 种写作风格: EAP Writing Convention

2 种考试文体: Argumentative and expository

3 种题干命题:

claim:- Policy (Solutions & Suggestions) - Value (positive-Negative) – Fact (cause & effect-Historical-

Predictive)

4 步逻辑论证: Point-Explanation-Exemplification-Link

5 种考试题型:

To what extent do you agree or disagree?

Discuss both views and give your opinion.

What are some causes and how to solve the problem?

What are the advantages and disadvantages?

What is the situation in your country? Do you think it is a positive or negative

development?

6 种普世价值:

time pioneer

diversity free will

equality

responsibility
1 类语言:

functional languages Hedging and Speculating

Present your opinion Recommending and suggesting

Explaining Comparing and Contrasting

Supporting with examples Concession and rebuttal

4 种逻辑论证模型（B 站关注 lucastang00）：

Aristotelian（Classical）

1. Introduction 4. Proof

2. Statement of background 5. Refutation

3. Proposition （Ethos，Pathos，Logos） 6. Conclusion

Rogerian

1. Introduction 4. Compromise

2. Opposing position 5. Benefits

3. Your position

Toulmin

1. Claims  4. Backing 

2. Grounds 5. Qualifier 

3. Warrant  6. Rebuttal 

Monroe

1. Attention 4. Visualization

2. Needs 5. Action

3. Satisfaction

Matching

A. A hearing aid helps most people to hear better.

B. Hearing aids are available locally.

C. Hearing aids help most people.

D. Over 70% of all people over 65 years have a hearing difficulty.

E. There is a support desk that deals with technical problems.

F. You should use a hearing aid.

Claim-ground-warrant-backing-qualifier-rebuttal

F-D-A-B-C-E

(http://changingminds.org/disciplines/argument/making_argument/toulmin.htm)

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Essay 1#
Nations should spend more money on skills and vocational training for practical work, rather than on

university education.

To what extent do you agree or disagree?

1. Paraphrase the overall topic for the essay.

2. Give a clear opinion.

1. Write a clear  topic sentence  with a main idea at the end.

2. Explain your main idea.

3. Use specific details to develop your main idea.

4. Include specific examples.

5. State the full results.

6. Continue detailing the results.

1. Write another topic sentence with a new main idea at the end.

2. Explain your main idea again.

3. Use a hypothetical example if you don’t know a real one.

4. Vary your long and short sentences.

5. Keep developing the same main idea.

6. Using counter-points to make your argument stronger.

7. State the full results and add in any more development for the same main idea.

1. Summarize your main ideas and repeat your opinion.

2. Add a final thought/detail.

Vocabulary
What do the words in bold below mean?

Many today feel that countries should prioritise vocational training over higher education due to

changes in the labour market. In my opinion, though there are strong economic reasons to support this

idea, university education holds greater value.

Those in favour of more practical skills training point out the financial benefits. Most university

graduates are burdened with student debt and face uncertain job prospects. In contrast, training
4
schools are cheap, fast, and ease students into steady employment immediately. The jobs they train for

are also most likely recession-proof and durable, including positions as cooks, hotel managers,

and skilled technicians. Someone who is firmly established in such a job in their early 20s does not have

to deal with the pressures associated with university life and its incumbent debts. Instead, they can

begin to set aside money for a house or start a family.

Nonetheless, lacking a university degree limits one’s options. The jobs available will pay well

initially and be secure but offer narrow scope for advancement and virtually no opportunity to switch

career paths. An individual with a university degree, on the other hand, might begin from a lower

position but has a higher ceiling on future earnings. It is also possible for them to explore a variety of

fields. Most good jobs require at least a bachelor’s degree even for simple internship vacancies. Lacking

such a degree, means restricting oneself to manual labour or service industry jobs. The actual learning

that takes place at university, particularly for those with multi-disciplinary majors or studying at liberal

arts schools, also encourages students to consider a wide range of possible career options.

In conclusion, increasing funding for vocational training is an attractive yet short-sighted

approach that curbs possibilities. Governments ought to continue to support higher education even

in dark economic times in order to reap future rewards.

Answers
prioritise vocational training focus more on steady employment good job

skilled training recession-proof can survive difficult economic

higher education university times

labour market jobs and employment durable secure

strong economic reasons good financial skilled technicians electricians, plumbers, IT

justifications people

holds greater value has more importance firmly established secure

practical skills training vocational training for deal with handle

jobs such as cook, electrician, etc. pressures associated with stress related to

financial benefits monetary advantages incumbent debts money owed that comes along

burdened with student debt have lots of money with uni

to pay back set aside money save money

face uncertain job prospects may struggle to get lacking not having

work limits one’s options not as many choices

in contrast however pay well initially make good salary at the

ease without effort beginning

5
secure safe service industry jobs hotels, restaurants, etc.

narrow scope not diverse, limited multi-disciplinary majors studying more than

virtually essentially one subject

switch career paths find a new kind of job liberal arts schools schools where you focus on

university degree bachelor’s degree, masters, etc. many subjects

on the other hand however encourages inspires

lower position not as high up consider think about

higher ceiling on future earnings cap on what wide range of possible career options many

you can make in the future choices for a job

explore look through attractive appealing

variety of fields lots of different jobs, areas short-sighted approach not a good long-term

require at least must have at minimum strategy

internship vacancies open unpaid jobs curbs possibilities limits choices

restricting limiting dark economic times when the economy is poor

manual labour jobs that require hard work reap future rewards get a lot out of it later

Vocabulary Practice
Remember and fill in the blanks:

Many today feel that countries

should p__________________________g over h______________________n due to changes in
the l__________________t. In my opinion, though there are s_________________________s to support
this idea, university education h____________________e.
Those in favour of more p________________________g point out the f_________________________s.
Most university graduates
are b__________________________t and f__________________________s. I_______________t, training
schools are cheap, fast, and e_____e students into s________________________t immediately. The jobs
they train for are also most likely r__________________f and d____________e, including positions as
cooks, hotel managers, and s____________________s. Someone who is f_______________________d in
such a job in their early 20s does not have
to d______________h the p______________________h university life and
6
its i_______________________s. Instead, they can begin to s__________________y for a house or start a
family.
Nonetheless, l___________g a university degree l______________________s. The jobs available
will p____________________y and be s__________e but offer n__________________e for advancement
and v____________y no opportunity to s_____________________s. An individual with
a u___________________e, o_______________________d, might begin from a l_______________n but
has a h_____________________________s. It is also possible for them
to e___________e a v____________________s. Most good jobs r_________________t a bachelor’s degree
even for simple i_____________________s. Lacking such a degree, means r______________g oneself
to m______________r or s_________________________s. The actual learning that takes place at
university, particularly for those with m_________________________s or studying
at l______________________s, also e______________s students
to c____________r a w_____________________________________s.
In conclusion, increasing funding for vocational training is
an a______________e yet s_________________________h that c________________________s.
Governments ought to continue to support higher education even in d______________________s in order
to r_______________________s.

