NATO - A POLITICAL AND MILITARY ALLIANCE

Security in our daily lives is key to our well-being. NATO’s purpose is to guarantee the freedom and security of its
members through political and military means.

POLITICAL - NATO promotes democratic values and enables members to consult and cooperate on defence and
security-related issues to solve problems, build trust and, in the long run, prevent conflict.

MILITARY - NATO is committed to the peaceful resolution of disputes. If diplomatic efforts fail, it has the military
power to undertake crisis-management operations. These are carried out under the collective defence clause of
NATO's founding treaty - Article 5 of the Washington Treaty or under a United Nations mandate, alone or in
cooperation with other countries and international organisations.

COLLECTIVE DEFENCE

NATO is committed to the principle that an attack against one or several of its members is considered as an attack
against all. This is the principle of collective defence, which is enshrined in Article 5 of the Washington Treaty.

So far, Article 5 has been invoked once - in response to the 9/11 terrorist attacks in the United States in 2001.

THE TRANSATLANTIC LINK

NATO is an alliance of countries from Europe and North America. It provides a unique link between these two
continents, enabling them to consult and cooperate in the field of defence and security, and conduct multin

THE 2010 STRATEGIC CONCEPT

Strategic Concepts lay down the Alliance’s core tasks and principles, its values, the evolving security environment
and the Alliance’s strategic objectives for the next decade. The 2010 Strategic Concept defines NATO’s cores tasks
as: collective defence, crisis-management and cooperative security.ational crisis-management operations together.

BELGIUM (1949), CANADA (1949), DENMARK (1949), FRANCE (1949), ICELAND (1949)

ITALY (1949), LUXEMBOURG (1949), NETHERLANDS (1949), NORWAY (1949), PORTUGAL (1949), THE
UNITED KINGDOM (1949), THE UNITED STATES (1949)

GREECE (1952), TURKEY (1952)

GERMANY (1955)

SPAIN (1982)

CZECH REPUBLIC (1999), HUNGARY (1999), POLAND (1999)

BULGARIA (2004), ESTONIA (2004), LATVIA (2004), LITHUANIA (2004), ROMANIA (2004), SLOVAKIA
(2004), SLOVENIA (2004),
 ALBANIA (2009), CROATIA (2009),

MONTENEGRO (2017)

NORTH MACEDONIA (2020)

NATO membership is open to “any other European state in a position to further the principles of this Treaty and to
contribute to the security of the North Atlantic area.”

NATO also has what it calls the Membership Action Plan. It helps aspiring members prepare for membership and
meet key requirements by providing practical advice and targeted assistance.

DECISIONS AND CONSULTATIONS

Every day, member countries consult and take decisions on security issues at all levels and in a variety of fields.

A “NATO decision” is the expression of the collective will of all 30 member countries since all decisions are taken
by consensus.

Hundreds of officials, as well as civilian and military experts, come to NATO Headquarters each day to exchange
information, share ideas and help prepare decisions when needed, in cooperation with national delegations and the
staff at NATO Headquarters.

OPERATIONS AND MISSIONS

Afghanistan   Kosovo

Securing the Mediterranean

Supporting the African Union

NATO takes an active role in a broad range of crisis-management operations and missions, including civil emergency
operations.

NATO’s crisis-management operations are carried out under Article 5 of the Washington Treaty or under a United
Nations mandate.

 NATO is a crisis management organisation that has the capacity to undertake a wide range of military
operations and missions.
 Approximately 20,000 military personnel are engaged in NATO operations and missions around the world,
managing often complex ground, air and naval operations in all types of environment; with the outbreak of COVID-
19, NATO is ensuring that deployed personnel are protected from the ongoing pandemic.
 Currently, NATO is leading operations in Afghanistan, Kosovo and the Mediterranean.
 In 2018, NATO initiated a training mission in Iraq, which aims at developing the capacity of Iraq’s security
forces, its defence and security institutions, and its national defence academies.
 NATO is also supporting the African Union and conducting air policing missions on the request of its Allies.
Furthermore, NATO is assisting with the response to the refugee and migrant crisis in Europe and has Patriot
missiles and AWACS aircraft deployed in Turkey.
 It also carries out disaster relief operations and missions to protect populations against natural, technological
or humanitarian disasters.
 While neither an operation or mission as such, NATO is supporting civilian efforts to fight the COVID-19
pandemic in member and partner countries by transporting medical personnel and critical supplies, helping with the
construction of field hospitals, and providing support for local authorities where NATO troops are deployed.
 The tempo and diversity of operations and missions in which NATO is involved have increased since the early
1990s.

Current operations and missions

 NATO in Afghanistan

 NATO is currently leading Resolute Support, a non-combat mission which provides training, advice and
assistance to Afghan security forces and institutions. Resolute Support was launched on 1 January 2015. It
includes approximately 16,500 personnel from both NATO and partner countries and operates with one hub
(in Kabul/Bagram) and four spokes in Mazar-e Sharif (northern Afghanistan), Herat (western Afghanistan),
Kandahar (southern Afghanistan) and Laghman (eastern Afghanistan).

 Key functions include: supporting planning, programming and budgeting; assuring transparency,
accountability and oversight; supporting the adherence to the principles of rule of law and good governance;
supporting the establishment and sustainment of processes such as force generation, recruiting, training,
managing and development of personnel.

 The legal basis of the Resolute Support Mission rests on a formal invitation from the Afghan Government and
the Status of Forces Agreement (SOFA) between NATO and Afghanistan, which governs the presence of
Allied troops. Resolute Support is also supported by the international community at large. This is reflected in
United Nations (UN) Security Council Resolution 2189, unanimously adopted on 12 December 2014. This
resolution welcomes the new Resolute Support Mission and underscores the importance of continued
international support for the stability of Afghanistan.

 Resolute Support is a follow-on mission to the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF). ISAF was
under NATO leadership from August 2003 to December 2014. It was established under a request for
assistance by the Afghan authorities and by a UN mandate in 2001 to prevent Afghanistan from once again
becoming a safe haven for terrorists. In addition, ISAF was tasked to develop new Afghan security forces and
enable Afghan authorities to provide effective security across the country in order to create an environment
conducive to the functioning of democratic institutions and the establishment of the rule of law.
 The mission in Afghanistan constitutes the Alliance's most significant operational commitment to date.
Moreover, beyond Resolute Support and ISAF, Allies and partners countries are committed to the broader
international community's support for the long-term financial sustainment of the Afghan security forces.
NATO leaders have also reaffirmed their commitment to an enduring partnership between NATO and
Afghanistan, by strengthening political consultations and practical cooperation within the framework of the
NATO-Afghanistan Enduring Partnership signed in 2010.

 NATO in Kosovo

 While Afghanistan remains NATO's primary operational theatre, the Alliance has not faltered on its other
commitments, particularly in the Balkans. Today, approximately 3,500 Allied and partner troops operate in
Kosovo as part of NATO's Kosovo Force (KFOR).

