Z – Transform (Part - 1)

1. The z – transform of the time function

∞

∑ 𝛿(𝑛 − 𝑘) 𝑖𝑠
𝑘=0
(a) (𝑧 − 1)⁄𝑧 (c) 𝑧⁄(𝑧 − 1)
(b) 𝑧⁄(𝑧 − 1)2 (d) (𝑧 − 1)2 ⁄𝑧
[GATE 1998: 1 Mark]

Soln. Time function is given

𝒙(𝒏) = ∑ 𝜹 (𝒏 − 𝒌)
𝒌=𝟎

= 𝜹(𝒏) + 𝜹(𝒏 − 𝟏) + 𝜹(𝒏 − 𝟐) + − − −

𝒙(𝒏) = 𝒖(𝒏)
𝒛
𝒙(𝒛) = 𝓩[𝒖(𝒏)] = (𝒛−𝟏)

Option (c)

2. The z – transform F(z) of the function 𝑓(𝑛𝑇) = 𝑎𝑛𝑇 is

𝑧 𝑧
(a) 𝑇
(c) −𝑇
𝑧−𝑎 𝑧−𝑎
𝑧 𝑧
(b) (d)
𝑧+𝑎𝑇 𝑧+𝑎−𝑇
[GATE 1999: 1 Mark]

Soln. The z – transform is given by

𝓩[𝒇(𝒏𝒕)] = ∑ 𝒇(𝒏𝑻) 𝒛−𝒏

𝒏=−∞
 ∞

= ∑ 𝒂𝒏𝑻 𝒛−𝒏
𝒏=−∞

= ∑ (𝒂𝑻 𝒛−𝟏 )𝒏
𝒏=−∞

𝟏 𝒛
𝒇(𝒛) = =
𝟏 − 𝒂𝑻 𝒛−𝟏 𝒛 − 𝒂𝑻
Option (a)

3. The region of convergence of the z – transform of a unit step function is

(a) |𝑧| > 1 (c) (Real part of z) > 0
(b) |𝑧| < 1 (d) (Real part of z) < 0
[GATE 2001: 1 Mark]

Soln. Given

𝒙(𝒏) = 𝒖(𝒏)

∞ ∞

𝑯(𝒛) = ∑ 𝒖(𝒏) 𝒛−𝒏 = ∑ 𝟏. 𝒛−𝒏

𝒏=𝟎 𝒏=𝟎

= ∑ (𝒛−𝟏 )𝒏
𝒏=𝟎

𝟏 𝟏
=𝟏+ + + −−−
𝒛 𝒛𝟐
 𝟏 𝟏
= 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 <𝟏
𝟏 − 𝟏⁄ 𝒛 |𝒛|

So, ROC is the range of value of z for which |𝒛| > 𝟏

Option (a)

4. A sequence 𝑥(𝑛) with the z – transform 𝑋(𝑧) = 𝑧 4 + 𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 + 2 − 3𝑧 −4 is

applied as an input to a linear time – variant system with the impulse
response ℎ(𝑛) = 2𝛿(𝑛 − 3) where
1, 𝑛=0
𝛿(𝑛) = {
0, 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
The output at n = 4 is
(a) – 6 (c) 2
(b) zero (d) – 4
[GATE 2003: 1 Mark]

Soln. Given

𝑿(𝒛) = 𝒛𝟒 + 𝒛𝟐 − 𝟐𝒛 + 𝟐 − 𝟑𝒛−𝟒

𝒉(𝒏) = 𝟐𝜹(𝒏 − 𝟑)

𝒉(𝒛) = 𝟐 ∑ 𝜹(𝒏 − 𝟑) 𝒛−𝒏

𝒏=𝟎

= 𝟐. 𝒛−𝟑

𝑵𝒐𝒕𝒆, 𝓩[𝜹(𝒏 − 𝒌)] = 𝒛−𝒌

Also,

𝒚(𝒛) = 𝑯(𝒛) . 𝑿(𝒛)

= 𝟐𝒛−𝟑 (𝒛𝟒 + 𝒛𝟐 − 𝟐𝒛 + 𝟐 − 𝟑𝒛−𝟒 )

 = 𝟐(𝒛 + 𝒛−𝟏 − 𝟐𝒛−𝟐 + 𝟐𝒛−𝟑 − 𝟑𝒛−𝟕 )

Taking inverse z transform

𝒚(𝒏) = 𝟐[𝜹(𝒏 + 𝟏) + 𝜹(𝒏 − 𝟏) − 𝟐𝜹(𝒏 − 𝟐) + 𝟐𝜹(𝒏 − 𝟑) − 𝟑𝜹(𝒏 − 𝟕)]

𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒏 = 𝟒

𝒚(𝟒) = 𝟐[𝜹(𝟓) + 𝜹(𝟑) − 𝟐𝜹(𝟐) + 𝟐𝜹(𝟏) − 𝟑𝜹(−𝟑)]