Reading Practice
Read more about this same topic from The Atlantic:

https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2009/06/skip-college-and-get-a-job/20009/

Writing Practice
Full-time university students spend a lot of time studying. Some say they should do other activities too.

To what extent do you agree or disagree?

Essay 2#
Some people believe that children that commit crimes should be punished. Others think the parents

should be punished instead.

Discuss both views and give your own opinion.

1. Paraphrase the overall topic for the essay.

2. Write a clear opinion that you will repeat later.

3. Write a clear  topic sentence  with your main idea at the end.
7
 4. Explain your main idea.

5. Develop it with specific details.

6. Continue to develop them and don’t switch to another main idea.

7. Use specific examples to support your main idea.

8. Write another topic sentence with a new main idea for the idea that you agree with.

9. Use research to support your opinion if possible.

10. Use a specific example.

11. Develop the example.

12. Keep developing it and don’t switch to a new one.

13. Generalise from the example back to your main idea.

14. Conclude with a strong statement.

15. Repeat your opinion and summarise your main ideas.

16. Add a final thought or detail to support your opinion.

Vocabulary
What do the words in bold below mean?

Some today are calling for parents to be held responsible for crimes committed by their children. In my

opinion, there are exceptions but many cases merit greater punishment for parents.

Those arguing against this reform point out that parents are not always culpable. There are numerous

instances of loving parents who raise their child well but social problems still manifest from a young

age. This is often the case if the child suffers from a mental illness such as schizophrenia or

a dissociative disorder. These conditions may stem from simple genetics, in which case parents should

not be punished, or from trauma the primary caregivers are unaware of. For example, if they have

been abused at school or by a relative then it follows logically the offending, rather

than innocent, party should be brought to justice.

Despite the important exceptions above that courts must sort through, parental abuse and

neglect should be punishable. Studies have shown that most young children who commit crimes have

been abused in some way by their parents. Serial killers are an extreme but useful case in

point. Nearly every serial killer begins antisocial behaviour from a young age, including the criminal

torture of animals. There are also no known examples of serial killers coming from happy homes; they

are all the product of varying degrees of abuse from their parents. This is clear evidence that

parents play the pivotal role in molding the psyche of young children. As children grow up and have

8
more influences this may change but for young children, parents are chiefly responsible and courts

should recognise this fact.

In conclusion, there are some cases where parents may not be at fault for criminal acts by children but in

most situations they are the driving force. Trying parents for their child’s crime and seeking

treatment for the children would therefore be a modern, progressive, and positive reform.

Answers
calling for wanting offending guilty

held responsible be tried in court innocent not guilty

committed did party person

exceptions cases that don’t apply brought to justice tried in court, punished

many cases merit most situations deserve important exceptions above key cases

arguing against don’t believe mentioned before

reform change courts where you are tried for a crime

culpable responsible sort through work through

numerous instances many examples parental abuse and neglect parents hurting or

raise their child well bring up a kid in a good way not paying attention to their kids

social problems can’t interact with others well punishable can be punished (adjective)

manifest become real in some way through some method

this is often the case if usually happens when serial killers people who kill multiple victims

suffers from a mental illness have a mental extreme serious

disorder useful case in point important example

schizophrenia a serious mental illness nearly every almost all

dissociative disorder suffering a trauma and then begins antisocial behaviour starts to behave

a condition from that badly

conditions environment criminal torture of animals hurting animals

stem from come from no known examples no instances of

genetics what you are born with, your nature coming from happy homes raised well

trauma problems in life the product of varying degrees of abuse the

primary caregivers parents or whoever takes care result of different levels of abuse

of you clear evidence obvious support

unaware of know about play the pivotal role important part

abused getting hurt molding the psyche influencing their mind

relative someone in your family influences what effects you

follows logically naturally chiefly responsible mostly accountable

9
recognise this fact be aware of seeking treatment therapy

at fault their responsibility modern new

driving force main influence progressive modern

trying parents putting parents on trial positive reform good change

Vocabulary Practice
Remember and fill in the blanks:
Some today are c___________r parents to be h__________________e for crimes c_________________d by
their children. In my opinion, there are e_____________s but m_________________t greater punishment
for parents.
Those a__________________t this r__________m point out that parents are not always c__________e.
There are n_____________________s of loving parents
who r________________________l but s_________________s still m____________t from a young
age. T________________________f the child s____________________________s such
as s_________________a or a d______________________r.
These c_____________s may s____________m simple g____________s, in which case parents should not
be punished, or from t__________a the p_________________________s are u_________________f. For
example, if they have been a_________d at school or by a r__________e then
it f____________________y the o____________g, rather than i____________t, p_______y should
be b_____________________e.
Despite
the i______________________________e that c_________s must s______________________h, p_______
___________________t should be p______________e. Studies have shown that most young children who
commit crimes have been abused i________________y by their parents. S__________________s are
an e_____________e but u________________________t. N_______________y serial
killer b______________________________r from a young age, including
the c_______________________________s. There are also n_________________________s of serial
killers c___________________________s; they are
all t_________________________________________e from their parents. This
is c__________________e that parents p_____________________e in m________________________e of
young children. As children grow up and have more i______________s this may change but for young
children, parents are c_____________________e and courts should r_____________________t.
In conclusion, there are some cases where parents may not be a___________t for criminal acts by children
but in most situations they are the d____________________e. T_________________s for their child’s
10
crime and s_____________________t for the children would therefore be
a m__________n, p_______________e, and p___________________m.

Reading Practice
Read more about this same topic from KQED

https://www.kqed.org/education/143088/should-teens-who-commit-serious-crimes-be-tried-and-sentenced-
as-adults

Writing Practice
Although families have influence on a children’s development, factors outside the home play a bigger part

in their lives nowadays.