 Having first entered Kosovo in June 1999 to end widespread violence and halt the humanitarian disaster that
was unfolding, KFOR troops continue to maintain a strong presence throughout the territory.

 Following Kosovo's declaration of independence in February 2008, NATO agreed it would continue to
maintain its presence on the basis of UN Security Council Resolution 1244. It has since helped to create a
professional and multi-ethnic Kosovo Security Force, which is a lightly armed force responsible for security
tasks that are not appropriate for the police. Meanwhile, NATO strongly supports the European Union-
sponsored Dialogue between Belgrade and Pristina. The normalisation of relations between Serbia and
Kosovo is key to solving the political deadlock over northern Kosovo.

 Securing the Mediterranean Sea

 NATO operations are not limited only to zones of conflict. In the aftermath of the 9/11 terrorist attacks,
NATO immediately began to take measures to expand the options available to counter the threat of
international terrorism.  In October 2001, it launched the maritime surveillance Operation Active
Endeavour, focused on detecting and deterring terrorist activity in the Mediterranean. The operation was
terminated in October 2016 and was succeeded by Sea Guardian, a flexible maritime operation able to perform
the full range of maritime security operations tasks.

 Sea Guardian is currently performing three tasks in the Mediterranean Sea: maritime situational awareness,
counter-terrorism at sea and support to capacity-building. If decided by Allies, it could also perform other
tasks such as upholding freedom of navigation, conducting interdiction tasks and protecting critical
infrastructure. More generally speaking, it is helping to maintain a secure and safe maritime environment
while supporting the Alliance's three core tasks: collective defence, crisis management and cooperative
security.

 Training mission in Iraq

 The "NATO Mission Iraq" was formally launched at the Brussels Summit in July 2018, at the request of the
Iraqi government and in coordination with the Global Coalition to Defeat ISIS. It is a non-combat training and
capacity-building mission that involves several hundred NATO trainers. The trainers are helping Iraqi forces
secure their country and the wider region against terrorism, and prevent the re-emergence of ISIS. Training
focuses on areas such as countering improvised explosive devices (IEDs), civil-military planning, armoured
 vehicles maintenance and military medicine; it is also helping Iraqi instructors to build more sustainable,
transparent and inclusive national security structures and institutions to strengthen Iraqi military institutions.

 From 2004 to 2011, NATO conducted a relatively small but important support operation in Iraq that consisted
of training, mentoring and assisting the Iraqi Security Forces. It was known as the NATO Training Mission in
Iraq (NTM-I).

 Supporting the African Union

 Well beyond the Euro-Atlantic region, the Alliance continues to support the African Union (AU) in its
peacekeeping missions on the African continent.

 Since June 2007, NATO has assisted the AU Mission in Somalia (AMISOM) by providing air- and sealift
support for AU peacekeepers following renewed AU requests. NATO is also providing capacity-building
support, as well as expert training support to the African Standby Force (ASF), at the AU's request. The ASF
is intended to be deployed in Africa in times of crisis and is part of the AU's efforts to develop long-term
peacekeeping capabilities. ASF represents the AU's vision for a continental, on-call security apparatus with
some similarities to the NATO Response Force.

 Air policing

 Since Russia's illegal military intervention in Ukraine in 2014, NATO has been taking extra reassurance
measures for its Allies. Among these is the boosting of NATO's air policing missions.

 Air policing missions are collective peacetime missions that enable NATO to detect, track and identify all
violations and infringements of its airspace and to take appropriate action. Allied fighter jets patrol the
airspace of Allies who do not have fighter jets of their own. NATO has deployed additional aircraft to
reinforce missions over Albania, Montenegro and Slovenia, as well as the Baltic region, where NATO F-16s
have intercepted Russian aircraft repeatedly violating Allied airspace.

 This air policing capability is one of three NATO standing forces on active duty that contribute to the
Alliance's collective defence efforts on a permanent basis. They also include NATO's standing maritime
forces, which are ready to act when called upon, as well as an integrated air defence system to protect against
air attacks, which also comprises the Alliance's ballistic missile defence system.

PARTNERSHIPS

40 non-member countries work with NATO on a wide range of political and security-related issues. These countries
pursue dialogue and practical cooperation with the Alliance and many contribute to NATO-led operations and
missions. NATO is also cooperating with a wide network of international organisations.

Partner countries do not have the same decision-making authority as member countries.
NATO has always innovated and adapted itself to ensure its policies, capabilities and structures meet current and future
threats, including the collective defence of its members.

WORKING STRUCTURES
MEMBERCOUNTRIES

NATO DELEGATIONS MILITARY REPRESENTATIVES

NUCLEAR PLANNING GROUP NORTH ATLANTIC COUNCI

Each member country has a permanent delegation at NATO’s political headquarters in Brussels. Each delegation is
headed by an “ambassador”, who represents his/her government in the Alliance’s consultation and decision-making
process.

The Nuclear Planning Group has the same authority as the North Atlantic Council with regard to nuclear policy
issues.

The North Atlantic Council (NAC) is the principal political decision-making body at NATO. Each member country
has a seat at the NAC.
It meets at least once a week or whenever the need arises, at different levels. It is chaired by the Secretary General
who helps members reach agreement on key issues.

NATO has a network of committees to deal with all subjects on its agenda, from political to more technical issues.
They bring national representatives and experts from all NATO member countries together on a regular basis.

NATO agencies and organisations play a vital role in procuring and sustaining capabilities collectively. They
specialise in technical fields that complement and form an integral part of NATO’s agenda: procurement, support and
communications and information.

MILITARY ORGANISATION AND STRUCTURE

When the implementation of political decisions has military implications, the key actors involved are: the Military
Committee, composed of the Chiefs of Defence of NATO member countries; the International Military Staff, the
Military Committee’s executive body; and the military command structure, composed of Allied Command
Operations and Allied Command Transformation.

NATO has very few permanent forces of its own. When the North Atlantic Council agrees to launch an operation,
members contribute military forces on a voluntary basis. These forces then return to their countries once the mission
is completed.

Allied Command Operations (ACO) is responsible for the planning and execution of all Alliance operations. It
consists of a small number of permanently established headquarters, each with a specific role. Supreme Allied
Commander Europe – or SACEUR – assumes the overall command of operations at the strategic level and exercises
his responsibilities from the headquarters in Mons, Belgium: Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe, more
commonly known as SHAPE

ACO, with its headquarters at SHAPE near Mons, Belgium is responsible for the planning and execution of all NATO
military operations and is headed by SACEUR.

It has the ability to operate at three overlapping levels: strategic, operational and tactical.

The command’s overall aim is to contribute to Allied defence and security by maintaining the integrity of Alliance
territory, safeguarding freedom of the seas and economic lifelines, and to preserve or restore the security of its
members.

Allied Command Operations is one of two Strategic Commands at the head of NATO’s military command structure.
The other is Allied Command Transformation, which is responsible for ensuring NATO’s military structure and
capabilities remain relevant, capable and credible in a rapidly changing world.

