TEAM TENT DISCUSSION GROUP

APPLIED ANALOGUE ELECTRONICS

ACTIVE FILTERS
Question 1
Consider the operational amplifier based active filters shown in Fig. 1.1 and Fig. 1.2 below. They
utilize dual power supplies with voltages of ±𝑉𝑐𝑐 .
a) Determine the system transfer function 𝐻(𝑠) = 𝑉0 (𝑠)/𝑉𝑖𝑛 (𝑠)
b) Let 𝑠 = 𝑗𝜔 and then find |𝐻(𝑗0)| and |𝐻(∞)|.
c) Hence the deduce the type of filters
d) What is the order of these filters? Why?

Fig. 1.1 Fig. 1.2

For Fig. 1.1:

Assuming that the op amp is ideal with infinite input impedance (no current enters into the op
amp) and infinite open loop gain.
Assuming a virtual short circuit; 𝑉 − = 𝑉 + = 0
Applying KCL at node X:
𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑉0 𝑅2
=− 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑍2 =
𝑅1 𝑍2 1 + 𝑆𝐶2 𝑅2
𝑉𝑜 𝑍2
=−
𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑅1
𝑽𝒐 (𝑺) 𝑹𝟐 𝟏
𝑯(𝑺) = =− ( ) 𝒊𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒇𝒆𝒓 𝒇𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝑽𝒊𝒏 (𝑺) 𝑹𝟏 𝟏 + 𝑺𝑪𝟐 𝑹𝟐

𝑅2 1
𝐻(𝑗𝜔) = − ( )
𝑅1 1 + 𝑗𝜔𝐶2 𝑅2
𝑅2 1
|𝐻(𝑗𝜔)| = ( )
𝑅1 √1 + (𝜔𝐶2 𝑅2 )2
𝑹𝟐
|𝑯(𝒋𝟎)| =
𝑹𝟏
|𝑯(𝒋∞)| = 𝟎
It is a low pass filter
It a first order filter since the highest power of 𝑺 in the denominator transfer function is
1.
For Fig. 1.2:
Assuming that the op amp is ideal with infinite input impedance (no current enters into the op
amp) and infinite open loop gain.
Assuming a virtual short circuit; 𝑉 − = 𝑉 + = 0
Applying KCL at node Y:
𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑉0 1 + 𝑆𝐶1 𝑅1
=− 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑍1 =
𝑍1 𝑅2 𝑆𝐶1
𝑉𝑜 𝑅2
=−
𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑍1
𝑽𝒐 (𝑺) 𝑹𝟐 𝑺𝑪𝟏
𝑯(𝑺) = =− 𝒊𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒇𝒆𝒓 𝒇𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝑽𝒊𝒏 (𝑺) 1 + 𝑆𝐶1 𝑅1

𝑗𝜔𝑅2 𝐶1
𝐻(𝑗𝜔) = 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 𝑏𝑦 𝜔
1 + 𝑗𝜔𝐶1 𝑅1
𝑗𝑅2 𝐶1
𝐻(𝑗𝜔) =
1
+ 𝑗𝐶1 𝑅1
𝜔
𝑅2 𝐶1
|𝐻(𝑗𝜔)| =
2
√( 1 ) + (𝐶1 𝑅1 )2
𝜔
|𝑯(𝒋𝟎)| = 𝟎
𝑹𝟐
|𝑯(𝒋∞)| =
𝑹𝟏
It is a high pass filter
It a first order filter since the highest power of 𝑺 in the denominator transfer function is
1.
Question 2
Consider the operational amplifier based active filter below. It uses a dual power supply with
voltages of ±𝑉𝑐𝑐 .
a) Determine the system transfer function 𝐻(𝑠) = 𝑉0 (𝑠)/𝑉𝑖𝑛 (𝑠). Give the answer in the form of
𝐴(1+𝑎𝑠+𝑏𝑠 2 +𝑐𝑠 3 )
𝐻 (𝑠 ) = .Where A, a, b, c, d, e and f are real constants.
1+𝑑𝑠+𝑒𝑠 2 +𝑓𝑠 3
b) Let 𝑠 = 𝑗𝜔 and then find |𝐻(𝑗0)| and |𝐻(∞)|.
c) Is this a low pass, high pass, band pass or band reject filter?
d) What is the order of this filter? Why?

