Projectile Motion and Circular Motion Projectile Motion When any object is thrown from horizontal at an angle.0 except 90°, then the path followed by it is called trajectory, ,the.object is called projectile and its motion is called projectile motion. If any object is thrown with velocit YU, making an angle 0, from horizontal, then usin®, A ucos® c Horizontal component of initial velocity = u cos @. Vertical component of initial velocity = wu sin 0. a Horizontal component of velocity (w cos@) remains same during the Whole journey as no acceleration is acting horizontally. re -. ine Vertical component of velocity (usin®) decreases gradually ai becomes zero at high: int of the path. ighest point of Pi : A ontal At highest point, the velocity of the body is u cos peas 90°. direction and the angle between the velocity and accelerImportant Points & Formulae of Projectile el : (i) At highest point, the linear momentum is mu cos@ and the kinetic energy is 5 m(u cos®)*. (ii) The horizontal displacement of the projectile after ¢ seconds x=(u cos6)t : : (ii) The vertical displacement of the projectile after ¢ seconds 1 y=(usin@)t-5 8 (iv) Equation of the path of projectile & a =xtan0-—y—3 * a 2u? cos*8 (v) The path of a projectile is parabolic. ol es (vi) Kinetic energy at lowest point => mu (vii) Linear momentum at lowest point = mu (viii) Acceleration of projectile is constant throughout the motion and it acts vertically downwards being @qual tog. (ix) Angular momentum of projectile= mu cos 6 x h, where h denotes the height. (x) In case of angular projection, the angle between velocity and acceleration varies from 0°< @< 180°. (xi) The maximum height occurs when the projectile covers @ ae distance equal to half of the horizontal range, i.e. (xii) When the maximum range of projectile i i i jecti neat aa Projectile is R, then its maximum Time of flight It is defined as t] i ‘i jecti eee as the total time for which the projectile 2u sin® & Maximum height It is defined as the mi covered by projectile. ‘aximum vertical distance H= u* sin?@ 2gHorizontal range Tt ie defined as the maximum distance in horizontal distance. prot tin 20 4B e : Hotty Horizontal range is maximum when it iy thrown at an angle of 45° from the horizontal : we Pew. = — (i) For angle of projection @.and (90° ~9) the horizontal range is same. Projectile Projected from Some Heights j, When Projectile is Projected Horizontally —r— —%*— Initial velocity.in vertical direction = 0 Time of flight T = Horizontal range x = uT' = u. a Vertical velocity after t seconds vy = gt (eu, = 0) Velocity of projectile after t seconds v= fu? + v2 = yu? + (gt)” If velocity makes an angle 4 from horizontal, then tangs 22% Uy ou Equation of the path of the projectile Pe y=--& Qu?2, When Projectile Projected Downward at an Angle with Horizontal ucos 0 A Initial velocity in horizontal direction = u cos 0 Initial velocity in vertical direction = w sin® Time of flight can be obtained from the equation, H=u sinor+ 2 gt? Horizontal range x = (u cos 6) t Vertical velocity after t seconds vy =u sin6 + gt Velocity of projectile after t seconds v= v2 + v? = y(u eds) + (wu Sin 0 + gt) = 9d’ +(gt) + Qugt sin® 3. Whén Projectile Projected Upward at an Angle with Horizontal usin@ Ww. —x— Initial velocity in horizontal direction = u cos @ Initial velocity in vertical direction = u sin@ Time of flight can be obtained from the equation H=(-u sing) t+ 3 at”Horizontal range x =(u cos@)t Vertical velocity after ¢ seconds, v, =(— u sin@) + gt Velocity of projectile after ¢ seconds v= uz + uy = fu? + (gt— usiney = yu? + (gt) - 2ugt sin@ 4, Projectile Motion on an Inclined Plane When any object is thrown with velocity u making an angle a from horizontal, at a plane inclined at an angle B from horizontal, then Initial velocity along the inclined plane = u cos (a. = f) Initial velocity perpendicular to the inclined plane =u sin(a—f) Acceleration along the inclined plane= g sinB Acceleration-perpendicular:to the inclined plane = g cos B Time of flight T = 280 @—B) gcosB 2u? sin (0. — 8) cos Horizontal range x = gcosB Range on inclined plane ee 2u? sin (a — B) cosa ~ cosB gcos’B Range on inclined plane will be maximum, when a= 45° + B 2 2 u Roo = (+ sinp) For angle of projections o. and (90° - a + B), the range on inclined plane are same.Circular Motion Circular motion is the movement of an object in a circular path, 1, Uniform Circular Motion If the magnitude of the velocity of the particle in Circular mot, remains constant, then it is called uniform circular motion, 5 2. Non-uniform Circular Motion If the magnitude of the velocity of the body in circular motion i8 not constant, then it is called non-uniform circular motion. Note A special kind of circular motion is when an object rotates around itsely This can be called spinning motion. Variables in Circular Motion @) Angular Displacement Angular displacement is the angle subtended by the position vector at the centre of the circular path. Angular displacement (0) = L F where As is the linear displacement and r is'‘the-radius. Its unit is radian. (i) Angular Velocity The time /rate( of change of angular displacement (A®) is