ACO consists of a number of permanently established headquarters operating at the strategic, operational and tactical
levels; they are augmented by national forces assigned to NATO for specific standing and/or crisis roles and tasks.

Allied Command Transformation (ACT)

Warfare development requires expert evaluation of trends and future threats, capability development, education,
exercises, and the implementation of lessons learned. Allied Command Transformation (ACT) plays a central role
in these unique missions, which aim to improve the readiness and credibility of NATO’s posture; they also contribute
to allowing the NATO Command Structure (NCS) to efficiently command, control, and support current and future
operations and provide a secure and stable transition to crisis and conflict, if need be.

ACO structure

ACO is one of two Strategic Commands within NATO's military command structure; the other is Allied Command
Transformation (ACT), which – as its name indicates – leads the transformation of NATO's military structure, forces,
capabilities and doctrine. Together with their subordinate organisations, they form what is called the NATO
Command Structure (NCS), whose function is first and foremost to be able to respond to security threats to the
Alliance and, should deterrence fail, provide a capable and effective military response to an armed attack against the
territory of any of the NATO Allies.
Ultimately, the NCS plays an essential role in preserving cohesion and solidarity within the Alliance. It, maintains and
strengthens the vital link, between Europe and North America, and promotes the principle of equitable sharing among
Allies of the roles, risks and responsibilities, as well as the benefits of collective defence.

ACO is a three-tier command with headquarters and supporting elements at the strategic, operational and tactical
levels. It exercises command and control of static and deployable headquarters, as well as joint and combined forces
across the full range of the Alliance's military operations, missions, operations and tasks. Joint forces are forces from
two or more military services (for instance, land, maritime or air) working under a single command; combined forces
are forces from different countries working under a single command.

SHAPE, at the strategic level, is at the head of nine operational commands.

At the 2018 Brussels Summit, Allies agreed to strengthen the military backbone of the Alliance. They decided to
establish a Cyberspace Operations Centre in Belgium to provide situational awareness and coordination of NATO
operational activity within cyberspace; a Joint Force Command Norfolk headquarters in the United States to focus on
protecting the transatlantic lines of communication; and a Joint Support and Enabling Command in Ulm, Germany to
ensure freedom of operation and sustainment in the rear area in support of the rapid movement of troops and
equipment into, across and from Europe. These new entities are gradually being put into place.

Strategic-level command: SHAPE

SHAPE is a strategic headquarters. Its role is to prepare, plan, conduct and execute NATO military operations,
missions and tasks in order to achieve the strategic objectives of the Alliance. As such, it contributes to the deterrence
of aggression and the preservation of peace, security and the territorial integrity of Alliance.

ACO is headed by SACEUR, who exercises his responsibilities from SHAPE. Traditionally, he is a United States
Flag or General officer. SACEUR is dual-hatted as he is also the commander of the US European Command, which
shares many of the same geographical responsibilities as ACO. SACEUR is responsible to the Military Committee
(MC), which is the senior military authority in NATO under the overall political authority of the North Atlantic
Council (NAC) and the Nuclear Planning Group (NPG). The MC is the primary source of military advice to the NAC
and NPG.

Operational-level commands: Brunssum, Naples and Norfolk

The operational level consists of three standing Joint Force Commands (JFCs): one in Brunssum, the Netherlands, one
in Naples, Italy and one in Norfolk, Virginia, USA. All stand ready to plan, conduct and sustain NATO operations of
different size and scope. Effectively, they need to be able to manage a major joint operation either from their static
location, or from a deployed headquarters when operating directly in a theatre of operation. In the latter case, the
deployed headquarter is referred to as a Joint Task Force HQ or JTFHQ and should be able to operate for a period of
up to one year.

When deployed, a Joint Force Command is only charged to command one operation at a time. However, the elements
of the Joint Force Command which have not deployed can provide support to other operations and missions. When a
Joint Force Command is not deployed, it can assist ACO in dealing with other headquarters which are deployed in
theatre for day-to-day matters and assist, for instance, with the training and preparation for future rotations.
The three commands at this level are also responsible for engaging with key partners and regional organisations in
order to support regional NATO HQ tasks and responsibilities, as directed by SACEUR. Additionally, they support
the reinforcement of cooperation with partners participating in NATO operations and help to prepare partner
countries, which so wish, for NATO membership.

Tactical-level commands: Izmir (Land), Northwood (Maritime) and Ramstein (Air)

The tactical (or component) level consists of what are called Single Service Commands (SSCs): land, maritime and
air commands. These service-specific commands provide expertise and support to the Joint Force Commands. They
report directly to SHAPE and come under the command of SACEUR.

 Land Command, Headquarters Allied Land Command (HQ LANDCOM), Izmir, Turkey: this command's role
is to provide a deployable land command and control capability in support of a Joint Force Command running
an operation larger than a major joint operation. It can also provide the core land capability for a joint
operation (major or not) or a deployable command and control capability for a land operation. Izmir is also the
principal land advisor for the Alliance and contributes to development and transformation, engagement and
outreach within its area of expertise.
 Maritime Command, Headquarters Allied Maritime Command (HQ MARCOM), Northwood, the United
Kingdom: this command's role is to provide command and control for the full spectrum of joint maritime
operations and tasks. From its location in Northwood, it plans, conducts and supports joint maritime
operations. It is also the Alliance's principal maritime advisor and contributes to development and
transformation, engagement and outreach within its area of expertise. Northwood is able to command a small
maritime joint operation or act as the maritime component in support of an operation larger than a major joint
operation.
 Air Command, Headquarters Allied Air Command (HQ AIRCOM), Ramstein, Germany: this command's role
is to plan and direct the air component of Alliance operations and missions, and the execution of Alliance air
and missile defence operations and missions. Ramstein is also the Alliance's principal air advisor and
contributes to development and transformation, engagement and outreach within its area of expertise.
Ramstein, with adequate support from within and outside the NATO Command Structure can provide
command and control for a small joint air operation from its static location, i.e., from Ramstein or can act as
Air Component Command to support an operation which is as big or bigger than a major joint operation. To
reinforce its capability, Ramstein has additional air command and control elements available: two Combined
Air Operations Centres (CAOC) and a Deployable Air Command and Control Centre (DACCC). The air
elements are also structured in a more flexible way to take account of the experience gained in NATO-led
operations.

Tactical Air Command and Control

To carry out its missions and tasks, HQ AIRCOM (Ramstein) is supported by Combined Air Operations Centres
(CAOC) in Torrejon, Spain and in Uedem, Germany, as well as one Deployable Air Command and Control Centre
(DACCC) in Poggio Renatico, Italy.

