Arc Flash Rev 02 STL Power Solution

STL POWER SOLUTIONS Slide 1
Arc Flash Hazard Awareness,

Calculation and Mitigation
Class Objectives
• Appreciate the dangers of arc flash
• Learn about electrical safety rules and practices
• Learn to avoid accident from case studies
• Able to perform arc flash calculation
• How to mitigate the hazards
Every year in US, 1000 persons are admitted to burn center due
to arc flash (IEEE Magazine)
DO NOT BE PART OF THE STATISTICS
1
The Other Electrical Hazard: Arc Flash (& Arc Blast)

Electrical hazards:
1. Electric shock
People touches live equipment. Hazard
can be avoided by applying correct
procedure or design/protection
2. Arc flash & Arc Blast

More difficult to avoid due a person is
just at some distance from equipment
The Other Electrical Hazard: Arc Flash
Arc flash may be not our mistake. We just stand nearby the panel.
2
What is Arc Flash ?
Bolted Arcing
Short Circuit Short Circuit
Rfault = 0 Rfault ≠ 0
A B A B
The Danger of Bolted Short Circuit

• High current
• Danger is more to equipment
• Fault impedance is small (R ≈ 0)
• Hence, little heat release
• No arc flash hazard
• Short circuit analysis is referred to bolted fault type
Bolted SC Test
A B
3
The Danger of Arcing Short Circuit

• Less current
• Danger is more to personnel
• Fault impedance is larger
• Hence, heat release is high
• Arc flash hazard present
• Short circuit analysis does not study arcing fault type
• It is covered in arc flash analysis
Arc SC Test
A B
Sun Arc Flash
Extreme Heat Molten Metal

35,000 °F
Pressure Waves
Sound Waves
Copper Vapor: Shrapnel

Solid to Vapor
Expands by
67,000 times
Hot Air-Rapid Expansion
Intense Light
4

Arc flash products: Toxic Gases
• Thermal burn
• Molten metal
• Projectiles
• Blast and pressure waves
• Intense light
• Intense sound
• Fire
• Toxic gases and vapors
Arc flash PPE can protect against thermal

burn only !!!
Common Causes of Arc Flash
• Human error
- dropped tool inside equipment
- left tool inside equipment
- Incorrect operation
• Mechanical faults
• Failed / loose connections
• Pollution
• Rodents
5
Statistic of Arc Flash Occurrences [5]
15kV, 8.30%
35kV, 1.7%
5kV, 5.10% 240V, 20.80%
600V, 63.90%
Occurences
Arc Blast
• Blast or pressure waves exist during high arc energy released (e.g. >
40 cal/cm2)
• The pressure wave is like dynamite effect which can destroy the
substation, throw persons, etc.
• Sound pressure level can reach 140 dB peak
Effects on human if he survived from arc blast:

• Body organ damage (brain, spine, heart, ear, etc)
6
Arc Blast
Blast injury symptoms:
• Persistent headaches
• Ears ringing
• Double vision
• Speaking problem
• Memory problem
• Confusion, Restlessness,
Agitation
Hazard Boundary
• Also called Flash Protection Boundary (FPB)
• FPB: distance of person from arc source where he can receive 2nd
degree burn injury (1.2 cal/cm2, curable burn)
• FPB should not be crossed by anyone without wearing arc PPE
7
Hazard Boundary
Burn Injury Categories
1st degree 2nd degree

• Injury to outer layer of skin • Injury to dermis layer of skin
(epidermis) • Can heal without skin grafts
• Quick healing and leaves no
scaring
3rd degree 4th degree

• Complete destruction of growth • Extended to muscle, nerve,
centers tendon, bone tissues
• Require skin grafts
8
Skin Anatomy
Burn Injury Categories

1st degree
2nd degree
9
Impact of Arc Flash Tragedy
• Impact not only to personnel, but extend to families, friends

and co-workers
• Treatment cost up to USD 106
• Production loss
• Litigation fees
Qualified Electrical Person
NFPA 70E:
One who has skills and knowledge related to the construction
and operation of the electrical equipment and installations
and has received safety training to recognize and avoid the
hazards involved
10
Safety Procedures and Methods