Assuming that the op amp is ideal with infinite input impedance (no current enters into the op
amp) and infinite open loop gain.
Assuming a virtual short circuit; 𝑉 − = 𝑉 + = 0
Applying KCL at node X:
𝑉1 𝑉0 𝑅𝑓
=− 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑍2 =
𝑅2 𝑍2 1 + 𝑆𝐶2 𝑅𝑓
𝑉𝑜 𝑍2
=−
𝑉1 𝑅2
𝑅𝑓 1
𝑉𝑜 = − ( ) 𝑉 … … … … … (1)
𝑅2 1 + 𝑆𝐶2 𝑅𝑓 1

Applying KCL at node Y:

𝑉𝑖𝑛 − 𝑉1 𝑉1
= 𝑆𝐶1 𝑉1 +
𝑅1 𝑅2
𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑉1 𝑉1 𝑉1 (𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑆𝐶1 𝑅1 𝑅2 )
= + 𝑆𝐶1 𝑉1 + =
𝑅1 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅1 𝑅2
𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑅2
𝑉1 = … … … (2)
(𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑆𝐶1 𝑉1 𝑅1 𝑅2 )
Substitute equation (2) into (1):
𝑅𝑓 1 𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑅2
𝑉𝑜 = − ( )( )
𝑅2 1 + 𝑆𝐶2 𝑅𝑓 (𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑆𝐶1 𝑅1 𝑅2 )

𝑉𝑜 (𝑆) 𝑅𝑓 1
= −( )( )
𝑉𝑖𝑛 (𝑆) 1 + 𝑆𝐶2 𝑅𝑓 (𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑆𝐶1 𝑅1 𝑅2 )

𝑉𝑜 (𝑆) 𝑅𝑓
= −( )
𝑉𝑖𝑛 (𝑆) (𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑆𝐶1 𝑅1 𝑅2 + 𝑆𝐶2 𝑅𝑓 𝑅1 + 𝑆𝐶2 𝑅𝑓 𝑅2 + 𝑆 2 𝐶2 𝑅𝑓 𝐶1 𝑅1 𝑅2 )

𝑹𝒇 𝟏
𝑯(𝑺) = − ( )
𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟐 (𝑪𝟏 𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐 + 𝑪𝟐 𝑹𝒇 𝑹𝟏 + 𝑪𝟐 𝑹𝒇 𝑹𝟐 ) 𝑪𝟐 𝑹𝒇 𝑪𝟏 𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐 𝟐
[𝟏 + 𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟐 𝑺 + 𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟐 𝑺 ]

𝑅𝑓 1
𝐻(𝑗𝜔) = − ( )
𝑅1 + 𝑅2 (𝐶1 𝑅1 𝑅2 + 𝐶2 𝑅𝑓 𝑅1 + 𝐶2 𝑅𝑓 𝑅2 ) 𝐶2 𝑅𝑓 𝐶1 𝑅1 𝑅2 2
[1 + 𝑗 𝜔 −
𝑅1 + 𝑅2 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 𝜔 ]

𝑅𝑓 1
|𝐻(𝑗𝜔)| = ( )
𝑅1 + 𝑅2 2 2
𝐶𝑅 𝐶𝑅 𝑅 (𝐶 𝑅 𝑅 + 𝐶2 𝑅𝑓 𝑅1 + 𝐶2 𝑅𝑓 𝑅2 )
√(1 − 2 𝑓 1 1 2 𝜔 2 ) + [ 1 1 2 𝜔]
[ 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 ]
𝑹𝒇
|𝑯(𝒋𝟎)| =
𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟐
|𝑯(𝒋∞)| = 𝟎
It is a low pass filter.
It a second order filter since the highest power of 𝑺 in the denominator of the transfer
function is 2.
Question 3
Consider the op-amp based filter. It uses a dual supply with a voltage of ±5 𝑉. Let 𝑅1 = 20 𝑘Ω,
𝑅2 = 10 𝑘Ω, 𝑅𝑓 = 20 𝑘Ω, 𝐶1 = 20 𝑛𝐹, 𝐶2 = 10 𝑛𝐹, 𝐶3 = 10 𝑛𝐹 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶4 = 10 𝑛𝐹 .