 CAOCs: both the CAOC in Spain and in Germany are composed of two parts. One part is a Static Air Defence
Centre (SADC) responsible for air policing and the other, a Deployable Air Operations Centre (D-AOC),
which supports operations. The D-AOC is an element focused on the production of combat plans and the
 conduct of combat operations. It has no territorial responsibilities assigned during peacetime, but supplements
HQ AIRCOM when required.
 DACCC: this entity based in Italy consists of three elements. Firstly, a Deployable Air Control Centre +
Recognized Air Picture Production Centre + Sensor Fusion Post (DARS). The DARS is responsible for the
control of air missions including surface-to-air missiles, air traffic management and control, area air
surveillance and production of a recognised air picture and other tactical control functions; secondly, a D-
AOC, which has the same role as a CAOC; and thirdly, a Deployable Sensors Section, which provides both air
defence radar and passive electronic support measures tracker capabilities that are deployable.

Communication and information systems

Communication and information systems (CIS) consists of two entities: deployable CIS capabilities and static CIS
capabilities.

The NATO CIS Group (NCISG) based in Mons, Belgium provides deployable communications and information
systems support for ACO. The NATO CIS Group is responsible for provision of all deployable CIS capabilities, as
well as CIS operations and exercises planning and control. It acts as the coordinating authority for command and
control services support to operations. Provision of the static and central CIS capabilities is the responsibility of the
NATO Communications and Information Agency (NCIA), which is not part of the NATO Command Structure.

The NATO CIS Group is supported by three NATO Signals Battalions located at Wesel, Germany, Grazzanise, Italy,
and Bydgoszcz, Poland. These three are complemented by various smaller elements (Deployable CIS modules)
elsewhere.

Partnerships: projecting stability

through cooperation
The Allies seek to contribute to the efforts of the international community in projecting stability and strengthening
security outside NATO territory. One of the means to do so is through cooperation and partnerships. Over more than
25 years, the Alliance has developed a network of partnerships with non-member countries from the Euro-Atlantic
area, the Mediterranean and the Gulf region, and other partners across the globe. NATO pursues dialogue and
practical cooperation with these nations on a wide range of political and security-related issues. NATO’s partnerships
are beneficial to all involved and contribute to improved security for the broader international community.
 
Partners are part of many of NATO’s core activities, from shaping policy to building defence capacity, developing
interoperability and managing crises.
NATO’s programmes also help partner nations to develop their own defence and security institutions and forces. 
In partnering with NATO, partners can:
share insights on areas of common interest or concern through political consultations and intelligence-sharing;
gain access to advice and support as they reform and strengthen defence institutions and capacities;
participate in a rich menu of education, training and consultation events (over 1,200 events a year are open to partners
through a Partnership Cooperation Menu);
prepare together for future operations and missions by participating in exercises and training;
contribute to current NATO-led operations and missions;
share lessons learned from past operations and develop policy for the future;
work together with Allies on research and capability development.
Through partnership, NATO and partners also pursue a broad vision of security:
integrating gender perspectives into security and defence;
fighting against corruption in the defence sector;
enhancing efforts to control or destroy arms, ammunition and unexploded ordnance;
advancing joint scientific projects.
Partnership has evolved over the years, to encompass more nations, more flexible instruments, and new forms of
cooperation and consultation.

Dialogue and cooperation with partners can make a concrete contribution to enhance international security, to
defend the values on which the Alliance is based, to NATO’s operations, and to prepare interested nations for
membership.
In both regional frameworks and on a bilateral level, NATO develops relations based on common values, reciprocity,
mutual benefit and mutual respect.

In the Euro-Atlantic area, the 30 Allies engage in relations with 20 partner countries through the Euro-Atlantic
Partnership Council and the Partnership for Peace – a major programme of bilateral cooperation with individual Euro-
Atlantic partners. Among these partners, NATO has developed specific structures for its relationships with Russia1,
Ukraine and Georgia.

NATO is developing relations with the seven countries on the southern Mediterranean rim through the Mediterranean
Dialogue, as well as with four countries from the Gulf region through the Istanbul Cooperation Initiative.

NATO also cooperates with a range of countries which are not part of these regional partnership frameworks.
Referred to as “partners across the globe”, they include Afghanistan, Australia, Colombia, Iraq, Japan, the Republic of
Korea, Mongolia, New Zealand and Pakistan.

NATO has also developed flexible means of cooperation with partners, across different regions. NATO can work with
so-called “30+n” groups of partners, where partners are chosen based on a common interest or theme. At the 2014
Wales Summit, NATO introduced the possibility of “enhanced opportunities” for certain partners to build a deeper,
more tailor-made bilateral relationship with NATO. At the same time, Allied leaders launched the “Interoperability
Platform”, a permanent format for cooperation with partners on the interoperability needed for future crisis
management and operations.

1. In April 2014, NATO foreign ministers decided to suspend all practical civilian and military cooperation with Russia but to
maintain political contacts at the level of ambassadors and above.

Under NATO’s partnership policies, the strategic objectives of NATO's partner relations are to:

 Enhance Euro-Atlantic and international security, peace and stability;

 Promote regional security and cooperation;
 Facilitate mutually beneficial cooperation on issues of common interest, including
international efforts to meet emerging security challenges;
 Prepare interested eligible nations for NATO membership;
 Promote democratic values and institutional reforms, especially in the defence and
security sector;
 Enhance support for NATO-led operations and missions;
 Enhance awareness of security developments including through early warning, with a
view to preventing crises;
 Build confidence and achieve better mutual understanding, including about NATO's role
and activities, in particular through enhanced public diplomacy.

That said, each partner determines – with NATO – the pace, scope, intensity and focus of their
partnership with NATO, as well as individual objectives. This is often captured in a document
setting goals for the relationship, which is to be regularly reviewed. However, many of NATO’s
partnership activities involve more than one partner at a time.

In practice, NATO’s partnership objectives are taken forward through a broad variety of means.
Broadly speaking, NATO opens up parts of its processes, procedures and structures to the
participation of partners, allowing partners to make concrete contributions through these. In
some cases, special programmes have been created to assist and engage partners on their
specific needs. Key areas for cooperation are set out below:

Consultation is key to the work of NATO as an alliance and is central to partnerships. Political
consultations can help understand security developments, including regional issues, and shape
common approaches to preventing crises or tackling a security challenge.  NATO’s many
committees and bodies often meet in formations with partners to shape cooperation in specific
areas.  NATO Allies meet with partners (individually or in groups) on a broad variety of subjects
and at a variety of levels every day.

Interoperability is the ability to operate together using harmonized standards, doctrines,

procedures and equipment. It is essential to the work of an alliance of multiple countries with
national defence forces, and is equally important for working together with partners that wish to
contribute in supporting the Alliance in achieving its tactical, operational and strategic
objectives. Much of day-to-day cooperation in NATO – including with partners – is focused on
achieving this interoperability. In 2014, recognising the importance of maintaining
interoperability with partners for future crisis management, NATO launched the Partnership
Interoperability Initiative, which inter alia launched mechanisms for enhanced cooperation with
nations that wished to maintain deeper interoperability with NATO.

Partners contribute to NATO-led operations and missions, whether through supporting

peace by training security forces in the Western Balkans and Afghanistan or monitoring
maritime activity in the Mediterranean Sea or off the Horn of Africa. As contributors to those
missions, partners are invited to shape policy and decisions that affect those missions,
alongside Allies. A number of tools have been created to assist partners in developing their
ability to participate in NATO-led operations, and be interoperable with Allies’ forces.