6 Safety Attitudes:
• Think – be aware
• Understand your procedures
• Follow your procedures
• Use appropriate PPE
• Ask if in doubt, do not assume
• Do not answer if you do not know
Zero Energy
• Do not think the system is dead even push button has been switched off.
• System is considered dead once it is proven dead by correct methods
11
Hazard Categories according to NFPA 70E
Recommended practice:
> 40 cal/cm2: No work during live condition since arc flash is
usually accompanied by blast.
Remember per IEEE 1584: PPE is the last line of

defense. PPE cannot prevent all injuries and will
only lessen the impact of an arc flash. In many
cases the use of PPE has saved lives or prevented
serious injury.
12
Accident Case Studies – Case 1
13
14
15

Findings:

• Donnie Johnson, an electrician
• Got 3rd degree burn
• Return to work after skin grafts but not as electrician
• Full story at www.donniesaccident.com
Findings:
• Arc flash hazard trained
• Not wearing arc PPE
His message to people:
ALWAYS FOLLOW YOUR SAFETY PROCEDURES !

I GOT ANOTHER CHANCE.
YOU MAY NOT !
16

• Electricians got killed during arc flash
• Source:
Findings:
• Arc flash hazard trained
• Wearing proper arc PPE
• PPE protected from burn injury
• Blast threw and killed personnel
Standards and Recommended Practices for Arc Flash

Calculation
• NFPA 70E 2012 Standard for Electrical Safety in The Workplace
• IEEE 1584a-2004 IEEE Guide for Performing Arc-Flash Hazard

Calculations--Amendment 1
• IEEE 1584b-2011 IEEE Guide for Performing Arc-Flash Hazard Calculations-

-Amendment 2: Changes to Clause 4
17
When to Do Arc Flash Calculation in Project?
Site survey Short Circuit Relay

(for brown Study Coordination
field only) Study
Provide mitigation
other than PPE
N
Incident
Arc Flash
END Study
Energy as per
Y Target
Target incident energy may differ between company
When to Do Arc Flash Calculation in Project?
• Arc flash awareness in oil and gas industry started after

2007. However, safety compliance w.r.t. arc flash is still
low due to arc flash is understood by few electrical
engineers only, not by HSE
• When we go to site and work around the panel, we are
exposed to great danger
So protect ourself before it is too late, even though

insurance can cover but our life will change forever if it
happens to us.
18
IEEE 1584 Calculation Methods

Objectives
Arc flash is commonly calculated using IEEE 1584.
1. Addresses Arc Flash Calculations:

Arcing fault current
Incident energy
Flash boundary
2. Valid Ranges
208 V to 15 kV
700A to 106kA
Gap 13mm to 153mm
3. Out of Range
Use Lee Equation

Equipment Type
Arc flash produced depends on equipment type
• Switchgear
• Motor Control Center
• Distribution Panel
Dimension of equipment determines the arc energy
HV Switchgear LV MCC Distribution Panel
19

Working Distance
WD
Equipment Typical Working
Distance
(mm)
MV Switchgear 910
Busbar
MV MCC 910
Equipment
LV Switchgear 610
LV MCC 455
LV Panel 455
WD is measured from the arcing

Normal arc energy is calculated at working source to a worker’s face or chest
distance. If a person moves closer, the
calculated value is not valid anymore

Arc Gap
Equipment Busbar Gap
(mm)
15kV 153
Switchgear/MCC
Gap
5kV 104
Equipment Switchgear/MCC
LV Switchgear 32
LV MCC 25
LV Panel 25
Gap = clearance between the live

conductors across which the arc
forms
20
Arc Energy for Various Equipment

18 All
PPE3
16 17.1 17.1
14
Energy (cal/cm2)
12 13
11.5
10
10.1
8
0
11KV 4.16KV LV SW GR LV MCC LV DP
SW GR SW GR
Equipment
Parameters:
• Arcing current = 20 kA
• Arc duration = 0.5 sec
• Grounding System = Solid

2-second Rule
Incident energy depends on arc duration / protection trip time.
IEEE 1584 suggests a maximum reaction time of 2 s. Therefore arc flash simulation
time is set to 2 s.
This means if a time current curve indicates a fault clearing time greater than 2 s, 2 s
will be used as the maximum cut off time.
The rationale of limiting the reaction time is that, it is likely that a person exposed to
an arc flash will move away quickly if it is physically possible.
21