To what extent do you agree or disagree?

Essay 3#
Although families have influence on a children’s development, factors outside the home play a bigger

part in their lives nowadays.

To what extent do you agree or disagree?

1. Paraphrase the overall essay topic.

2. Write your opinion clearly.

1. Write a topic sentence with a clear main idea at the end.

2. Explain your main idea or begin an example.

11
 3. Develop your idea – don’t switch to a new one.

4. Give specific examples.

5. Develop or state the results of the examples.

6. Continue developing and relate it back to overall essay topic.

1. Write another topic sentence with a main idea for the other side.

2. Explain your main idea.

3. Use a hypothetical example if you don’t know a real one.

4. Develop the example.

5. Continue developing it and stating the end results.

1. Summarise your ideas and repeat your opinion.

2. Add a final thought/detail. Read more about conclusions  here.

Vocabulary
What do the words in bold below mean?

Many today feel that the home no longer plays the largest role in child development. In my opinion,

though outside factors have become increasingly invasive, family life is still more influential.

Those who believe children these days are largely shaped by the outside world often focus on

the expanding importance of technology. Decades ago, it was more common for families to engage

in conversation throughout the day, at dinner, and during holidays. Today, each family member might be

more engaged with their smartphone, tablet, or laptop. For example, children now have constant

access to streaming video sites like YouTube. Instead of watching cartoons for an hour a day on

television, they can watch shows all day long, both in and outside the home. The result is that kids often

find niche channels and parents have a difficult time monitoring and keeping up

with the appropriacy of their interests and influences.

Nonetheless, family life remains the heart of early psychological development. Children are unlikely to

have much access to new technology in their early years when researchers say

the majority of personality formation occurs. If parents are strict, unforgiving and withhold their love

then children begin to either turn inwards feeling rejected or strive compulsively for their parent’s

esteem. These early, learned behaviours will manifest themselves in progressively more unhealthy

behaviours and evolve as the child matures. Conversely, a child who is loved unconditionally but

12
given honest feedback from their parents has a much greater chance of becoming a well-adjusted

adult with strong role models to imitate.

In conclusion, despite the ubiquity of technology today, family is the key catalyst in early

development. Regardless of changes in society, parents will continue to be the main influence for their

children in the foreseeable future.

Answers
plays the largest role do the most personality formation how their temperament

child development how a kid grows up develops

outside factors not limited to the home occurs happens

increasingly invasive more and more influential strict harsh

influential have an impact unforgiving do not forgive, not lenient

largely shaped mostly molded by withhold not give

the outside world not in the home turn inwards become introverted

expanding importance more and more important rejected feel spurned

decades ago 20+ years ago strive compulsively try very hard

engage in take part in parent’s esteem parent’s opinion of them

family member a person in your family learned behaviours habits

engaged with interacting with manifest appear as

constant access can use any time progressively more and more

streaming video sites Netflix, YouTube, Disney+, evolve change over time

etc. matures become older, more adult

all day long the whole day conversely in contrast

niche channels not very popular, odd videos unconditionally without strings attached

monitoring supervising honest feedback honest opinion

keeping up with knowing about greater chance more likely

appropriacy if they should/shouldn’t be watching well-adjusted adult normal person

them strong role models someone to look up to

remains the heart of still crucial imitate copy

psychological development how their brain, ubiquity everywhere

emotions develop key catalyst chief cause

unlikely probably won’t happen regardless of nonetheless

access can get continue to be still remain

early years when young foreseeable future as far as we can see in the

majority most of future
13
Vocabulary Practice
Remember and fill in the blanks:

Many today feel that the home no

longer p______________________e in c___________________________t. In my opinion,
though o____________________s have become i_______________________e, family life is still
more i__________________l.
Those who believe children these days are l______ _________d by t_______________________d often
focus on the e_________________________e of technology. D___________________o, it was more
common for families to e______________n conversation throughout the day, at dinner, and during holidays.
Today, each f___________________r might be more e________________h their smartphone, tablet, or
laptop. For example, children now have c____________________s to s___________________s like
YouTube. Instead of watching cartoons for an hour a day on television, they can watch
shows a___________________________g, both in and outside the home. The result is that kids often
find n__________________s and parents have a difficult
time m_______________g and k_________________h the a__________________y of their interests and
influences.
Nonetheless, family life r_________________________f early p_______________________t. Children
are u______________y to have much a___________s to new technology in
their e________________s when researchers say the m__________y of p______________________n
o__________s. If parents are s____________t, u________________g and w__________d their love then
children begin to either t_________________s feeling r____________d or s____________________y for
their p_________________m. These early, l_____________________s will m____________t themselves
in p___________________y more unhealthy behaviours and e_____________e as the
child m________________s. C________________y, a child who is loved u__________________y but
given h__________________k from their parents has a much g_________________e of becoming
a w_____________________t with s_________________s to i_________e.
In conclusion, despite the u_____________y of technology today, family is the k_______________t in early
development. R________________f changes in society, parents will c_________________e the main
influence for their children in the f______________________e.

14
Reading Practice
Read here about the influence of technology on children:

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3170902/

Writing Practice
Write about the following related topic then check with my sample answer below:

Many parents encourage young people to leave home when they become older, while others think they

should stay at home with the family.

Discuss both views and give your own opinion.

Essay 4#
Some believe that it is beneficial to show foreign films while others feel this can have a negative impact

on local culture.

Discuss both views and give your own opinion.

1. Paraphrase the overall topic for the whole essay.

2. Give a clear opinion.

3. Write a  topic sentence  with a clear main idea at the end.

15
4. Explain your main idea, if necessary.

5. Give an example.

6. Develop or extend the example to other countries.

7. State the full results.

8. Write another topic sentence with a clear main idea at the end.

9. Explain this main idea.

10. Vary short and long sentences.

11. Give specific examples to support your main idea.

12. Continue developing the same main idea – don’t switch to a new one.

13. Conclude with a strong statement.

14. Repeat your opinion and summarise your main ideas.

15. Add a final thought/detail.

Vocabulary
What do the words in bold below mean?

Some believe cinemas should show a wide breadth of films from around the world, while others worry

about the globalising effect on local culture. In my opinion, though reliance on domestic

film can contribute greatly to the cultural development of a nation, it is too severe a restriction.