For many years, NATO has worked with partners on defence reform, institution and
capacity-building. As part of its work to project stability, NATO Allies have agreed that long-
term and lasting stability is linked to improved governance of defence and security sector and
institutions. Viable, effective and resilient defence institutions are essential to the long-term
success of efforts to strengthen partner capacity. In 2004, NATO Allies and partners adopted
the Partnership Action Plan on Defence Institution Building, setting basic benchmarks for
defence institutions. In a NATO context, such work can go from strategic objective setting and
joint reviews, to expert assistance and advice, as well as targeted education and training.
Defence advice and reform is provided through bilateral partnership cooperation programmes,
as well as through expert advisory programmes targeting specific aspects of Defence
Institution Building, like the Defence Education Enhancement Programme or Building Integrity.
In 2014, at the Wales Summit, NATO adopted the Defence and Related Security Capacity
Building Initiative (see more below). The Initiative builds on NATO’s extensive track record and
expertise in supporting, advising, assisting, training and mentoring countries requiring capacity-
building support of the Alliance, and allows for the development of targeted, tailor-made
packages of defence capacity-building support for countries, upon request and with Allied
consent. 

NATO also engages with partners in a broad variety of other areas where it has developed
expertise and programmes. These include:

 Counter-terrorism;
 Counter-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and their means of delivery;
 Emerging security challenges, such as those related to cyber defence, energy security
and maritime security, including counter-piracy;
 Civil emergency planning.

 NATO’s partnerships began in 1990, when, at the London Summit, NATO pledged to
“extend… the hand of friendship” to its former adversaries in the Cold War. This soon led
to the creation of cooperation structures, such as the North Atlantic Cooperation Council
in 1991. In January 1994, the Partnership for Peace was launched, NATO’s first formal
partnership programme, focused on NATO’s neighbours in Europe and the former Soviet
Union. The same year, Allies launched the Mediterranean Dialogue for its Mediterranean
neighbours. In 2004, Allies launched the Istanbul Cooperation Initiative for Gulf countries,
and over the years, through cooperation in NATO missions and operations, NATO
developed and built relations with partners further across the globe.

 Reflecting the significant evolutions in NATO’s partnerships policy, in line with the new
Strategic Concept adopted in 2010, a focused effort to reform NATO’s partnerships
policy was launched at the 2010 Lisbon Summit to make dialogue and cooperation more
inclusive, flexible, meaningful and strategically oriented. This resulted in a new
partnership policy, which was endorsed by NATO foreign ministers at their meeting in
Berlin in April 2011.

 The new policy aimed to reinforce existing partnerships by strengthening consultation

mechanisms and by facilitating more substance-driven cooperation. In addition, the new
policy outlined a “toolbox” of mechanisms and activities for cooperation with partners.

 In line with the Strategic Concept, NATO is offering its partners “more political
engagement with the Alliance, and a substantial role in shaping strategy and decisions
 on NATO-led operations to which they contribute”.  The Political-Military Framework,
which governs the way NATO involves partners in political consultation and the decision-
making process for operations and missions to which they contribute, was updated,
giving contributing partners decision-shaping authority but not the same decision-making
authority as member countries.

 The Berlin policy decisions opened up the possibility for new forms of political dialogue
with partners, including through more flexible “30+n” formats (thematic or event-driven),
and are used, on a case-by-case basis, to enhance consultation on security issues of
common concern and cooperation in priority policy areas, such as counter-piracy,
counter-narcotics in Afghanistan, and cyber defence. The 2011 policy also opened up
the possibility of developing deeper relations with partners across the globe as well as
key global actors and other new interlocutors across the globe which share the Allies’
interest in peaceful international relations but have no individual programme of
cooperation with NATO. A number of partners across the globe have since joined
NATO’s partnerships community; most recently, Colombia became a partner in 2017.

 At the Wales Summit in September 2014, NATO leaders endorsed two important
initiatives to reinforce the Alliance’s commitment to the core task of cooperative security:
the Partnership Interoperability Initiative, and the Defence and Related Security Capacity
Building Initiative. The first initiative was designed to reinforce NATO’s ability to provide
security with partners in future, through interoperability; while the second was more
focused on helping countries, upon request, to provide for their own security, by
strengthening their defence and related security institutions and capacity.

 The Partnership Interoperability Initiative provides measures designed to ensure that the
deep connections built between NATO and partner forces over years of operations will
be maintained and deepened so that partners can contribute to future NATO-led
operations and, where applicable, to the NATO Response Force. The Partnership
Interoperability Initiative has introduced a number of innovations, including the
possibility of granting specific partners enhanced opportunities for deeper cooperation.
Six partners (Australia, Finland, Georgia, Jordan, Sweden and Ukraine) currently have
access to this enhanced cooperation, which includes easing the process for these
nations to participate in exercises and enabling regular consultation on security matters.

 Another innovation concerns the establishment of the Interoperability Platform, a

standing forum for meetings with selected partners that have contributed to NATO
operations or have taken concrete steps to deepen their interoperability with NATO. In
this format, Allies and partners discuss projects and issues that affect interoperability,
such as education, training, exercises, evaluation, capability development, command and
control systems, and logistics.
  The Defence and Related Security Capacity Building Initiative  builds on NATO’s
extensive track record and expertise in supporting, advising, assisting, training and
mentoring countries requiring capacity-building support of the Alliance.  It aims to
reinforce NATO’s commitment to partner nations and help the Alliance to project stability
without deploying large combat forces, as part of the Alliance’s overall contribution to
international security, stability and conflict prevention. The programme is extended to
countries upon their request, and with Allied consent. Allies have offered DCB packages
to Georgia, Iraq, Jordan, the Republic of Moldova and Tunisia, following their requests.

 At the Warsaw Summit in 2016, Allies underlined that they seek to contribute more to the
efforts of the international community in projecting stability and strengthening security
outside NATO territory.

 At the Brussels Summit in 2018, Allies committed to further strengthening NATO’s role in
this regard, helping partners, upon request, to build stronger defence institutions,
improve good governance, enhance resilience, provide for their own security, and more
effectively contribute to the fight against terrorism. The investments in partners’ security
contribute to Alliance security overall and partnerships continue to be essential to the
way NATO works in addressing security challenges.

Romania - NATO

1. Brief history

Romania received an invitation to open the accession negotiations for NATO membership at the Prague Summit in
2002, together with other six states: Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Slovakia and Slovenia. Two years later,
Romania officially became a NATO member upon depositing its instrument of accession to the North Atlantic Treaty
with the US State Department in Washington DC on  March 29, 2004. A flag raising ceremony for Romania took
place at the NATO Headquarters on April 2, 2004. Romania celebrates “NATO day in Romania”, every year on the
first Sunday of April.