2-second Rule
2 sec Possible 2 sec Not Possible

Calculating Arcing Fault Current
22
Calculating Arcing Fault Current

Calculating Incident Energy
23
Calculating Incident Energy

Calculating FPB
= 1.2 cal/cm2
24
Calculating FPB
• FPB: distance of person from arc source where he can receive 2nd degree
burn injury
• A person entering FPB must use arc rated PPE
FPB
Arc Flash in Resistance Grounded vs Solidly Grounding Systems
• Arc energy in solidly grounding system is lower than in HRG system
It is not the intent solidly grounded should be adopted to reduce arc

flash hazard
Solid Grounded Resistance Grounded
25
Arc Flash in Resistance Grounded vs Solidly Grounding Systems
All
PPE3
22.1 22.1
Energy (cal/cm2)
16.9 17.1 17.1
14.9
13 13.1
11.5
10.1
11KV SWGR 4.16KV SWGR LV SWGR LV MCC LV DP

Solid Equipment
Resistance Grounded
Parameters:
• Arcing current = 20 kA
• Arc duration = 0.5 sec
Implementation of Arc Flash Recommendation

Labeling
Output of arc flash study:
1. Incindent energy
2. PPE category
3. FPB
As per NFPA70E, arc flash labeling should

be provided:
Minimum information as
per NFPA 70E
26
Critiques of IEEE 1584
• Accuracy of the formula to determine the energy

• Some anomalies in the formula
• Blast hazard is not addressed in the current IEEE 1584
• DC system is not addressed in the current IEEE 1584
• How long arc can sustain is not addressed
There is on going collaboration between IEEE 1584 and NFPA 70E Working
Group to improve the current standards.
Despite the critiques of IEEE 1584, injuries were prevented when using
appropriate PPE.
BETTER THAN NOTHING
Anomaly of IEEE 1584 Equations
Bolted Arcing
Short Circuit Short Circuit
Ibolted Iarc
Arcing current <1

Bolted Current
For certain range of current,

the ratio could be > 1 which is
impossible
A B A B
27
Typical Activities and Required PPE per NFPA 70E
• Typical NFPA 70E tables can be

used if fault parameters and
clearing time are the same.
• Otherwise, must conduct rigorous

arc flash analysis.
• Severity of arc flash depends on

activity type.
What about During Door Closed?

There has been debates / controversy Statistics of Arc Flash
whether arc flash hazard exists at all Incidents
times with door closed.
A (65%)
Should we use of PPE when just walks B (10%)
around the switchgear and do nothing
C (25%)
operation on the switchgear?
IEEE 1584 calculates arc energy when A Operator is working with door open
the door opened. B Operator is in front of equipment with door

closed and equipment is not arc resistant
C Operator not present
28

NFPA 70E 2012 resolves the conflict by adding statement below:
“It is the collective experience of the Technical Committee on Electrical Safety in Workplace that
normal operation of the enclosed electrical equipment, operating at 600V or less, that has been
properly installed and maintained by qualified persons is not likely to expose the employee to an
electrical hazard”
“Interacting …” refers to operations such as racking CB, installing and removing

MCC buckets, etc.
Similar approach can be used for Eex panels
29
Arc Flash Calculation for DC System
IEEE 1584 has not addressed yet analysis for DC system, but most of
power system soft wares like SKM, ETAP, etc. have the module for DC
arc flash. The methods used for DC arc flash are based on
researchers’ journals/papers.
System Modeling
• System parameters as required for short circuit studies
• Protection devices information and settings
• Conduct maximum short circuit, normal operation, minimum short
circuit
Usually the most dangerous situation is

during minimum short circuit condition
30
Transformer Feeder Issue IEEE 1584b 2011:

When developing a model, a bus should always
HV
SWGR be inserted on the line side of the main
protective device and used for incident energy
calculation for the main protective device and
where appropriate for downstream equipment
OCR sections.
HV
OCR • Arc flash in LV cable compartment

LV will not be sensed by LV protection.
• HV protection will trip but slow.
LV
SWGR
• This results high incident energy
Transformer Feeder Issue

HV
SWGR CURRENT IN AMPERES
1000
OCR-HV
OCR-LV
TX DAMAGE CURVES
OCR
HV 100
TX DAMAGE CURVES
OCR-HV
GE MULTILIN
10 OCR-LV 750
750
GE MULTILIN Settings Phase
750 Phase OC PU 1.2 (360A)
750 IEC Curve A 0.15
Settings Phase Phase Inst OC PU 8.4 (2520A)
Phase OC PU 1.2 (1440A) Phase Inst OC Delay 0.02
TX Inrush
TIME IN SECONDS
IEC Curve A 0.06
Max LV Fault
10kA
0.10
OCR
LV
0.01
0.5 1 10 100 1K 10K
LV
SWGR XFMR.tcc Ref. Voltage: 33000V Current in Amps x 10 XFMR.drw
31
Transformer Feeder Issue - Solutions
Install LV CT at Install differential Install arc

transformer protection detection relay
terminal box
HV HV HV
SWGR SWGR SWGR
OCR OCR
HV OCR HV
HV
87
OCR
LV
OCR OCR
LV LV
LV LV LV
SWGR SWGR SWGR
Transformer Incomer Switchgear Issue

