Aerobic Growth Modelling

XBH e = 0 4.
Aerobic Growth of
XBH 0
XD 0 XD e = 0 Heterotrophs Part II
SS 0 SS
SO 0 SO
F F - FW
FW Biological Wastewater Treatment
XBH Copyright  1994-2008 by B. Koopman
XBH XD Biological Wastewater Treatment
XD Copyright  1994-2001 by B. Koopman
SS
SS SO
SO
V
Revisions
1—Modified slide 14 slightly
Biological Wastewater Treatment Stoichiometry and Kinetics of Biochemical Operations
Contents
Topic Slide
Three-Component Biochemical Model 5

Application of 3-Component Biochemical Model to a CSTR 16
Application of 3-Component Biochemical Model to a CSTR with Biomass Recycle 42
Four-Component Biochemical Model 58
Application of 4-Component Biochemical Model to a CSTR 62
Application of 4-Component Biochemical Model to a CSTR with Biomass Recycle 65
Application of 4-Component Biochemical Model to a CSTR with a Secondary
Settling Tank 78
Application of 4-Component Biochemical Model to a Series of Two CSTRs
with a Secondary Settling Tank 86
2
Problems
Topic Slide
IC 4.01 Using the biochemical model matrix to find the rate of formation of
a model component 11
IC 4.02 Using the biochemical model matrix to find the rates of formation
of all model components 15
IC 4.03 Relationship between operational parameters and biochemical
parameters in an aerobic CSTR 23
IC 4.04 Minimum effluent substrate concentration and minimum space time for
growth in an aerobic CSTR 28
TH 4.05a Computer model for an aerobic CSTR 29
TH 4.05b Effect of dilution rate on biomass and substrate concentrations in an
aerobic CSTR 35
IC 4.06 Minimum SRT and minimum start-up volume for an aerobic CSTR
with biomass recycle 55
TH 4.07a Computer model for aerobic CSTR with biomass recycle: Fixed FW 56
TH 4.07b Computer model for aerobic CSTR with biomass recycle: Fixed SRT 59
TH 4.07c Computer model for aerobic CSTR with biomass recycle:
Effect of SRT 61
IC 4.08 Adding oxygen (as COD) as a model component 64
3
Problems (continued)
Topic Slide
TH 4.08a Effect of reactor dissolved oxygen concentration on the wash-out SRT:

Constant KLaf 69
TH 4.08b Effect of reactor dissolved oxygen concentration on the wash-out SRT:
Variable KLaf 72
TH 4.08c Effect of reactor dissolved oxygen concentration on the wash-out SRT:
Comparison of simulation to analytical prediction 75
TH 4.08d Effect of reactor dissolved oxygen concentration on the wash-out SRT:
SRTmin vs. SO 77
IC 4.09 Modeling an aerobic CSTR coupled to a secondary settled tank 81
TH 4.10a Computer model for an aerobic CSTR with a Secondary Settling
Tank: FR fixed 82
TH 4.10b Computer model for an aerobic CSTR with a Secondary Settling
Tank: Effect of FR 85
IC 4.11 Mass balances on CSTRs in series 90
4
Biological Wastewater Treatment Aerobic Growth of Heterotrophs
Application of 3-Component Biomass

Biochemical Model to a CSTR with separator
Biomass Recycle XBH 0 XBH e = 0
XD 0 XD e = 0
We will now apply our model to a SS 0 SS
Continuous Flow Stirred Tank F F - FW
Reactor (CSTR) with a Biomass
FW
Separator XBH
XBH XD
The biomass separator allows us
XD SS
(in theory) to draw off effluent that
is free of particulate matter SS
Another outflow (the waste flow) V