Between April 2-4, 2008, Romania hosted the NATO Summit in Bucharest, which was the largest foreign policy
event organized by Romania, but also the largest Summit in NATO history. The Summit was attended by 26 member
states, 23 partner states, senior representatives of international organizations and states contributing to NATO
operations in Afghanistan, at head of state (23 states), prime minister (22 states), minister of Foreign Affairs (7
states), Minister of Defense (Kazakhstan) and Political Director (Ireland) level.
The summit was a unique event not only for Romania but also for NATO. It was the largest Summit of the Alliance,
both in terms of number of participants (over 6,500) and in terms of formats organized. For the first time in the
Alliance's history, in addition to the consecrated meetings (North Atlantic Council, Euro-Atlantic Partnership
Council, NATO-Ukraine Commission and NATO-Russia Council), an extended meeting of the states and
organizations participating in the Alliance's operation in Afghanistan was held, attended by the UN Secretary General,
the President of the European Commission, the Secretary General of the EU Council, the Director of the World Bank,
along with Afghan President Hamid Karzai and senior officials from the contact states (Australia, Japan, New
Zealand, Jordan).

Romania's Permanent Delegation to NATO ensures the representation of our country within the North Atlantic
Alliance.

2. Romania’s objectives in NATO

NATO membership, along with the Strategic Partnership with the US and EU membership are the foundations of
Romania's foreign policy. The North Atlantic Alliance is the main guarantor of Romania's security, the transatlantic
relationship representing the strategic link that gives coherence and consistency to NATO's actions. In this sense,
Romania intends to strengthen its profile in NATO, both through conceptual and operational contributions.

Participating in measures consolidating the Allied Forward Presence on the Eastern Flank

Romania hosts the following NATO structures on its territory: NATO’s Force Integration Unit (NFIU), Headquarters
Multinational Division South-East (MND SE HQ), Headquarters Multinational Brigade South-East/MN BDE, under
the Multinational Command of the Brigade/MN BDE HQ. Furthermore, we participate in the Enhanced Forward
Presence in Poland, by operating in the US-led battle group.

Hosting NATO’s Ballistic Missile System

A key mission and strategic objective of the North Atlantic Alliance, the development of the Allied missile defense
architecture transposes the decisions taken at the last NATO Summits, based on the principles of indivisibility of
security, solidarity and defense of the entire allied territory.

Romania's participation in the development of the European component of the American missile defense system
represents a success of our country, consolidating our position as a reliable ally within NATO.

At the NATO Summit in Warsaw (2016), the initial operational capability of NATO's ballistic missile defense system
was declared. This is a significant step towards a NATO BMD that offers a more advanced capability to defend
populations, territories and Allied forces in the face of a potential ballistic missile attack. The decision was made
possible by the transfer of the command and control (C2) of the Aegis Ashore installation from Deveselu to NATO.
The facility hosted by Romania represents a significant part of the enhancement of NATO’s capabilities in the field. 

Participating in NATO’s operations and missions

Romania has consistently made substantial contributions to NATO’s operations and missions, having been involved
in certain theaters of operations since the pre-accession period. Currently, Romania participates with troops and
military means in the efforts of the international community and NATO within: the Resolute Support Mission (RSM)
in Afghanistan, NATO - Kosovo (KFOR) and the NATO mission in Iraq.

Burden sharing

In order to ensure the Alliance's ability to respond effectively to the challenges posed by the new strategic security
environment, at the Wales Summit in 2014 Allies adopted the “Pledge on Defense Investment”. This commitment
means that Member states will reach the target of 2% of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) allocated to defense
spending over 10 years (until 2024), with differences specific to each group of Allies (those who already have this
level of funding will maintain it, others will stop the decline of defense and will gradually increase defense spending).
In addition, the commitment indicates the allocation of at least 20% of the defense budget for the procurement of
major equipment and research and development activities, as well as the improvement of individual results regarding
the deployment and sustainability of troops in theaters of operations.

The commitment has a special significance for proving the credibility, unity and solidarity of the Allies, in the current
geostrategic context, being reaffirmed later by the Member states, including at the NATO Summit in Brussels (July
2018).

In order to guarantee a national political consensus on the financing of the defense sector, on January 13, 2015 the
Romanian parliamentary parties signed an agreement on allocating, starting with 2017, 2% of Gross Domestic
Product for the budget of the Ministry of National Defense and maintaining this level for the next 10 years. The
agreement is important, both in terms of ensuring the predictability of the policy of equipping the Romanian Army
with modern equipment, as well as for the development of cooperation projects between the national defense industry
and companies in other states, and for medium-term and long-term defense planning.

Assisting partner states

Romania participates in efforts to increase resilience and defense capabilities for the Alliance's Eastern and Southern
partners; implementation of NATO assistance packages for Georgia, the Republic of Moldova and Ukraine;
international counter-terrorism efforts.

Romania has played an important role in developing Ukraine’s cyber defense. We fulfilled the responsibilities of
state-coordinator for the NATO - Ukraine Trust Fund on Cyber Defense, in the first phase of the project, concluded in
2017.

Romania has been serving as the NATO Contact Point Embassy (CPE) in Kuwait since January 2019, for a period of
two years. At the same time, Romania served several times as Embassy of NATO Contact Point in two states,
respectively in Azerbaijan (4 successive terms, from 1 January 2009 to 31 December 2016) and in Georgia (two
successive terms between 1 January 2013 and 31 December 2016).

NATO – general information

    GENERAL
NATO is a political and military organization, established by the North Atlantic Treaty signed in Washington on 4
April 1949 by the USA, Canada and 10 European states. It currently comprises 30 Member States from Europe and
North America. The most recent NATO member is the Republic of North Macedonia, following its accession to the
Alliance on  27 March 2020.

The Alliance is an association of free states united by their determination to protect their security, by mutual
guarantees and stable relations with other countries.

NATO's goal is to ensure the freedom and security of all its members through political and military means, in
accordance with the North Atlantic Treaty and the principles of the United Nations Charter. NATO’s three core tasks,
which are still in place to this day, are outlined in the Strategic Concept adopted in Lisbon in 2010: collective defense,
crisis management and cooperative security. Art. 4 of the North Atlantic Treaty allows the Allies to consult and
cooperate in areas related to security and defense, while art. 5 enshrines NATO's fundamental task, namely collective
defense, so "an armed attack against an ally in Europe or North America is considered an attack against all".

The Alliance contributes to regional and international security and stability through its operations in Afghanistan,
Iraq, Kosovo and the Mediterranean. At the same time, NATO cooperates with third countries to develop their
defense capabilities and increase their resilience, but also with international organizations, especially with the
European Union, the United Nations and the African Union in areas of common interest. All NATO decisions are
made by consensus of the 30 Allied states.

The most recent NATO Summit took place in London, on 3-4 December 2019. In between Summits, ministerial
foreign affairs and defense meetings play a key role in validating the Alliance’s directions of action.

For more details, please click on the following link: https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/index.htm.

    Collective defense

The collective defense system is and will remain NATO's core task. Since 2014, in response to major changes in the
security environment and the deteriorating situation in the immediate vicinity of the Alliance, NATO has started an
extensive process of adapting its defensive posture. This process aims at increasing NATO’s efficiency and
responsiveness, through a 360-degree approach.