Switchgear/MCC unit comprises:
• Switchgear section
• MCC section
Arc flash energy must be assessed

at 3 locations.
32
Worksheet and Examples

• IEEE 1584 Speadsheet and Guide are provided in this course for simple
network.
• For large network, the use of power system software makes the
calculation fasters.
Mitigation
Ways to reduce or eliminate arc incident energy:
• Work in de-energized condition

• Reduce protection tripping time
• Use arc resistant switchgear
• Use arc free switchgear
• Use special arc detection relay
• Increasing working distance
• Safety by design
33
Work in De-energized Condition

• Work is better performed in de-energized condition unless de-
energized condition will introduce additional hazard
• Normally is not possible in oil & gas facilities due to production
continuity
• Even possible, process to de-energizing is exposed to arc flash
hazard
Reduce Protection Relay Tripping Time

• Use bus differential protection
(limited to MV switchgear only)
• Use transformer differential protection
(for transformer feeder only)
• Use fast bus blocking scheme
• Use special arc detection relay (light sensor)
• Apply tight coordination
34
Use Arc Resistant Switchgear

• The switchgear constructions are made
stronger such that personnel around the
switchgear is safe.
• Arc is directed away from personnel
location
• PPE0 can be used while door is closed
Use Arc Resistant Switchgear

• Usually switchgear height is 3.2 m and
therefore requires taller switchgear
room e.g. 6 m
• Above switchgear must be clear area of
other equipment such as lightings,
cables
• Suitable PPE must be used when work
near switchgear top
35
Arc Resistant Switchgear Rating

• In addition to switchgear short circuit
withstand rating, arc resistant
switchgear also has arc withstand rating
• Typical arc withstand time is 0.5 sec
due to design economical reason
• User must provide fast protection for
arcing fault e.g. light detection, bus
differential protection
Bolted SC Withstand Arc SC Withstand
Use Arc Free Switchgear

• Switchgear design is improved such that arc flash likelihood is
eliminated e.g. Bus bars are fully segregated
Uninsulated Bus Bars Fully Insulated Bus Bars
36
Use Special Arc Detection Relay

• Using light detection principle
• Protection speed as fast as 2 to 7 msec
• Significantly reduce arc flash energy.
Arc Flash Light Intensity
Arc flash: 105 to 107 lux Sunlight: 105 lux
Office: 300 to 500 lux Camera flash: 230000 lux
37
Use Special Arc Detection Relay

PPE3 PPE3
17.1 17.1
PPE3
PPE3
Energy (cal/cm2)
13
PPE3
11.5
10.1
PPE1 PPE1
PPE1 PPE1 PPE1
1.7 1.5 1.4 2.3 2.3
11KV SWGR 4.16KV SWGR LV SWGR LV MCC LV DP

Equipment
No ADR With ADR
Parameters: ADR:
• Arcing current = 20 kA • Trip time = 7 ms
• Relay trip time + CB open time = 0.5 sec • CB open time = 0.06 sec
Increasing Working Distance

• The safest method to reduce arc energy is increasing working
distance
• Most of arc flash calculation based on main protection relays
including arc detection relay. Those relays may fail to operate.
WD Energy vs Working Distance

39.6 PPE4
Energy (cal/cm2)
21.8
Busbar
PPE3 14.1
LV MCC 10
PPE3 7.5
PPE3
PPE2
455 655 855 1055 1255

Working Distance (mm)
Energy
38
Increasing Working Distance

• Chicken Switch
http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=5mb5F
v2_y54
• Breaker remote racking device
Ultra Fast Earthing Switches
Principle:
• Convert arc flash to 3P bolted fault hence
the arc energy is greatly reduced
39

Traditional Arc Relay
HV
SWGR
Sequence of operation:
OCR
HV
• t=0 => arc occurs
• t = 7 ms => arc detected
• T = 67 ms => CB tripped by relay
`
OCR
LV
LV
SWGR