Those wary of the pernicious effects of films from other countries point to the importance of nationally

produced films. When a country imports few films from abroad, they are forced into making more and

better movies to attract audiences. For instance, in the 1980s immediately after the cultural

revolution in China, few foreign films were shows. Studios instead funded ambitious Chinese film-

makers like Zhang Yimou, who would later go on to lead the early 1990s ascent of Chinese new wave

cinema. This same pattern has been repeated in South Korea, Japan, France, and numerous other

countries at different periods in the 20th century. The sum effect on culture for each respective

nation has been massive and, in many cases, represents their most recent defining cultural

achievements.

Nonetheless, watching foreign films allows individuals to enjoy the best entertainment on offer. It would

be cruel to ban foreign films and enforce a sub-par viewing experience in countries with under-

developed film industries. Film is, after all, mainly an enjoyable form of relaxation. The most popular

movies tend to come from Hollywood and include blockbuster superhero franchises, Oscar-worthy

dramas, and comedies. Many local theatre chains would struggle to stay in business without foreign

films and the new online streaming options mean that audiences would likely just subscribe to Netflix
16
or download movies illegally. The actual cultural benefits of such restrictions might therefore

be questionable while theatre-goers would surely be deprived of quality recreation.

In conclusion, the examples of isolated national film industries do not outweigh the diversionary

value of film. There are other methods of preserving and encouraging culture besides censoring

outside influences.

Answers
wide breadth lots of different same pattern identical trend

globalising effect making the whole world the repeated happened again

same numerous many

local culture the country in question different periods various times

reliance dependence 20th century 1900-2000

domestic film film made in their country sum effect total impact

contribute greatly add a lot to respective nation country in question

cultural development the progress of art/culture massive huge

severe extreme in many cases most of the time

restriction regulation represents total

wary suspicious about most recent defining cultural

pernicious effects bad impacts achievements most important art made recently

point to argue nonetheless regardless

nationally produced films movies made in that on offer available

country cruel mean

imports what is brought into the country ban restrict

abroad foreign enforce make sure it is followed

forced into must sub-par viewing experience bad time at the

attract audiences bring people in movies

immediately after right after, following under-developed not mature, not advanced

cultural revolution in China a program of form make up

restriction in China in the 1960s and 70s tend to usually

studios film companies blockbuster superhero franchises Marvel and DC

funded ambitious gave money to promising movies

later go on after this would Oscar-worthy dramas high-brow films

ascent rise local theatre chains cinemas in your country

Chinese new wave cinema early 1990s struggle have a tough time

movement of good Chinese films stay in business continue to operate

17
streaming options online services for watching deprived of quality recreation taken away the

videos fun

audiences the people who watch isolated alone

subscribe sign up to outweigh more important than

download movies illegally steal films diversionary value important distractions

actual cultural benefits real advantages for the preserving keeping intact

culture encouraging helping

restrictions limits censoring outside influences restricting foreign

questionable doubtful films

theatre-goers people who watch movies

Vocabulary Practice
Remember and fill in the blanks:

Some believe cinemas should show a w___________h of films from around the world, while others worry
about the g________________t on l______________e. In my opinion,
though r____________e on d_______________m can c________________y to
the c______________________t of a nation, it is too s________e a r____________n.
Those w_______y of the p____________________s of films from other countries p_________o the
importance of n_________________________s. When a country i__________s few films
from a_________d, they are f_____________o making more and better movies
to a___________________s. For instance, in the
1980s i_______________________r the c_____________________________a, few foreign films were
shows. S________s instead f________________s Chinese film-makers like Zhang Yimou, who
would l____________n to lead the early 1990s a________t of C________________________a.
This s___________n has been r__________d in South Korea, Japan, France, and n___________s other
countries at d____________________s in the 2_______________y. The s____________t on culture for
each r___________________n has
been m__________e and, i____________s, r________________s their m____________________________
________s.
N____________s, watching foreign films allows individuals to enjoy the best entertainment o________r. It
would be c_______l to b___n foreign films and e__________e a s___________________________e in
countries with u________________d film industries. Film is, after all, mainly an enjoyable f______m of
relaxation. The most popular movies t________o come from Hollywood and
include b____________________________________s, O_________________________s, and comedies.
18
Many l_______________________s would s______________e to s_________________s without foreign
films and the new online s_________________s mean that a______________s would likely
just s_______________e to Netflix or d____________________________y.
The a__________________________s of such r_______________s might therefore
be q__________________e while t_______________s would surely
be d____________________________________n.
In conclusion, the examples of i____________d national film industries do
not o___________h the d________________________e of film. There are other methods
of p_______________g and e_________________g culture
besides c_______________________________s.

Reading Practice
Read about some Chinese directors below:
The 10 Best Chinese Film Directors: Trendsetters & Pioneers

Writing Practice
Many people believe that film is a less important art than other forms such as literature and painting.

To what extent do you agree or disagree?

Essay 5#
Some scientists believe that in the future computers will be more intelligent than human beings. While

some see this as a positive development others worry about the negative consequences.

Discuss both views and give your opinion.

Analysis
19
1. Paraphrase the overall topic for the essay.

2. Write a clear opinion.

1. Write a topic sentence with a clear main idea at the end.

2. Explain your main idea.

3. Use specific examples.

4. Continue to develop your main idea.

5. Don’t switch to a new idea.

6. Conclude by generalising.

1. Write another clear topic sentence with the main idea that agree with.

2. Use real companies/people to write very specific examples.

3. Begin a specific example.

4. You can write about related examples instead of developing one example.

5. Here I switch to a third example.

6. Conclude with a strong statement.

1. Summarise your main ideas and repeat your opinion.

2. Add a final thought/detail.

Vocabulary
What do the words in bold below mean?

Many today are worried about the potential drawbacks of artificial intelligence. In my opinion,

these concerns are legitimate but on the whole A.I. will allow for new heights to human endeavour.

The chief associated worries concern its misuse by humans initially and machines later. The former is

already coming to pass as automation has phased out many traditional jobs. As artificial intelligence

becomes more sophisticated, the positions in jeopardy will transition from low-skilled factory

staff to data anal ysts and other white-collar workers. The fear is that companies will be motivated

solely by their bottom line, lay off many employees and trigger mass social unrest. Some also believe

A.I. portends darker scenarios akin to the apocalyptic dystopias of films like The Matrix and

Terminator. This is a possibility though it is impossible to estimate its likelihood.