called.angular velocity. Angilar-velocity (o) = = Angular velocity is a vector quantity and its unit is rad/s. Relation between linear velocity (v) and angular velocity () is given by v=ro (iii) Angular Acceleration The time rate of change of angular velocity (da) is called angular acceleration. Angular acceleration @s= do = ao Ae dt at? Its unit is rad/s” and dimensional formula is [T~?] Relation bet i i ; i a ‘ween linear acceleration (a) and angular acceleration a=ra where, r = radiusCentripetal Acceleration In circular motion, an acceleration acts on always towards the centre of the path. centripetal acceleration. the body, whose direction is This acceleration is called 2 Centripetal acceleration a = 2 = rw? r Centripetal acceleration is also called ra : : dial acceleration as it acts along radius of circle. Its unit is m/s” and it is a vector quantity, Centripetal Force It is that force which complex a body to move in a circular path. It is directed along radius of the circle towards its centre. For circular motion a centripetal force is required, which is not a new force but any force present there can act as centripetal force. Centripetal force F = mv = mro” where, m = mass of the body, v = linear velocity; @ = angular velocity and r = radius. Work done by the centripetal force is Zero because the centripetal force and displacement are at right angles to each other. Examples of ome incidents ‘and the cause of centripetal force involved. S.No, Incidents Force Providing Centripetal Force 1. | Orbital motion of planets. Gravitational force between planet and sun. 2. | Orbital motion of electron. Electrostatic force between electron and nucleus, 3. | Tuming of vehicles at tun. Frictional force acting between tyres of vehicle and road. 4. | Motion of a stone in circular path, | Tension in the string. —__|tied with a string. Kinematical Equations in Circular Motion Relations between different variables for an object executing circular Motion are called kinematical equations in circular motion. ® @=05+0¢ i) 0= aot + 5 ot (ii) ©? = 03 + 200 where, «= initial angular velocity, w = final angular velocity, © = angular acceleration, 9 = angular displacement andCentrifugal Force Centrifugal foree is equal and opposite to centripetal force. Under centrifugal force, body moves only along a straight line. - Centrifuges force on tg It appears when centripetal force ceases to exist. Centrifugal force does not act on the body in an inertial frame bus, arises as pseudo forces in non-inertial frames and need ty by considered. Turning at Roads If centripetal force is obtained only by the force of N 060 6 friction between the tyres of the vehicle and road, then for a safe turn, the coefficient of friction (1,) between the road and tyres should be, 2 Te or us yU,rg where, v= the velocity of the vehiclevand r= radius of the circular path. If centripetal force is obtained ori] : ly by the bankis : speed (vy0f\the Vehicle fora safe turn ing of roads, then the v= yrgtan6 t soe ot the vehicle is less than /rgtan6, than it will move inward (ow r will decrease and if speed is more than ,/rg tan 6, then it move outward (up) and r will increase 7 Tn no i ij : Inu arate te vd nnbetal force is obtained by the friction force Pate = tyres as well as by the banking of the sade tne maximum permissible Speed for the vehicle is much When centripetal force is ob of the speed on a banked road. N sing. When a cyclist take. vertical, slow Sturn at road, he inj: ; radia | "2 down his speed and raat oa a ant bimsale from 0 path of large?1S where, v = speed of the cyclist, r = radius of path and g= acceleration due to gravity. Ifa cyclist inclined at an angle 6, then tang =~ Motion in a Vertical Circle (i) Minimum value of velocity at the highest point is (gr (ii) The minimum velocity at the bottom required to complete the circle vy =5gr (iii) Velocity of the body.when strings in horizontal position al Ber (Gv) Tension in the string At the top Ty = 0, At the bottom T, = 6 mg When string is horizontal Tp = 3 mg A A Ns (v) When a vehicle is moving over a convex bridge, then at the maximum height, reaction (N,) is 2 mv N,=mg-™ r (vi) When a vehicle is moving over a Np concave bridge, then at the lowest Nb point, reaction (N»)is 2 mv N,=mgt 7(vii) When a car takes a turn, sometimes it overturns. During the overturning, itis the inner wheel which leaves the ground first, (viii) A driver sees a child in front of him during driving acar, then it better to apply brake suddenly rather than taking a sharp tury to avoid an accident. Non-uniform Horizontal Circular Motion In non-uniform horizontal circular motion, the magnitude of the velocity of the body changes with time. In this condition, centripetal (radial) acceleration (ap) acts towards centre and a tangential acceleration (ap) acts towards tangent. Both acceleration acts perpendicular to each other. Resultant acceleration and where, o is angular acceleration, r = radius and v = velocity. Conical’Pendulum It consists of a string OA whose w pper end O i is ti the other free end. The string fae cn pee coe eee arrangement is called a conical pendulum. Time period of conical pendulum, T=2n J cos® &