removes mixed liquor directly from
the reactor, without separation of
biomass
42
Application of 3-Component Biochemical Model to a CSTR with Biomass Recycle XBH 0 XBH e
XD 0 XD e
We will write a mass balance on SS 0 SS
each component F F - FW
FW
In words, the balance is: XBH
XBH XD
XD SS
Accumulation = Inputs - Outputs + Reaction SS
V
For active heterotrophic biomass, the balance is:
d(V XBH )
= F XBH0 - FW XBH - (F -FW ) XBHe + rXBH V
dt
We will hold volume constant. This allows us to write
dXBH
V = F XBH0 - FW XBH - (F -FW ) XBHe + rXBH V
dt
43
XD 0 XD e
dXBH SS
= F XBH0 - FW XBH - (F -FW ) XBHe + rXBH V
SS 0
V F F - FW
dt FW
XBH
XBH XD
XD SS
SS
Dividing through by V gives
V
dXBH
=
F
XBH0 -
FW
XBH -
( F -FW )
XBHe + rXBH
dt V V V
At steady state
dXBH
= 0 =
F
XBH0 -
FW
XBH -
( F -FW )
XBHe + rXBH
dt V V V
44
XD 0 XD e
In similar fashion, steady-state mass balances SS 0 SS
can be written on biomass debris and soluble F F - FW
substrate FW
XBH
XBH XD
XD SS
Biomass debris: SS
dXD
= 0 =
F
XD 0 -
FW
XD -
(F -FW ) XD e + rXD
V
dt V V V
Soluble substrate:
dSS F F
= 0 = SS 0 - SS + rSS
dt V V
45
XD 0 XD e
The retention time of particulate matter (SRT) SS 0 SS
in the reactor is given by: F F - FW
FW
XBH
Mass of particulate matter in reactor XBH XD
SRT = XD SS
Rate that particulate matter is SS
removed from the biological process
V
If we waste directly from the reactor (as shown above)

VX
SRT =
FW X + ( F - FW ) Xe
where X = XBH + XD
Xe = X in effluent
46
Application of 3-Component Biochemical Model to a CSTR with Biomass Recycle XBH 0 XBH e = 0
XD 0 XD e = 0
If Xe = 0 : SS 0 SS
F F - FW
FW
VX V XBH
SRT = = XBH
FW X FW XD
XD SS
SS
The above expression suggests that you can V

control SRT by varying the waste flow (FW)
Note: Since particulate matter in the reactor is intermixed, the

retention time of any fraction of the particulate matter (e.g., active
heterotrophic biomass) is the same as for all other fractions.
47
Application of 3-Component Biochemical Model to a CSTR with Biomass Recycle XBH 0 = 0 XBH e = 0*
XD 0 = 0 XD e = 0
Relationship of Specific Growth Rate to SRT SS 0 SS
F F - FW
Write a steady-state mass balance on active FW
XBH
heterotrophic biomass: Assume that XBH XD
XD SS
XBH 0 = 0 SS
Inputs = Outputs XBH e = 0
V
µ XB,H V = FW XB,H + bH XB,H V
In the derivation, XBHe and XDe
FW are also assumed to be zero.
µ XB,H = XB,H + bH XB,H
V
FW 1
µ = + bH = + bH
V SRT
i.e., SRT controls specific growth rate of biomass in reactor

*The expression holds also if XBHe and XDe are nonzero.
48
Application of 3-Component Biochemical Model to a CSTR with Biomass Recycle XBH 0 = 0 XBH e
XD 0 = 0 XD e
Minimum Effluent SS SS 0 SS
F F - FW
Recall that FW
XBH
XBH XD
µK XD
SS = H S SS
µˆ H - µH SS
V
From this expression, we see that SS decreases as
µH decreases. Also, recall that
µH = 1 This expression
+ bH assumes that XBH 0 = 0
SRT
The above expression suggests that we can minimize µH by letting