Measures have been taken to strengthen the Eastern Flank, by ensuring an advanced NATO presence: an enhanced
presence in the North-Eastern part of the Allied Eastern Flank (eFP), through the four multinational battalions in
Poland and the Baltic countries, and a tailored Forward Presence (tFP) in the South-Eastern region, respectively at the
Black Sea, with the Multinational Brigade in Romania (Craiova) as the central part of this presence.

Two multinational commands have been established in Romania, as part of NATO’s Force Structure - the
Multinational Division Command Southeast (MND SE) and the Allied Forces Integration Unit (NFIU), both located
in Bucharest. Their role is to support possible missions in the Southern part of the Allied Eastern Flank.
Other decisions aim at increasing the Allied air and maritime presence in the region and establishing a coordination
unit for NATO maritime activities in the Black Sea, consisting of integrated training activities and exercises in which
NATO Permanent Naval Forces will participate, along with riparian states and other interested Allies.

NATO capabilities and its capacity to deal with threats regardless of their nature and origin has also been further
strengthened, by: declaring the Initial Operational Capability of the NATO ballistic missiles system; improving
NATO's capacity for anticipation and strategic assessment; strengthening the Allied maritime position; enhancing
commitments to cyber defense; strengthening resilience and civilian preparedness at the level of Allied states;
reconfirmation of the role of nuclear deterrence as a important element of the Allied deterrent posture.

Another objective was also to strengthen the Southern Flank, by adopting a framework to adapt NATO to the
challenges and threats from this strategic direction.

All these Allied measures are defensive in nature and in line with Romania's international commitments, as well as
with the need to strengthen national defense and the Alliance as a whole and confirm the importance of the Black Sea
region for Euro-Atlantic security.

    Crisis Management

• Afghanistan - Resolute Support Mission (RSM)

In January 2015, NATO launched the Resolute Support (RSM) mission in Afghanistan, which aims to train, advise
and assist the Afghan National Security and Defense Forces (ANDSF). The RSM succeeds the former Operation
ISAF (International Security Assistance Force) and, unlike it, does not involve engaging Allies in the fight against
insurgents, being a non-combat mission. RSM has about 16,500 troops from 39 allied and partner states operating
under one central hub in Kabul / Bagram and four spokes in Mazar-e Sharif, Herat, Kandahar and Laghman.

Romania has been part of NATO's efforts in Afghanistan since 2002 and remains one of the main contributors to this
mission. At the NATO Summit in Brussels (11-12 July 2018), decisions were made on: continuing the RSM on a
condition-based basis, extending the financial support for the ANDSF until 2024, strengthening the political
partnership and cooperation with Afghanistan. At the same time, the Afghan government committed itself to
continuing reforms, fighting corruption and holding credible and inclusive parliamentary and presidential elections.

Following the signing of the US-Taliban agreement to normalize the situation in Afghanistan, as well as the joint
declaration between the US and the Afghan government, on 29 February 2020, NATO announced that it would make
condition-based adjustments to RSM personnel, including a reduction in its military presence.

For more details, please click on the following link: https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_8189.htm.  

 

• Western Balkans – KFOR

NATO has been conducting a peacekeeping operation in Kosovo since 1999, based on the UN Security Council
Resolution 1244 and international agreements. The aim of KFOR is to ensure a secure and stable security
environment, as well as freedom of movement in Kosovo. In fulfilling these responsibilities, KFOR is working
closely with the EU Mission in Kosovo - EULEX.

Following Kosovo's "declaration of independence" on February 17, 2008, the Alliance decided to keep KFOR in
Kosovo on the basis of the UN Security Council Resolution 1244. As Kosovo's security situation has improved over
time, NATO began a process of gradually adjusting KFOR’s posture towards a deterrence presence in June 2009. The
reduction of KFOR troops is gradual and takes place in multiple stages, the pace being decided by the North Atlantic
Council, depending on the security situation in the area. Currently, KFOR comprises about 3,500 troops from 31
states. Romania's contribution to this operation amounts to approximately 60 soldiers.

Romania maintains its position on the non-recognition of the statehood of Kosovo even after the International Court
of Justice’s advisory opinion on Kosovo (July 2010).

For more details, please click on the following link: https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_48818.htm.

 

• Mediterranean Sea - Operation Sea Guardian

At the Warsaw Summit in July 2016, NATO announced the transformation of Operation Active Endeavor into
Operation Sea Guardian (OSG). Its operational area includes the international waters of the Mediterranean Sea, the
Strait of Gibraltar and the access areas to the straits. The GSO is a non-Article 5 maritime security operation and can
be adapted to combat a wider range of maritime security threats, as opposed to the previous operation, which focused
on combating terrorism.

At the current stage, the GSO has to fulfill 3 missions: situational awareness of the maritime environment, counter-
terrorism capabilities at sea and maritime security capacity-building. GSO cooperated with the former Operation
EUNAVFOR Sophia (EU), until the end of its mandate in March 2020, through the exchange of information and
mutual logistical support. Cooperation will continue with its successor - EUNAVFOR MED Irini. 
Operation Sea Guardian may perform (with the approval of the North Atlantic Council) four more operational tasks
under its mandate: ensuring freedom of navigation; imposing a maritime ban; combating the proliferation of weapons
of mass destruction and protecting critical infrastructure in the Mediterranean area.

The GSO Command Center is located in Northwood, UK, and also serves as a hub for maritime information exchange
within the Alliance.
For more details, please click on the following link: https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_136233.htm.
 

• NATO support to the African Union

 The Alliance has been supporting the African Union (AU) in peacekeeping missions on the African continent since
2005. NATO's cooperation with the AU covers operational, logistical and support issues in developing defense
capabilities. At the same time, support is envisaged for the operationalization of the African Union Response Force,
including through adapted exercises and training activities, in line with AU requests to the Alliance.

At the 2016 Warsaw Summit, the Heads of State and Government decided to develop a political and practical
partnership with the AU, in order to prepare a coordinated response to common threats and challenges, especially
from NATO's Southern Flank region.

For more details, please click on the following link: https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_8191.htm.

 
• NATO activity in the Aegean Sea

NATO defense ministers decided in February 2016 to support the EU in managing the refugee and migrant crisis. The
crisis, caused by, among other things, the unstable security situation in NATO's Southern flank, is fueled by criminal
networks involved in human trafficking and exploits the complex security context in the Northern Africa, of particular
relevance being also the traffickers' links to terrorist financing.

Based on the decision of February 2016, NATO deployed a naval force in the Aegean Sea (Permanent Naval Force
Group SNMG 2 / Standing NATO Maritime Group 2) in order to carry out actions on the recognition, monitoring and
surveillance of illegal crossings by various vessels, in support of Turkish and Greek authorities and FRONTEX
(European Border and Coast Guard Agency). SNMG 2 actions take place both in the territorial waters of Greece and
Turkey and in international waters.