UFES + Arc Detection Relay
HV
SWGR
Sequence of operation:
OCR
HV
• t=0 => arc occurs
• t = 7 ms => arc detected
• T = 8.5 ms => UFES operates (arc cleared)
• T` = 67 ms => CB tripped by relay (short
circuit cleared)
UFES
OCR
LV
LV
SWGR
40
Prevention Through Design

• Reduce the fault currents by proper system design and load
distribution e.g. make the system thick and short, smaller transformer
GOOD DESIGN
0.5 s
0.2 s
0.2 s
BAD DESIGN
1.7 s
1.4 s
1.1 s
0.8 s
0.5 s
0.2 s 0.2 s
41

• IEC 61892, NORSOK specify maximum fault rating:
1. LV main switchboard : 50kArms
2. HV switchboard : 40kArms
3. LV main distribution panel: 30kArms
4. LV sub distribution panel: 10kArms

• Manipulate the coordination setting without sacrificing selectivity i.e.
apply tight relay coordination
Common Optimized
CURRENT IN AMPERES CURRENT IN AMPERES
1000 1000
100 100
TIME IN SECONDS
TIME IN SECONDS
10 10
1 1
0.10 0.10
Min nos Max nos Min nos Max nos
GTG GTG GTG GTG
running running running running
0.01 0.01
0.5 1 10 100 1K 10K 0.5 1 10 100 1K 10K
blank.tcc Ref. Voltage: 480V Current in Amps x 1 blank.tcc Ref. Voltage: 480V Current in Amps x 1
42
Good Practice During Switching Action
What is wrong with this action ?
Coordination on Instantaneous Basis:

A New Frontier in Arc Flash Hazard Reduction
43
Coordination on Instantaneous Basis

CURRENT IN AMPERES
• Does the protections have full 1000
selectivity ?
100 ACB
CUTLER-HAMMER
GTG DSII, RMS 510/610/810/910
DSII-620
Trip 2000.0 A
Plug 2000.0 A
Settings Phase
LTPU (0.5-1.0 x P) 1 (2000A)
LTD (2-24 Sec.) 4
STPU (2-10 x LTPU) 2 (4000A)
STD (0.1-0.5 Sec.) 0.2 Sec. (I^2t Out)
10 INST (2-12 x P) 3 (6000A)
FUSE
TIME IN SECONDS
BUSSMANN
JHC, 600V Class J
ACB JHC
Trip 200.0 A 15kA SC
2000 A 1
LV BUS
0.10
FUSE
200 A
0.01
0.5 1 10 100 1K 10K
ACB FUSE.tcc Ref. Voltage: 400V Current in Amps x 100 ACB FUSE.drw
What People Usually Do

CURRENT IN AMPERES
1000
• Disable the ACB Instantaneous
Setting
100 ACB
Results: CUTLER-HAMMER
DSII, RMS 510/610/810/910
DSII-620
Trip 2000.0 A
• Good selectivity Plug 2000.0 A

Settings Phase
LTPU (0.5-1.0 x P) 1 (2000A)
LTD (2-24 Sec.) 4
STPU (2-10 x LTPU) 2 (4000A)
STD (0.1-0.5 Sec.) 0.2 Sec. (I^2t Out)
10
TIME IN SECONDS
Note:
FUSE
In some ACB, instantaneous BUSSMANN
JHC, 600V Class J
JHC
element cannot be disabled. 1

0.10
0.01
0.5 1 10 100 1K 10K
44
What People Usually Do

CURRENT IN AMPERES
1000
• Increase ACB instantaneous
pickup above the short circuit
current ACB
100
CUTLER-HAMMER
DSII, RMS 510/610/810/910
DSII-620
Trip 2000.0 A
Results: Plug 2000.0 A

Settings Phase
LTPU (0.5-1.0 x P) 1 (2000A)
LTD (2-24 Sec.) 4
STPU (2-10 x LTPU) 2 (4000A)
• Good selectivity 10
STD (0.1-0.5 Sec.) 0.2 Sec. (I^2t Out)
TIME IN SECONDS
INST (2-12 x P) M2(12) (24000A)
FUSE
Note: BUSSMANN
JHC, 600V Class J
JHC
1
If SC current is greater than
maximum instantaneous setting
e.g. 30 kA, then we thought
miscoordination will occur. If this 0.10
is the case, normally people

accept such compromise.
0.01
0.5 1 10 100 1K 10K
Fuse Let-Through Characteristics
GTG
ACB
LV BUS
FUSE
Calculated = 86kA
Actual = 21kA
45
Fuse Let-Through Characteristics
Fuse: 200 Amp
Calculated Isc = 15kA
Actual Isc = 4 kA
Full Selectivity
CURRENT IN AMPERES
1000
Selectivity exists. ACB