The speculations above should be taken seriously but they pale in comparison to the technologies A.I.

can complement. Companies ranging from Google to Amazon to Tesla are investing heavily in this

industry because of its enormous potential. For example, self-driving cars are fast becoming a

reality and will reduce the number of vehicular accidents massively. Policymakers in government will
20
be able to take advantage of/adopt and adapt sophisticated algorithms to project economic

policy and positively enhance the lives of billions. In the consumer sphere, smartphones will

become increasingly helpful, freeing up individuals to focus their time on work, family, and leisure.

This is only a partial list and the most intriguing and impactful applications have yet to be unearthed.

In conclusion, artificial intelligence poses risks to the labour market and the future of humanity, but the

opportunities for new projects should take priority. It is important to find

a balance and methods of mitigating the dangers. Excel

Answers
worried about concerned data analysts people who look closely at

potential drawbacks possible negatives numbers, data

artificial intelligence really smart white-collar workers office workers, managers,

computers/robots etc.

concerns worries motivated solely mainly interested in

legitimate justified bottom line profts

on the whole overall lay off fire

new heights greatest achievements trigger mass social unrest cause unhappiness

human endeavour what man has accomplished portends darker scenarios akin to can foresee

chief associated worries concern main issues bad outcomes similar to

relate to apocalyptic dystopias nightmarish futures

misuse abuse possibility chance

initially in the beginning estimate guess

coming to pass happening now likelihood chance of happening

automation robotic speculations guesses

phased out disappeared taken seriously treated with respect

traditional jobs factory workers, old types of pale in comparison to much weaker than

labour complement supplement

sophisticated complex ranging from including

positions in jeopardy jobs in danger investing heavily putting a lot of money into

transition change from enormous potential a lot of possibility

low-skilled factory staff people working in self-driving cars automated automobiles

factories, manual labour fast becoming a reality quickly becoming true

vehicular accidents massively car crashes a lot

21
policymakers law-makers, politicians partial list not complete

take advantage of sophisticated most intriguing most interesting

algorithms exploit computer programs impactful applications used to the most effect

project economic policy predict how to manage unearthed uncovered

the economy poses risks has dangers

positively enhance have a good impact on labour market workers

consumer sphere what people buy take priority more important

increasingly helpful more and more positive balance keep things equal

freeing up allowing for methods means

focus their time have more time for mitigating lessening the impact of

leisure free time dangers risks

Vocabulary Practice
Remember and fill in the blanks:

Many today are w______________t the p_________________s of a______________________e. In my

opinion, these c____________s are l______________e but o______________e A.I. will allow
for n____________s to h______________________r.
The c____________________________________n its m___________e by humans i_____________y and
machines later. The former is
already c_______________s as a________________n has p______________t many t__________________
___s. As artificial intelligence becomes more s______________d,
the p______________________y will t_______________n from l__________________________f to d___
______________s and other w_____________________s. The fear is that companies will
be m____________________y by their b________________e, l_____________f many employees
and t_____________________________t. Some also believe
A.I. p__________________________________o the a________________________s of films like The
Matrix and Terminator. This is a p________________y though it is impossible
to e________________e its l_________________d.
The s__________________s above should be t__________________y but
they p__________________________o the technologies A.I. can c____________________t.
Companies r____________________m Google to Amazon to Tesla are i________________________y in
this industry because of its e_______________________l. For
example, s___________________s are f_______________________y and will reduce the number
of v_____________________________y. P____________________s in government will be able
to t__________________________________________s to p___________________________y and p_____
22
________________e the lives of billions. In the c______________________e, smartphones will
become i________________________l, f_______________p individuals to f____________________e on
work, family, and l____________e. This is only a p________________t and
the m__________________g and i________________________s have yet to be u______________d.
In conclusion, artificial intelligence p_____________s to the l__________________t and the future of
humanity, but the opportunities for new projects should t_________________y. It is important to find
a b_____________e and m____________s of m____________g the d___________s.

Reading Practice
Stay updated on the latest news about Artifical Intelligence from Wired here:

https://www.wired.com/category/business/artificial-intelligence/

Writing Practice
Write about the following related topic then check with my sample answer:

Nowadays more tasks at home and work are being performed by robots.

Is this a negative or positive development?

23
Essay 6#
It is better to learn the way people lived in the past through films and video records than written documents.

To what extent do you agree or disagree?

Analysis
1. Paraphrase the overall essay topic.

2. Include your opinion.

1. Write a topic sentence with a clear main idea at the end.

2. Explain your main idea.

3. Give a specific example.

4. Develop the example.

5. Continue to develop it – don’t switch to a new idea or example.

6. State the final results of the example.

1. Write another topic sentence with a new main idea at the end.

2. Explain your main idea.

3. Write another real example.

4. Develop the example.

5. Keep developing it.

6. Conclude the paragraph with a strong statement.

1. Repeat your opinion and summarise your main ideas.

24
 2. Add a final thought/detail.

Vocabulary
What do the words in bold below mean?
Some believe that learning about the past is best done through written documents, while others feel

video is a more accurate medium. In my opinion, recent films in particular can be useful but most
information about the past is contained in documents.

Those who argue in favour of video recordings can point to their accuracy.

Images transform every observation into a firsthand account. For example, there are

documentaries and home videos starting in the 1960s that show how people lived. By watching these

films, a social anthropologist can spot more than the surface content. They can see how people talked

to each other in real life, what products they used, get a sense for the fashion and the way people

spoke. In order to better understand their subject, historians would give anything for

an opportunity to have similar film of the Ancient Greeks or Romans.

However, video is limited, especially in terms of its access to important persons and events of the past.

It might reveal how everyday people behaved but the facts of what was going on  behind the scenes is

contained in firsthand notes, memos, letters, and official documents. A good example of this

would be the exhaustive four volume biography of Lyndon Johnson written by Robert Caro.

A famously meticulous writer, he has poured over thousands of documents ranging

from private diaries and correspondences to the laws and orders issued at the time. Slowly, a
good observor of the past is able to piece together disparate pieces of information  into

a narrative that approaches truth. There simply does not exist the same repository of video

evidence from any period to yet allow for such a complete understanding of individuals or historic

periods.
In conclusion, the value of film may increase in the future but documents still offer the greatest

insights into the past. It is important to be mindful that all history is speculation but the best
history sticks closely to the facts.