a) Determine the system transfer function 𝐻(𝑠) = 𝑉0 (𝑠)/𝑉𝑖𝑛 (𝑠). Give the answer in the form of
𝐴(1+𝑎𝑠+𝑏𝑠2 +𝑐𝑠3 )
𝐻 (𝑠) = .Where A, a, b, c, d, e and f are real constants.
1+𝑑𝑠+𝑒𝑠2 +𝑓𝑠3
b) Let 𝑠 = 𝑗𝜔 and then find |𝐻(𝑗0)|, |𝐻(𝑗2000𝜋)| and |𝐻(∞)|.
c) Is this a low pass, high pass, band pass or band reject filter?
d) What is the order of this filter? Why?
Assuming that the op amp is ideal with infinite input impedance (no current enters into the op
amp) and infinite open loop gain.
Assuming a virtual short circuit; 𝑉 − = 𝑉 + = 0
Applying KCL at node X:
𝑉1 𝑉0 𝑅𝑓
=− 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑍2 =
1/𝑆𝐶1 𝑍2 1 + 𝑆𝐶2 𝑅𝑓
𝑉𝑜
= −𝑍2 𝑆𝐶1
𝑉1
𝑅𝑓 𝑆𝐶1
𝑉𝑜 = − ( ) 𝑉 … … … … … (1)
1 + 𝑆𝐶2 𝑅𝑓 1

Applying KCL at node Y:

𝑉𝑖𝑛 − 𝑉1 𝑉1
= 𝑆𝐶1 𝑉1 +
𝑅1 𝑅2
𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑉1 𝑉1 𝑉1 (𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑆𝐶1 𝑅1 𝑅2 )
= + 𝑆𝐶1 𝑉1 + =
𝑅1 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅1 𝑅2
𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑅2
𝑉1 = … … … (2)
(𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑆𝐶1 𝑅1 𝑅2 )
Substitute equation (2) into (1):
 𝑅𝑓 𝑆𝐶1 𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑅2
𝑉𝑜 = − ( )( )
1 + 𝑆𝐶2 𝑅𝑓 (𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑆𝐶1 𝑅1 𝑅2 )

𝑉𝑜 (𝑆) 𝑅𝑓 𝑆𝐶1 𝑅2
= −( )( )
𝑉𝑖𝑛 (𝑆) 1 + 𝑆𝐶2 𝑅𝑓 (𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑆𝐶1 𝑅1 𝑅2 )

𝑉𝑜 (𝑆) 𝑅𝑓 𝑅2 𝑆𝐶1
= −( )
𝑉𝑖𝑛 (𝑆) (𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑆𝐶1 𝑅1 𝑅2 + 𝑆𝐶2 𝑅𝑓 𝑅1 + 𝑆𝐶2 𝑅𝑓 𝑅2 + 𝑆 2 𝐶2 𝑅𝑓 𝐶1 𝑅1 𝑅2 )

𝑹𝒇 𝑹𝟐 𝑪𝟏 𝑺
𝑯(𝑺) = − ( )
𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟐 (𝑪𝟏 𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐 + 𝑪𝟐 𝑹𝒇 𝑹𝟏 + 𝑪𝟐 𝑹𝒇 𝑹𝟐 ) 𝑪𝟐 𝑹𝒇 𝑪𝟏 𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐 𝟐
[𝟏 + 𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟐 𝑺+ 𝑹 +𝑹
𝟏 𝟐
𝑺 ]

𝑅𝑓 𝑅2 𝐶1 1
𝐻(𝑗𝜔) = − ( )
𝑅1 + 𝑅2 𝑗 (𝐶1 𝑅1 𝑅2 + 𝐶2 𝑅𝑓 𝑅1 + 𝐶2 𝑅𝑓 𝑅2 ) 𝐶2 𝑅𝑓 𝐶1 𝑅1 𝑅2
[− 𝜔 + +𝑗 𝑅 +𝑅 𝜔]
𝑅1 + 𝑅2 1 2