NATO's presence has added significant value to the whole range of international efforts to combat human trafficking
by providing real-time information to Turkey, Greece and FRONTEX on migratory flows. Cooperation actions, with
the participation of the Alliance, directly contribute to limiting maritime trafficking in human beings and saving lives.
For the good development of the activity, direct links were established at operational and tactical level between the
NATO Maritime Command (MARCOM) and FRONTEX. As a result of joint efforts, the number of people crossing
the Aegean Sea has decreased considerably in recent years, according to UNHCR reports (available
here: https://data2.unhcr.org/en/situations/mediterranean/location/5179).

NATO's involvement in supporting FRONTEX has implicitly led to the diversification of operational cooperation
between NATO and the EU, including in the maritime field, and has strengthened operational and tactical links
between participants and partners in this activity.
• NATO mission in Iraq

At the Brussels Summit (July 2018), NATO leaders decided, on the request of Iraq, to launch a non-combat mission
(NATO Mission in Iraq / NMI) focused on training and capacity building. NMI was actually established in October
2018. The mission has approx. 500 members - trainers, advisers and support staff from NATO member states, but also
from partners such as Australia, Finland, and Sweden. The NMI also reflects NATO's efforts to promote stability.

NATO's efforts are complementary and coordinated with other relevant organizations such as the European Union,
the United Nations, or coalitions such as the Global Coalition to Defeat Daesh/ISIS. They are also part of the
international community's broader efforts to reform Iraq's security institutions and structures. NMI training activities
are being conducted at military schools near Baghdad, Besmaya and Taji. Advisory activities are carried out in
Baghdad, including within the Ministry of Defense, the Office of the National Security Adviser and other relevant
security institutions.

For more details, please click on the following link: https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_166936.htm.

    NATO’s cooperation with partner countries

NATO is actively concerned with strengthening international security through partnerships with other relevant
countries and international and regional organizations (UN, EU, OSCE, AU / African Union, etc.). In this regard,
NATO has developed institutionalized partnership mechanisms (Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council, Mediterranean
Dialogue, and the Istanbul Cooperation Initiative) and strengthened its relations with global partners.

Allied states contribute to NATO’s support and provide bilateral assistance to NATO partner countries in areas such
as: reform of the defense and security sectors, modernization of the armed forces and other relevant institutions,
increasing interoperability, encouraging / supporting participation in joint operations, transfer of expertise in the field
of crisis management and civil emergency response planning, etc. Initiatives on exchanges of expertise and practical
cooperation in areas of mutual interest, such as the fight against terrorism, border security, the prevention of the
proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, energy security and protection against cyber-attacks, are also promoted.
 
• Eastern neighborhood

For Romania, supporting its Eastern partners is a special stake. At the NATO Summit in Warsaw in July 2016, the
Allied Heads of State and Government reiterated their support for the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the
Eastern partners, adopting concrete support measures to strengthen their defense capacity in an increasingly complex
security context.
Following Romania's efforts, the Warsaw Summit Communique, noted NATO's commitment to cooperation with the
Republic of Moldova in order to support a stable, secure and prosperous future for that country, according to
European democratic values.

Regarding relations with Russia, the illegal annexation of Crimea by Moscow and the crisis in Ukraine led the
Alliance to suspend practical cooperation with the Russian Federation in April 2014. At the NATO Summits in
Warsaw (2016) and Brussels (2017 and 2018), the Heads of State and Government decided to successively extend this
measure until Russia returns to compliance with the principles and norms of international law. In response to Russia's
actions, NATO is strengthening its deterrence and defense posture.

At the same time, the Allies agreed to maintain channels of discussion, in particular through the NATO-Russia
Council, in order to help avoid risks and increase transparency and predictability between Russia and NATO. The
main issues addressed in the NATO-Russia Council were: the situation in Ukraine (the Allies do not recognize the
illegal annexation of Crimea and also call on Russia to fully implement the Minsk agreements), the reduction of risks
in the Euro-Atlantic area, the situation in Afghanistan.
 
• NATO-EU strategic partnership

Given the common challenges in the Eastern and Southern neighborhood, as well as the large number of common
members, the two organizations decided to strengthen their cooperation starting 2016.

At the Warsaw Summit  (2016), NATO and EU leaders signed a Joint Declaration containing 7 areas of common
interest for the development of cooperation between the two organizations, namely: 1. combating hybrid threats, 2.
operational cooperation, including in the maritime field, 3. security and cyber defense, 4. development of defense
capabilities of EU and NATO Member States, 5. defense and research industry, 6. exercises, 7. capacity building of
partner states in the area of security and defense. In order to implement the provisions of the Joint Declaration, a set
of 74 practical measures was adopted at the level of the two organizations to advance cooperation in the 7 identified
areas of cooperation (December 2016 and 2017).

At the Brussels Summit (2018), the two organizations adopted a new Joint Declaration reaffirming the commitment to
develop the partnership, highlighting 4 areas of intensified efforts - military mobility, combating terrorism,
strengthening resilience to biological, radiological, chemical and nuclear hazards (CBRN), respectively the promotion
of the agenda circumscribed to the field of Women, Peace and Security (WPS). The statement reiterates the need for
developing capacities in a coherent, complementary and interoperable manner.

Currently, the implementation of the common measures agreed in the 2016-2018 period for the development of the
NATO-EU cooperation continues.

For more details, please click on the following link: https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_49217.htm.

 
    Enlargement policy

The North Atlantic Alliance is open to receiving new members, in accordance with the "open door" policy. According
to this policy, any European state that can contribute to the promotion of the Alliance's objectives, included in the
Washington Treaty, and to strengthening security in the Euro-Atlantic area, can be invited to become a member of
NATO.

Romania, a member of the Alliance since 2004, actively supports NATO's "open door" policy and supports the
candidate states' efforts to prepare for accession, both through bilateral channels and through NATO mechanisms.

The main instrument for preparing for accession is the Membership Action Plan (MAP), through which NATO
provides assistance in preparing for accession. The MAP process consists in the implementation of the action plans
agreed annually by the Alliance with the candidate states, according to their specific needs, and in the annual
evaluation of the results obtained. Participation in the MAP process does not automatically imply accession to NATO,
this being conditioned by the fulfillment of the accession criteria.

Currently, three Alliance partner states aspire to NATO membership - Bosnia and Herzegovina, Georgia and Ukraine.
At the NATO Summit on September 3-4, 2014, it was decided to launch a substantial package of measures in support
of Georgia.

Following the historic agreement between Athens and Skopje on the solution of the name issue, the Alliance invited
Macedonia to start accession talks to join NATO. On February 6, 2019, after the entry into force of the provisions of
the Agreement, the Republic of North Macedonia signed the NATO Accession Protocol. Subsequently, the
ratification procedure was launched in each of the Allied states. Romania ratified the protocol of the Republic of
North Macedonia’ accession to NATO in March 2019. On March 27, 2020, the Republic of North Macedonia became
NATO’s 30th member, following the deposit of the instrument of accession to the US State Department.