Answers
best done better approach argue in favour of believe that
written documents books, notes, diaries, etc. transform change into
accurate medium best way observation watching
in particular especially
25
firsthand account live account in person, not volume book
secondhand famously meticulous writer well-known for
home videos films made at home doing good research

spot find/see poured over read closely

surface content what is immediately apparent ranging from including
get a sense for have some understanding of private diaries journals
subject what they are studying correspondences letters
would give anything willing to sacrifice orders demands
anything observor someone watching
opportunity chance piece together disparate pieces of
in terms of when it comes to information combine facts
access can get to narrative story
reveal uncover approaches truth gets close to being accurate
behind the scenes what is happening where repository collection
people can’t see complete understanding fully know about
firsthand notes what people wrote themselves historic periods times in the past
memos notes greatest insights biggest takeaways
official documents orders, receipts, reports, mindful aware of
etc. speculation guesses
exhaustive comprehensive sticks closely to the facts not speculate

Vocabulary Practice
Remember and fill in the blank:
Some believe that learning about the past is b__________e through w________________________s, while
others feel video is a more a_______________________m. In my opinion, recent
films i__________________r can be useful but most information about the past is contained in documents.
Those who a_______________________f video recordings can point to their accuracy.
Images t_________________m every o_______________n into a f_________________________t. For
example, there are documentaries and h_____________________s starting in the 1960s that show how
people lived. By watching these films, a social anthropologist can s______t more than
the s___________________t. They can see how people talked to each other in real life, what products they
used, g__________________r the fashion and the way people spoke. In order to better understand

26
their s_________t, historians w______________________g for an o_________________y to have similar
film of the Ancient Greeks or Romans.
However, video is limited, especially i___________f its a__________s to important persons and events of
the past. It might r_________l how everyday people behaved but the facts of what was going
on b________________s is contained in f_________________s, m________s, letters,
and o__________________________s. A good example of this would be
the e_______________e four v__________e biography of Lyndon Johnson written by Robert Caro.
A f______________________________________r, he has p__________________r thousands of
documents r_________________m p___________________s and c__________________________s to the
laws and o__________s issued at the time. Slowly, a good o____________r of the past is able
to p___________________________________________________n into
a n____________e that a___________________h. There simply does not exist the
same r______________y of video evidence from any period to yet allow for such
a c___________________________g of individuals or h_____________________s.
In conclusion, the value of film may increase in the future but documents still offer
the g__________________s into the past. It is important to be m______________l that all history
is s_______________n but the best history s_______________________________s.

Reading Practice
Read about a scandal from history below:
https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/07/roger-stone/614068/

Writing Practice
Write about the following topic then check with my sample answer:
Some believe that history has little to teach us about today while others think that the study of the past

helps us to understand the present.

Discuss both views and give your own opinion.

27
Essay 7#
Many people think that mobile phones should be banned in public places such as libraries, shops and

public transport.

Do you agree or disagree?

Analysis
1. Paraphrase the overall topic. 

2. Write a clear opinion – don’t sit in the middle. Include your main ideas if possible.

1. Write a  topic sentence  with a clear main idea at the end.

2. Explain or begin to develop your main idea.

3. Making a comparison to the past is a good way to develop your idea.

4. Include specific details.

5. State the final results and don’t switch to a new main idea.

1. Write another topic sentence with a new clear main idea.

2. Begin developing your idea.

3. State the results.

4. If you switch to another idea, be sure it is related to your topic sentence.

5. Explain/develop your ideas fully.

28
 6. Finish with a strong statement.

1. Summarise your main ideas and repeat your opinion.

2. Add a final detail/thought. 

Vocabulary
What do the words in bold below mean?

There have been recent calls for the regulation of mobile phones in public areas. In my opinion, though

this would have a positive effect on social interactions, a complete ban is unrealistic and impractical.

Those in favour of such sweeping reforms can point to reduced communication in society. Look inside

any public space, whether it be a library, a store, a bus, or a park, and most likely the majority of

individuals will be staring at their phones. This stands in stark contrast to the days before smartphones

when people had to resort to talking to each other, or, at worst, reading a book to curb social anxiety. In

the last two decades, mobiles have greatly reduced chance encounters, potential friendships, and

conversations with both strangers and friends. The long-term effects of this are still unknown but it is

safe to say that future generations will be less sociable and dynamic and more isolated and passive.

Nonetheless, banning phones in public is purely theoretical as they have become indispensable. Most

jobs require employees to either be available by phone, for example doctors and police officers, or to use

their phones throughout the day, as is common with businessmen and lawyers. This means most people

must have their phone on them in public places for work reasons. Moreover, phone

addiction has reached a point where nearly everyone in public is either messaging, playing a game,

reading the news, or scrolling through social media. These have become important escapes for

individuals and serve the practical purpose of minimising boredom during breaks and while waiting.

Phones are therefore no longer a luxury but a key ingredient in daily life.

In conclusion, despite the impact of phones on social interaction, I believe a ban would interfere too much

with ingrained habits. It is instead the responsibility of individuals to police their own behaviour.

Answers
recent calls people asking for complete ban totally restricting

regulation rules about unrealistic not likely

public areas libraries, parks, etc. impractical can’t really happen

positive effect good impact in favour of preferring

social interactions talking to people sweeping reforms big changes

29
reduced communication less talking to each isolated alone

other passive not active

public space outside the home purely theoretical only works in theory/as an idea

whether it be if it is… or indispensable can’t be given up

most likely often available always on call

majority most of as is common with can be seen in

staring looking at have their phone on them always available

stands in stark contrast to big difference to phone addiction can’t stop using a phone

resort have to use reached a point finally arrived at

at worst worst case scenario scrolling looking through

curb social anxiety be calm in public escapes getaway from

greatly reduced chance encounters much fewer serve the practical purpose have value because

opportunities for new meetings minimising boredom reducing feeling bored

potential friendships possible relationships luxury extravagance

long-term effects how things will be impacted in key ingredient essential component

the future interfere get in the way of

unknown still up in the air ingrained habits can’t change behaviour

it is safe to say that will likely be true that police verb of police meaning ‘control’

less sociable not as friendly

dynamic active, malleable

Vocabulary Practice
Remember and fill in the blanks:

There have been r_________________s for the r_______________n of mobile phones

in p________________s. In my opinion, though this would have
a p_________________t on s____________________s,
a c________________n is u________________c and i________________l.
Those i_________________f such s___________________s can point
to r____________________________n in society. Look inside
any p_________________e, w__________________e a library, a store, a bus, or a park,
and m________________y the m______________y of individuals will be s______________g at their
phones. This s___________________________o the days before smartphones when people had
to r___________t to talking to each other, or, a___________t, reading a book to c___________________y.
In the last two decades, mobiles
have g________________________________s, p__________________________s, and conversations with
30
both strangers and friends. The l____________________s of this are
still u______________n but i___________________________t future generations will
be l__________________e and d_______________c and more i_____________d and p_____________e.
Nonetheless, banning phones in public is p____________________l as they have
become i____________________e. Most jobs require employees to either be a_________________e by
phone, for example doctors and police officers, or to use their phones throughout the
day, a____________________h businessmen and lawyers. This means most people
must h_________________________m in public places for work reasons.
Moreover, p_____________________n has r______________________t where nearly everyone in public is
either messaging, playing a game, reading the news, or s_______________g through social media. These
have become important e_____________s for individuals
and s____________________________e of m______________________m during breaks and while
waiting. Phones are therefore no longer a l______________y but a k____________________t in daily life.
In conclusion, despite the impact of phones on social interaction, I believe a ban
would i________________e too much with i______________________s. It is instead the responsibility of
individuals to p_____________e their own behaviour.

Reading Practice
Read about how phones may or may not have ruined a generation below:

https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2017/09/has-the-smartphone-destroyed-a-

generation/534198/

Writing Practice
Write about the following related topic from the exam and check with my sample answer below:

Some people believe that smartphones are destroying social interaction today.

To what extent do you agree or disagree?

31
Essay 8#
Full-time university students spend a lot of time studying. Some say they should do other activities too.

To what extent do you agree or disagree?

Analysis
1. Paraphrase the topic for the essay.

2. State your opinion clearly.

1. Write a clear  topic sentence  with your main idea at the end.

2. Begin to develop your main idea.

3. Continue developing the same idea with supporting ideas.

4. Be as specific as possible.

5. Conclude the paragraph. I don’t agree with this side so the paragraph is a little shorter.

1. Write another topic sentence with a new main idea.

2. Explain your main idea or begin developing it.

3. Make sure that your ideas flow neatly together.

4. Give an example if possible. Here I use a hypothetical example.

5. Explain your example.

6. Conclude with a strong statement explaining the full results.

1. Summarise your main ideas and repeat your opinion.

32
2. Add a final thought/extra detail for full marks from the examiner.

Vocabulary
What do the words in bold below mean?

Some today feel that university students should focus completely on their studies, while others feel it is

important to have a diverse range of interests and activities. In my opinion, extracurriculars are a key

part of the university experience.

Those who advocate students dedicating themselves solely to academics can point out the singular

learning opportunity. An undergraduate is typically paying large sums of money, burdening themselves

with student debt in most cases, in order to become an expert in a given field. This is the only period in

life they will have to study a single, chosen subject without the pressures of work. Freedom from a job

allows them to invest fully in academics and learn the theories and skills that will form the basis of

their entire professional career. Some would argue that there is little value in diluting this experience

by taking on other responsibilities.

Nonetheless, outside activities are also an important element of higher education. There are countless

examples of successful individuals who joined a comedy or art club unrelated to their major and

later ended up working in that field. Even those who do not receive such tangible rewards from their

extracurriculars can learn a lot. For example, a student may opt to become involved with a local

charity, university initiative or work a part-time job. These will all be formative experiences and may

be more memorable and useful for them than the subject they study. Many graduates today switch

career paths soon after university regardless, so the respective value of these other activities will

increase as they look back on their college experience and recognise what was truly instrumental in

their development.

In conclusion, though university is a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to focus on a single subject, I believe

finding activities outside the classroom also has value. Students should prioritise academics but

not ignore the full breadth of learning experiences on offer.

Answers
focus completely pay attention to totally advocate support

diverse range lots of different dedicating committing

extracurriculars outside academics solely only

key part essential element of point out argue

33
singular learning opportunity only chance to unrelated to their major nothing to do with what

learn about they studied

undergraduate first four years of university ended up finally/in the end

sums amounts tangible rewards actually getting something out

burdening stuck under of

student debt money you must pay back after opt choose

graduation local charity nearby community organisation

a given field whatever calling they choose university initiative uni program

period in life time in their life part-time job hourly paid work

pressures of work feeling stressed or burdened formative experiences shaping life experiences

by work memorable unforgettable

invest fully commit to completely switch career paths change jobs

theories ideas regardless nonetheless

skills practical skills respective belonging to the specific area

form the basis make up the foundation for mentioned

entire professional career whole working time look back on remember

little value not much importance recognise identify

diluting watering down, making weaker truly instrumental actually important

taking on committing to once-in-a-lifetime opportunity chance that only

nonetheless regardless happens one time

important element key part prioritise consider more important

higher education university/college ignore not pay attention to

countless examples many instances full breadth diverse range of

on offer available

Vocabulary Practice

Vocabulary Practice
Remember and fill in the blanks:

Some today feel that university students should f____________________y on their studies, while others feel
it is important to have a d_____________________e of interests and activities. In my
opinion, e____________________s are a k___________t of the university experience.
Those who a_____________e students d________________g themselves s___________y to academics
can p_______________t the s____________________________y. An u__________________e is typically
paying large s________s of money, b_________________g themselves with s_______________t in most
34
cases, in order to become an expert in a________________________d. This is the
only p________________e they will have to study a single, chosen subject without
the p____________________k. Freedom from a job allows them to i__________________y in academics
and learn the t_______________s and s_______s that will f__________________s of
their e__________________________r. Some would argue that there
is l____________________e in d______________g this experience by t________________n other
responsibilities.
N_________________s, outside activities are also
an i_____________________t of h______________________n. There are c___________________s of
successful individuals who joined a comedy or art club u______________________r and
later e______________p working in that field. Even those who do not receive
such t______________________s from their extracurriculars can learn a lot. For example, a student
may o___t to become involved with a l_________________y, u_____________________e or work
a p_________________b. These will all be f__________________________s and may be
more m________________e and useful for them than the subject they study. Many graduates
today s_______________________s soon after university r__________________s, so
the r__________________e value of these other activities will increase as
they l______________________n their college experience and r________________e what
was t__________________________l in their development.
In conclusion, though university is a o______________________________y to focus on a single subject, I
believe finding activities outside the classroom also has value. Students
should p________________e academics but not i_____________e the f__________________h of learning
experiences o_____________r.