𝑅𝑓 𝑅2 𝐶1 1
|𝐻(𝑗𝜔)| = ( )
𝑅1 + 𝑅2 2 2
𝐶𝑅 𝐶𝑅 𝑅 (𝐶 𝑅 𝑅 + 𝐶2 𝑅𝑓 𝑅1 + 𝐶2 𝑅𝑓 𝑅2 )
√( 2 𝑓 1 1 2 𝜔 − 1 ) + [ 1 1 2 ]
[ 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 𝜔 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 ]
|𝑯(𝒋𝟎)| = 𝟎
𝑅𝑓 𝑅2 𝐶1 (20𝑘)(10𝑘)(20𝑛) 1
= =
𝑅1 + 𝑅2 20𝑘 + 10𝑘 7500
𝐶2 𝑅𝑓 𝐶1 𝑅1 𝑅2 (10𝑛)(20𝑘)(20𝑛)(20𝑘)(10𝑘) 1
= = × 10−5
𝑅1 + 𝑅2 20𝑘 + 10𝑘 375
(𝐶1 𝑅1 𝑅2 + 𝐶2 𝑅𝑓 𝑅1 + 𝐶2 𝑅𝑓 𝑅2 ) [20𝑛(20𝑘)(10𝑘) + 10𝑛(20𝑘)(20𝑘) + 10𝑛(20𝑘)(10𝑘)] 1
= =
𝑅1 + 𝑅2 30𝑘 3000

1 1
|𝐻(𝑗2000𝜋)| = ( )
7500 2 2
√( 1 × 10−5 (2000𝜋) − 1 ) + [ 1 ]
[ 375 2000𝜋 3000 ]
|𝑯(𝒋𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎𝝅)| = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟕𝟓
|𝑯(𝒋∞)| = 𝟎
It is a band pass filter.
It a second order filter since the highest power of 𝑺 in the denominator of the transfer
function is 2.
Question 4
Consider the operational amplifier based active filter below. It uses a dual power supply with
voltages of ±𝑉𝑐𝑐 .

a) Determine the system transfer function 𝐻(𝑠) = 𝑉0 (𝑠)/𝑉𝑖𝑛 (𝑠). Give the answer in the form of
𝐴(1+𝑎𝑠+𝑏𝑠 2 +𝑐𝑠 3 )
𝐻 (𝑠 ) = .Where A, a, b, c, d, e and f are real constants.
1+𝑑𝑠+𝑒𝑠 2 +𝑓𝑠 3
b) Let 𝑠 = 𝑗𝜔 and then find |𝐻(𝑗0)| and |𝐻(∞)|.
c) Is this a low pass, high pass, band pass or band reject filter?
d) What is the order of this filter? Why?
Assuming that the op amps are ideal with infinite input impedance (no current enters into the
op amps) and infinite open loop gain.
Assuming a virtual short circuit for each of them; 𝑉 − = 𝑉 + = 0
Applying KCL at node X:
(𝑉𝑖𝑛 − 𝑉1 )
= 𝑉2 𝑆𝐶2 + 𝑉1 𝑆𝐶1
𝑅1
𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑉1 𝑉1 (𝑆𝐶1 𝑅1 + 1)
= + 𝑉2 𝑆𝐶2 + 𝑉1 𝑆𝐶1 = + 𝑉2 𝑆𝐶2
𝑅1 𝑅1 𝑅1
𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑉1 (𝑆𝐶1 𝑅1 + 1)
= + 𝑉2 𝑆𝐶2 … … … . (1)
𝑅1 𝑅1
Applying KCL at node Y:
𝑉2
𝑉1 𝑆𝐶1 = −
𝑅2
𝑉2 = −𝑉1 𝑆𝐶1 𝑅2 … … … . (2)
Substitute (2) into (1):
𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑉1 (𝑆𝐶1 𝑅1 + 1)
= −𝑉1 𝐶1 𝑅2 𝐶2 𝑆 2
𝑅1 𝑅1
𝑉𝑖𝑛 = (𝑆𝐶1 𝑅1 + 1 − 𝐶1 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝐶2 𝑆 2 )𝑉1
𝑉𝑖𝑛
𝑉1 = … … … … … (3)
(1 + 𝑆𝐶1 𝑅1 − 𝐶1 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝐶2 𝑆 2 )
Substitute (3) into (2):
−𝑆𝐶1 𝑅2 𝑉𝑖𝑛
𝑉2 = … … … … … (4)
(1 + 𝑆𝐶1 𝑅1 − 𝐶1 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝐶2 𝑆 2 )
Applying KCL at node Z:
𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑉2 𝑉0
− = − … … … … … … . (5)
𝑅4 𝑅3 𝑅5
Substitute (4) into (5):
𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑆𝐶1 𝑅2 −𝑆𝐶1 𝑅2 𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑉0
− [ 2
]=−
𝑅4 𝑅3 (1 + 𝑆𝐶1 𝑅1 − 𝐶1 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝐶2 𝑆 ) 𝑅5