100
CUTLER-HAMMER
DSII, RMS 510/610/810/910
DSII-620
• No need to disable the device 50 Trip 2000.0 A
Plug 2000.0 A
Settings Phase
LTPU (0.5-1.0 x P) 1 (2000A)
LTD (2-24 Sec.) 4
STPU (2-10 x LTPU) 2 (4000A)
• Device 50 pickup must be > 15 kA 10

STD (0.1-0.5 Sec.) 0.2 Sec. (I^2t Out)
INST (2-12 x P) 3 (6000A)
FUSE
• Device 50 pickup must be > 4 kA
TIME IN SECONDS
BUSSMANN
JHC, 600V Class J
JHC
1
0.10 4kA
0.01
0.5 1 10 100 1K 10K
46
Arc Flash Incident Energy Reduction
Arc Flash Incident Energy

GTG
7
Energy (cal/cm2)
Arc
flash ACB 4 Disable 50
New Frontier
LV BUS 3
FUSE 1
References
1. Agung Firmansyah, Protection Relay Coordination Course, STL Power Solutions
2. NFPA 70E 2012 Standard for Electrical Safety in The Workplace
3. IEEE 1584a-2004 IEEE Guide for Performing Arc-Flash Hazard Calculations--
Amendment 1
4. IEEE 1584b-2011 IEEE Guide for Performing Arc-Flash Hazard Calculations--
Amendment 2: Changes to Clause 4
5. Arc Flash Hazard Analysis and Mitigation, J.C. Das, IEEE
6. Electrical Safety Handbook, John Cadick, et. al.
47

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STL POWER SOLUTIONS Slide 1

Arc Flash Hazard Awareness,

STL POWER SOLUTIONS Slide 2

DO NOT BE PART OF THE STATISTICS

The Other Electrical Hazard: Arc Flash (& Arc Blast)

2. Arc flash & Arc Blast

STL POWER SOLUTIONS Slide 4

The Other Electrical Hazard: Arc Flash

What is Arc Flash ?

STL POWER SOLUTIONS Slide 6

The Danger of Bolted Short Circuit

The Danger of Arcing Short Circuit

STL POWER SOLUTIONS Slide 8

The Danger of Arcing Short Circuit

Sun Arc Flash

Extreme Heat Molten Metal

Copper Vapor: Shrapnel

The Danger of Arcing Short Circuit

Arc flash PPE can protect against thermal

STL POWER SOLUTIONS Slide 10

Common Causes of Arc Flash

Statistic of Arc Flash Occurrences [5]

STL POWER SOLUTIONS Slide 12

Effects on human if he survived from arc blast:

STL POWER SOLUTIONS Slide 14

STL POWER SOLUTIONS Slide 16

Burn Injury Categories

1st degree 2nd degree

3rd degree 4th degree

STL POWER SOLUTIONS Slide 18

Burn Injury Categories

Impact of Arc Flash Tragedy

• Impact not only to personnel, but extend to families, friends

STL POWER SOLUTIONS Slide 20

Qualified Electrical Person

Safety Procedures and Methods

STL POWER SOLUTIONS Slide 22

Hazard Categories according to NFPA 70E

Remember per IEEE 1584: PPE is the last line of

STL POWER SOLUTIONS Slide 24

STL POWER SOLUTIONS Slide 26

Accident Case Studies – Case 1

Accident Case Studies – Case 1

STL POWER SOLUTIONS Slide 28

Accident Case Studies – Case 1

Accident Case Studies – Case 1

STL POWER SOLUTIONS Slide 30

Accident Case Studies – Case 2

Accident Case Studies – Case 2

STL POWER SOLUTIONS Slide 32

Accident Case Studies – Case 3

His message to people:

ALWAYS FOLLOW YOUR SAFETY PROCEDURES !

Accident Case Studies – Case 4

STL POWER SOLUTIONS Slide 34

Standards and Recommended Practices for Arc Flash

• IEEE 1584a-2004 IEEE Guide for Performing Arc-Flash Hazard

• IEEE 1584b-2011 IEEE Guide for Performing Arc-Flash Hazard Calculations-

When to Do Arc Flash Calculation in Project?

Site survey Short Circuit Relay

Target incident energy may differ between company

STL POWER SOLUTIONS Slide 36

When to Do Arc Flash Calculation in Project?