At 𝒏 = 𝟒, 𝒚(𝟒) = 𝟎

Option (b)

5. The z – transform of a system is

𝑧
𝐻(𝑧) =
𝑧 − 0.2
If the ROC is |𝑧| < 0.2, then the impulse response of the system is
(a) (0.2)𝑛 𝑢[𝑛] (c) −(0.2)2 𝑢[𝑛]
(b) (0.2)2 𝑢[−𝑛 − 1] (d) −(0.2)𝑛 𝑢[−𝑛 − 1]
[GATE 2004: 1 Mark]

Soln. Given
𝒛
𝑯(𝒛) = (𝒛−𝟎.𝟐)
𝒛
=
𝒛(𝟏−𝟎.𝟐𝒛−𝟏 )

𝟏
= (𝟏−𝟎.𝟐𝒛−𝟏)

Given ROC is |𝒛| < 𝟎. 𝟐

Comparing with

So, 𝒉(𝒏) = −(𝟎. 𝟐)𝒏 𝒖(−𝒏 − 𝟏) Option (d)

 6. The region of convergence of z – transform of the sequence
5 𝑛 5 𝑛
( ) 𝑢(𝑛) − ( ) 𝑢(−𝑛 − 1) 𝑚𝑢𝑠𝑡 𝑏𝑒
6 6

5 5 5
(a) |𝑧| < (c) < |𝑧| <
6 6 6
5 5
(b) |𝑧| > (d) < |𝑧| < ∞
6 6

[GATE 2005: 1 Mark]

Soln. For the given sequence we have to find ROC of z – transform.

Given sequence is

𝟓 𝒏 𝟔 𝒏
𝒙(𝒏) = ( ) 𝒖(𝒏) − ( ) 𝒖(−𝒏 − 𝟏)
𝟔 𝟓
𝒇𝒊𝒓𝒔𝒕 𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒊𝒔

𝟓 𝒏
𝒙(𝒏) = ( ) 𝒖(𝒏) 𝒘𝒉𝒊𝒄𝒉 𝒊𝒔 𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒅
𝟔
Sequence and is of the form 𝒂𝒏 𝒖(𝒏)

Its ROC extends outward.

𝟓
𝑹𝑶𝑪 ∶ |𝒛| >
𝟔

Second term is the left handed sequences

𝟔 𝒏 𝟔
− (𝟓) 𝒖(−𝒏 − 𝟏) 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒊𝒔 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎 − 𝒂𝒏 𝒖(−𝒏 − 𝟏) 𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝑹𝑶𝑪 ∶ < 𝟓

So, the combined ROC would be

𝟓 𝟔
< |𝒛| <
𝟔 𝟓
Option (c)
 1 2
7. If the region of convergence of 𝑥1 [𝑛] + 𝑥2 [𝑛] is < |𝑧| < , then the region
3 3
of convergences of 𝑥1 [𝑛] − 𝑥2 [𝑛] includes
1 3
(a) < |𝑧| < 3 (c) < |𝑧| < 3
3 2
2 1 2
(b) < |𝑧| < 3 (d) < |𝑧| <
3 3 3
[GATE 2006: 1 Mark]

Soln. Given

ROC of the given sequence

𝒙𝟏 [𝒏] + 𝒙𝟐 [𝒏]

𝟏 𝟐
𝒊𝒔 < |𝒛| < 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝑹𝑶𝑪 𝒐𝒇 𝒙𝟏 [𝒏] − 𝒙𝟐 [𝒏]
𝟑 𝟑
The ROC of addition or subtraction of two functions
𝒙𝟏 (𝒏) 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒙𝟐 (𝒏) 𝒊𝒔 𝑹𝟏 ⋂ 𝑹𝟐 . 𝑺𝒐 𝒔𝒂𝒎𝒆 𝒂𝒔 𝒂𝒃𝒐𝒗𝒆

Option (d)

8. The ROC of z – transform of the discrete time sequence

1 𝑛 1 𝑛
𝑥(𝑛) = ( ) 𝑢(𝑛) − ( ) 𝑢(−𝑛 − 1) 𝑖𝑠
3 2
1 1 1
(a) < |𝑧| < (c) |𝑧| <
3 2 3
1
(b) |𝑧| < (d) 2 < |𝑧| < 3
2
[GATE 2009: 1 Mark]