𝑅3 (1 + 𝑆𝐶1 𝑅1 − 𝐶1 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝐶2 𝑆 2 ) + 𝑆𝐶1 𝑅2 𝑆𝐶1 𝑅2 𝑅4 𝑉0

[ 2
] 𝑉𝑖𝑛 = −
𝑅4 (1 + 𝑆𝐶1 𝑅1 − 𝐶1 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝐶2 𝑆 ) 𝑅5

𝑉𝑜 (𝑆) 𝑅3 (1 + 𝑆𝐶1 𝑅1 − 𝐶1 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝐶2 𝑆 2 ) + 𝑆𝐶1 𝑅2 𝑆𝐶1 𝑅2 𝑅4

= −𝑅5 [ ]
𝑉𝑖𝑛 (𝑆) 𝑅4 (1 + 𝑆𝐶1 𝑅1 − 𝐶1 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝐶2 𝑆 2 )

2 𝑆𝐶1 𝑅2 𝑆𝐶1 𝑅2 𝑅4
𝑉𝑜 (𝑆) 𝑅3 𝑅5 (1 + 𝑆𝐶1 𝑅1 − 𝐶1 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝐶2 𝑆 ) + 𝑅3
=− [ ]
𝑉𝑖𝑛 (𝑆) 𝑅4 (1 + 𝑆𝐶1 𝑅1 − 𝐶1 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝐶2 𝑆 2 )

𝑺𝑪𝟏 𝑹𝟐 𝑺𝑪𝟏 𝑹𝟐 𝑹𝟒
𝑹𝟑 𝑹𝟓 𝟏 + (𝑪𝟏 𝑹𝟏 + ) 𝑺 − 𝑪𝟏 𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐 𝑪𝟐 𝑺𝟐
𝑹𝟑
𝑯(𝑺) = − [ ]
𝑹𝟒 𝟏 + 𝑺𝑪𝟏 𝑹𝟏 − 𝑪𝟏 𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐 𝑪𝟐 𝑺𝟐

𝑆𝐶1 𝑅2 𝑆𝐶1 𝑅2 𝑅4
𝑅3 𝑅5 1 + 𝑗 (𝐶1 𝑅1 + ) 𝜔 + 𝐶1 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝐶2 𝜔2
𝑅3
𝐻(𝑗𝜔) = − [ ]
𝑅4 1 + 𝑗𝜔𝐶1 𝑅1 + 𝐶1 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝐶2 𝜔 2