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Reading Practice
Read from the Yale Tribune about the benefits of working while in school:

https://campuspress.yale.edu/tribune/the-benefits-of-working-while-studying/

Writing Practice
Write about the following related question and then check with my sample answer below:

Many schools today require students to work without pay for companies as part of their education.

Is this more advantageous to students or companies?

Real Past IELTS Exam

Expected Task 2
1. Children nowadays spend a great deal of time watching television. However, television cannot
replace the book as a learning tool, which is why children are less well‐educated today. To what extent
do you agree with this statement?
2. Some people think that foreign visitors should be charged more than locals when they visit cultural
and tourist attractions in a country. To what extent do you agree with this view?
3. Universities should allocate the same amount of money to students’ sports activities as they
allocate to their libraries. Do you agree?
4. Tourism is becoming increasingly important as a source of revenue to many countries, but its
disadvantages should not be overlooked. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
5. Throughout history, people have dreamed of living in a perfect society, but they have not agreed on
what an ideal society would be like. What do you think is the most important element of a perfect
society in the modern world? How can people work towards achieving an ideal society?
6. More and more companies are allowing employees to work at home. Do you think this is a positive
or negative development?
7. Many people say that the only way to guarantee a good job is to complete a course of university
education. Others claim that it is better to start work after school and gain experience in the world of
work. Discuss both points and give your own opinion.
8. Some people think that spending a lot on holding wedding parties, birthday parties and other
celebrations is just a waste of money. Others, however, think that these are necessary for individuals
and the society. Discuss both points and give your own opinion.

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9. Many people say that movies and TV programs affect us negatively while others say that they are
two influential and useful media for us. How do movies and TV affect us?
10. Nowadays we are producing more and more rubbish. Why do you think this is happening? What
can governments do to help reduce the amount of rubbish produced?
11. Many young people are leaving their homes in rural areas to study or work in the cities. What are
the reasons? Do the advantages of this development outweigh its disadvantages?
12. Nowadays, international tourism is the biggest industry in the world. Unfortunately, international
tourism creates tension rather than understanding between people from different cultures. To what
extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion?
13. Demand for food is increasing worldwide. What is the cause of this? What measures can the
international community take to meet this demand?
14. Experts say older people were happier and healthier in the past because they did more exercise and
spent more time with family and friends, whereas now many suffer loneliness and health problems.
What are the causes of this and what are some solutions?
15. People spend a lot of money on various things as they earn more money nowadays than before. Is
it a positive or negative development?
16. Many famous sports players advertise sports products. Do the advantages of this outweigh the
disadvantages?
17. These days many families move to other countries for work. Some people believe that the children
in these families benefit from this move. However, others believe that it makes life more difficult for the
children. Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.
18. Many people think that more money will make them happier. How important is money for
happiness?
19. Some people think parents should supervise their children’s activities closely, while others believe
children should have more freedom. Discuss both points and give your own opinion.
20. Today, many people do not realize how important the natural world is. Why is this How can people
learn more about the importance of the natural world?
21. In many countries, weddings are getting bigger and more expensive than the past. Is this a positive
or negative development?
22. Some believe that it is the responsibility of people to take care of the environment. Others say it is
the government that should take care of the environment. Discuss both points and give your own
opinion.
23. These days, mobile phones and the internet are very important to the ways in which people relate
to one another socially. Do the advantages of this development outweigh the disadvantages?

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24. Scientists believe that in order to protect the environment, people must use less energy in their
daily lives. However, most people have not changed the way they live. Why do you think many people
have not taken individual action? What could be done to encourage them to take action?
25. Films and computer games which contain violence are very popular. Some people believe they have
a negative effect on society and so should be banned. Other people, however, say they are just
harmless and help people to relax. Discuss both these points of view and give your own opinion.
26. Many doctors say that people in today’s world do not do enough physical exercise. What do you
think are the causes of this? What solutions are there to this problem?
27. More and more parents are allowing their children to play on computers and tablets as they think
that children should learn technology skills. Do the advantages of this development outweigh the
disadvantages?
28. Many people join distance‐learning programs (study material, post, TV, Internet) and study at
home, but some people think that it cannot bring the same benefit as attending colleges or universities
does. Do you agree or disagree?
29. Psychological illnesses may not be as obvious as physical disabilities or illnesses, nevertheless they
are just as disabling in their own way. Society, however, is more accepting of those with physical than
psychological illnesses or disabilities. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
30. Should education and healthcare be free of charge and funded by the government, or should it be
the responsibility of the people to pay for these services?
31. Governments spend a lot of money on public celebrations such as national holidays and public
festivals. Some people say that the government spends too much on this and that they should use this
money on other useful things. Do you agree or disagree?
32. In some schools and universities, girls tend to choose arts subjects (e.g. literature), and boys tend to
choose science subjects (e.g. physics). Why do you think this is so? Should this tendency be changed?
Do you agree or disagree?
33. Due to so many young people dropping out from schools, the rate of unemployment is increasing
and it affects our society in different ways. In your opinion, how can this situation be improved?
34. Children are facing more pressures nowadays from academic, social and commercial perspectives.
What are the causes of these pressures and what measures should be taken to reduce this?
35. Some people believe that allowing children to make their own choices on everyday matters (such as
food, clothes and entertainment) is likely to result in a society of individuals who only think about their
own wishes. Other people believe that it is important for children to make decisions about matters that
affect them. Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.

38
36. In a number of countries, some people think it is necessary to spend large sums of money on
constructing new railway lines for very fast trains between cities. Others believe the money should be
spent on improving existing public transport. Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.
37. More and more people are migrating to cities in search of a better life, but city life can be extremely
difficult. Explain some of the difficulties of living in a city. How can governments make urban life better
for everyone?
38. Planting trees is very important. Some people says that trees should be planted in the vacant areas
of cities and town, while others says that housing facilities should be built instead. Do you agree or
disagree?
39. In many countries women no longer feel the need to get married. Some people believe that this is
because women are able to earn on their own income and therefore do not require the financial
security marriage can bring. To what extent do you agree?
40. Nowadays celebrities are more famous for their glamour than for their glamour and wealth than for
their achievements and this sets a bad example to the young people. To what extent do you agree or
disagree?

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