Soln. Given
𝟏 𝒏 𝟏 𝒏
𝒙(𝒏) = ( ) 𝒖(𝒏) − ( ) 𝒖(−𝒏 − 𝟏)
𝟑 𝟐

Taking z – transform
 ∞ 𝒏=−𝟏
𝟏 𝒏 −𝒏 𝟏 𝒏 −𝒏
𝑿(𝒛) = ∑ ( ) 𝒛 − ∑ ( ) 𝒛
𝟑 𝟐
𝒏=𝟎 𝒏=−∞

∞ −𝟏
𝟏 −𝟏 𝒏 𝟏 −𝟏 𝒏
= ∑( 𝒛 ) − ∑ ( 𝒛 )
𝟑 𝟐
𝒏=𝟎 𝒏=−∞

𝟏 −𝟏 𝟏
First term gives ROC 𝒛 < 𝟏 𝒐𝒓 |𝒛| >
𝟑 𝟑

𝟏 −𝟏 𝟏
Second term gives ROC 𝒛 > 𝟏 𝒐𝒓 |𝒛| <
𝟐 𝟐

Thus the combined ROC is common ROC of both terms

𝟏 𝟏
< |𝒛| <
𝟑 𝟐

Option (a)

9. Consider the z – transform 𝑋(𝑧) = 5𝑧 2 + 4𝑧 −1 + 3; 0 < |𝑧| < ∞. The

inverse z – transform 𝑥[𝑛] is
(a) 5𝛿[𝑛 + 2] + 3𝛿[𝑛] + 4𝛿[𝑛 − 1]
(b) 5𝛿[𝑛 − 2] + 3𝛿[𝑛] + 4𝛿[𝑛 + 1]
(c) 5𝑢[𝑛 + 2] + 3 𝑢[𝑛] + 4 𝑢[𝑛 − 1]
(d) 5𝑢[𝑛 − 2] + 3 𝑢[𝑛] + 4 𝑢[𝑛 + 1]
[GATE 2010: 1 Mark]

Soln. Given

Z – transform 𝑿(𝒛) = 𝟓𝒛𝟐 + 𝟒𝒛−𝟏 + 𝟑

ROC : 𝟎 < |𝒛| < ∞

To find inverse z – transform 𝒙[𝒏]

We know,
 z

𝓩−𝟏 [𝑿(𝒛)] = 𝟓𝜹[𝒏 + 𝟐] + 𝟒𝜹[𝒏 − 𝟏] + 𝟑𝜹[𝒏]

Option (a)

10. Two discrete time systems with impulse responses ℎ1 [𝑛] = 𝛿[𝑛 − 1] and
ℎ2 [𝑛] = 𝛿[𝑛 − 2] are connected in cascade. The overall impulse response of
the cascaded system is
(a) 𝛿[𝑛 − 1] + 𝛿[𝑛 − 2] (c) 𝛿[𝑛 − 3]
(b) 𝛿[𝑛 − 4] (d) 𝛿[𝑛 − 1] 𝛿[𝑛 − 2]
[GATE 2010: 1 Mark]

Soln. Given

Response of the cascaded system is

𝑯(𝒛) = 𝑯𝟏 (𝒛) . 𝑯𝟐 (𝒛)

𝒛−𝟏 . 𝒛−𝟐 = 𝒛−𝟑

So, 𝒉[𝒏] = 𝜹[𝒏 − 𝟑]

Option (c)
 11. If 𝑥[𝑛] = (1⁄3)|𝑛| − (1⁄2)𝑛 𝑢[𝑛], then the region of convergence (ROC)
of its Z – transform in the Z – plane will be
1 1
(a) < |𝑧| < 3 (c) < |𝑧| < 3
3 2
1 1 1
(b) < |𝑧| < (d) < |𝑧|
3 2 3

[GATE 2012: 1 Mark]

Soln. Given

𝟏 |𝒏| 𝟏 𝒏
𝒙[𝒏] = ( ) − ( ) 𝒖(𝒏)
𝟑 𝟐

𝟏 𝒏 𝟏 −𝒏 𝟏 𝒏
= ( ) 𝒖(𝒏) + ( ) 𝒖[−𝒏 − 𝟏] − ( ) 𝒖[𝒏]
𝟑 𝟑 𝟐
First term

Second term

Third term

Overall ROC will be interaction of these ROCs

𝟏
< |𝒛| < 𝟑
𝟐

Option (c)
 12. Let 𝑥[𝑛] = 𝑥[−𝑛]. Let X(z) be the z – transform of 𝑥[𝑛]. If 0.5 + 𝑗0.25 is
a zero of X(z), which one of the following must also be zero of X(z).
1
(a) 0.5 − 𝑗0.25 (c)
1 (0.5−𝑗0.25)
(b) (0.5+𝑗0.25) (d) 2 + 𝑗4
[GATE 2014: 1 Mark]

Soln. Given 𝒙[𝒏] = 𝒙[−𝒏]

We know

Time reversal property in z – transform

So, if one zero is (0.5 + j 0.25). Then the other zero will

𝟏
𝒃𝒆
(𝟎. 𝟓 + 𝒋 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓)

Option (b)