1
2 2
2 )2 𝑆𝐶1 𝑅2 𝑆𝐶1 𝑅2 𝑅4
𝑅3 𝑅5 (1 + 𝐶 𝑅 𝑅 𝐶
1 1 2 2 𝜔 + [(𝐶 𝑅
1 1 + ) 𝜔]
𝑅3
|𝐻(𝑗𝜔)| = 2 2 2
𝑅4 (1 + 𝐶1 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝐶2 𝜔 ) + (𝜔𝐶 1 𝑅1 )
[ ]
𝑹𝟑 𝑹𝟓
|𝑯(𝒋𝟎)| =
𝑹𝟒
1 1 𝑆𝐶1 𝑅2 𝑆𝐶1 𝑅2 𝑅4
𝑅3 𝑅5 𝜔 + 𝑗 𝜔 (𝐶1 𝑅1 + 𝑅3 ) + 𝐶1 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝐶2
𝐻(𝑗𝜔) = − [ ]
𝑅4 1 𝑗𝐶1 𝑅1
+ + 𝐶 𝑅 𝑅
1 1 2 2 𝐶
𝜔2 𝜔
2
1 1 𝑆𝐶1 𝑅2 𝑆𝐶1 𝑅2 𝑅4 2
𝑅3 𝑅5 (𝜔 + 𝐶1 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝐶2 ) + [𝜔 (𝐶1 𝑅1 + 𝑅3 )]
|𝐻(𝑗𝜔)| =
𝑅4 1 2 𝐶𝑅 2
(𝐶1 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝐶2 + 2 ) + ( 1 1 )
[ 𝜔 𝜔 ]
𝑹𝟑 𝑹𝟓
|𝑯(𝒋∞)| =
𝑹𝟒
It is a band reject filter.
It a second order filter since the highest power of 𝑺 in the denominator of the transfer
function is 2.
Question 5
Consider the operational amplifier based active filter. The passive component values are 𝑅1 =
10𝑘Ω = 𝑅2 = 1𝑘Ω, 𝐶1 = 0.33𝜇𝐹, 𝐶2 = 0.1 𝜇𝐹 = 270 𝑝𝐹.
 a) Determine the system transfer function 𝐻(𝑠) = 𝑉0 (𝑠)/𝑉𝑖𝑛 (𝑠).
b) Let 𝑠 = 𝑗𝜔 and then find|𝐻(𝑗0)|, |𝐻(𝑗3140)| and |𝐻(∞)|.
c) Is this a low pass, high pass, band pass or band stop filter?
d) What is the order of this filter? Why?

Assuming that the op amp are ideal with infinite input impedance (no current enters into the
op amp) and infinite open loop gain.
Assuming a virtual short circuit; 𝑉 − = 𝑉 + = 𝑉0
Applying KCL at node X:
(𝑉𝑖𝑛 − 𝑉𝑜 )
= (𝑉𝑂 − 𝑉1 )𝑆𝐶1 … … … … … . . (1)
𝑅1
𝑉1 − 𝑉𝑜
(𝑉𝑂 − 𝑉1 )𝑆𝐶1 = 𝑉1 𝑆𝐶2 +
𝑅2
𝑉1 𝑉𝑜
𝑉𝑂 𝑆𝐶1 − 𝑉1 𝑆𝐶1 = 𝑉1 𝑆𝐶2 + −
𝑅2 𝑅2
𝑉𝑜 𝑉1
𝑉𝑂 𝑆𝐶1 + = 𝑉1 𝑆𝐶2 + + 𝑉1 𝑆𝐶1
𝑅2 𝑅2
𝑉𝑂 (𝑅2 𝑆𝐶1 + 1) 𝑉1 (1 + 𝑆𝑅2 𝐶2 + 𝑆𝐶1 𝑅2 )
=
𝑅2 𝑅2
(𝑅2 𝑆𝐶1 + 1)
𝑉1 = 𝑉 … … … … … (2)
(1 + 𝑆𝑅2 𝐶2 + 𝑆𝐶1 𝑅2 ) 𝑜
Substitute (2) in (1):
(𝑉𝑖𝑛 − 𝑉𝑜 ) (𝑅2 𝑆𝐶1 + 1)
= (𝑉𝑂 − 𝑉 ) 𝑆𝐶1
𝑅1 (1 + 𝑆𝑅2 𝐶2 + 𝑆𝐶1 𝑅2 ) 𝑜

𝑉𝑖𝑛 1 (𝑅2 𝑆𝐶1 + 1)𝑆𝐶1

= { + (𝑆𝐶1 − )} 𝑉𝑜
𝑅1 𝑅1 (1 + 𝑆𝑅2 𝐶2 + 𝑆𝐶1 𝑅2 )
[(1 + 𝑆𝑅2 𝐶2 + 𝑆𝐶1 𝑅2 ) + 𝑅1 𝑆𝐶1 (1 + 𝑆𝑅2 𝐶2 + 𝑆𝐶1 𝑅2 ) − (𝑅2 𝑆𝐶1 + 1)𝑆𝐶1 𝑅1 ]
𝑉𝑖𝑛 = 𝑉𝑜
(1 + 𝑆𝑅2 𝐶2 + 𝑆𝐶1 𝑅2 )
𝑉𝑜 (𝑆) (1 + 𝑆𝑅2 𝐶2 + 𝑆𝐶1 𝑅2 )
=
𝑉𝑖𝑛 (𝑆) 1 + 𝑆𝑅2 𝐶2 + 𝑆𝐶1 𝑅2 + 𝑅1 𝑆𝐶1 + 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝐶1 𝐶2 𝑆 2 + 𝐶12 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑆 2 − (𝐶12 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑆 2 + 𝑆𝐶1 𝑅1 )
𝑉𝑜 (𝑆) (1 + 𝑆𝑅2 𝐶2 + 𝑆𝐶1 𝑅2 )
=
𝑉𝑖𝑛 (𝑆) 1 + 𝑆𝑅2 𝐶2 + 𝑆𝐶1 𝑅2 + 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝐶1 𝐶2 𝑆 2
𝟏 + (𝑹𝟐 𝑪𝟐 + 𝑪𝟏 𝑹𝟐 )𝑺
𝑯(𝑺) =
𝟏 + (𝑹𝟐 𝑪𝟐 + 𝑪𝟏 𝑹𝟐 )𝑺 + 𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐 𝑪𝟏 𝑪𝟐 𝑺𝟐
Question 6
Consider the op amp based active filter below. The component values are 𝐶1 = 𝐶2 = 0.1𝜇𝐹
𝑅1 = 1.62 𝑘Ω, 𝑅2 = 6.49 𝑘Ω, 𝑅3 = 3.0 𝑘Ω, 𝑅4 = 1.21 𝑘Ω
a) Determine the system transfer function 𝐻(𝑠) = 𝑉0 (𝑠)/𝑉𝑖𝑛 (𝑠).
b) Let 𝑠 = 𝑗𝜔 and then find |𝐻(𝑗0)|, and |𝐻(∞)|.
c) Is this a low pass, high pass, band pass or band stop filter?
d) What is the order of this filter? Why?
Question 7
Consider the operational amplifier based active filter. The component values are 𝑅1 = 20 = 𝑅2 =
2𝑅3 = 11.8 𝑀Ω, 𝐶1 = 𝐶2 = 0.5𝐶3 = 270 𝑝𝐹.
e) Determine the system transfer function 𝐻(𝑠) = 𝑉0 (𝑠)/𝑉𝑖𝑛 (𝑠).
f) Let 𝑠 = 𝑗𝜔 and then find |𝐻(𝑗0)|, |𝐻(𝑗314)| and |𝐻(∞)|.
g) Is this a low pass, high pass, band pass or band stop filter?
h) What is the order of this filter? Why?

Question 8
Consider the operational amplifier based active filter. The component values are 𝑅1 = 16 𝑘Ω =
𝑅2 = 16 𝑘Ω, R 3 = 10 𝑘Ω, R 4 = 𝑅5 = 8 𝑘Ω 𝐶1 = 𝐶2 = 0.4𝜇𝐹, 𝐶2 = 𝐶3 = 0.2𝜇𝐹
a) Determine the system transfer function 𝐻(𝑠) = 𝑉0 (𝑠)/𝑉𝑖𝑛 (𝑠).
b) Let 𝑠 = 𝑗𝜔 and then find |𝐻(𝑗0)|, |𝐻(𝑗314)| and |𝐻(∞)|.
c) Is this a low pass, high pass, band pass or band stop filter?
d) What is the order of this filter? Why?