(1/SRT) go to zero (i.e., let SRT ∞).
+∞ Notice that
1
µH bH as 0
SRT
49
XD 0 = 0 XD e
1 SS 0 SS
µH bH as 0 F F - FW
SRT
FW
XBH
XBH XD
Substituting the above relationship into the Monod XD SS
equation and solving for SS gives SS
V
bHK S
SS min = for a CSTR with biomass separator
µˆ H - bH
(This result is the same as for a CSTR without biomass separator.)
50
XD 0 = 0 XD e
Minimum SRT (i.e., SRT at washout) SS 0 SS
F F - FW
Recall that FW
XBH
XBH XD
1 This expression
µH = + bH assumes that XBH 0 = 0
XD SS
SRT SS
V
Solving the above relationship for SRT, we obtain
1 = µ
H - bH
SRT
The term (1/SRT) can be thought of as the biomass dilution rate
Recall that the highest specific

growth rate of bacteria that can SS 0
be attained in a bioreactor
µ max SS0 = µ̂ H
KS + SS 0
occurs when SS = SS0, i.e.,
51
XD 0 = 0 XD e
SS 0 SS 0 SS
µmax SS0 = µˆ H F F - FW
KS + SS 0
FW
XBH
XBH XD
The maximum biomass dilution rate is thus XD SS
given by SS
SS 0 V
1 ˆH
= µ - bH
SRT max
KS + SS 0
This corresponds to the case where SRT is at a minimum, i.e.
1 1
=
SRTmin SRT max
The bacterial culture will be washed out of the CSTR if the SRT
falls below SRTmin if there is no active biomass in the feed
52
XD 0 = 0 XD e
Grady et al. (1998) note that to successfully SS 0 SS
start a CSTR with biomass separator, its F/V F F - FW
should be less than FW
XBH
XBH XD
SS 0 XD SS
µˆ H - bH SS
KS + SS 0
V
This assumes that the biomass separation will not work at startup,
which would be the case if the bacteria did not flocculate initially.
Satisfying this condition would require a large volume reactor. To

avoid this problem, we can seed the process with flocculent
sludge. (This might be obtained from another part of the same
plant or from another plant.)
Alternately, we could limit the inflow rate until the bacteria begin
flocculating.
53
Application of 3-Component Biochemical Model to a CSTR with Biomass Recycle
Let’s compare our handy-dandy expressions* for

single CSTRs, with and without biomass separation
CSTR without CSTR with

Term biomass separation biomass separation
Relationship of
specific growth µ H = F + bH µH = 1
+ bH
rate to biomass V SRT
dilution rate
Minimum effluent
bHK S bHK S
substrate SS min = SS min =
concentration µˆ H - bH µˆ H - bH
Maximum  1 
F SS 0 SS 0
biomass  V  = µˆ H K + S -bH   = ˆ
µ H -bH
dilution rate  max S S0  SRTmin  K S + SS 0
*These expressions assume that XBH 0 = 0
54
In Class Prob. 4.05—Minimum SRT and minimum start-up volume

for an aerobic CSTR with biomass recycle
Given an aerobic CSTR with biomass separation that has the

following biochemical and operational parameters:
µˆ H = 0.4 h-1 F = 100 L/h
KS = 120 mg substrate COD/L SS0 = 1000 mg substrate COD/L
bH = 0.004 h-1
a. What is the minimum SRT for growth of biomass in the

process?
b. How large should the reactor be so that the process can be

started up with a small amount of bacterial inoculum?
55

Aerobic Growth Modelling

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Aerobic Growth Modelling

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XBH e = 0 4.

Three-Component Biochemical Model 5

TH 4.08a Effect of reactor dissolved oxygen concentration on the wash-out SRT:

Application of 3-Component Biomass

Another outflow (the waste flow) V

If we waste directly from the reactor (as shown above)

The above expression suggests that you can V

Note: Since particulate matter in the reactor is intermixed, the

i.e., SRT controls specific growth rate of biomass in reactor

The above expression suggests that we can minimize µH by letting

(This result is the same as for a CSTR without biomass separator.)

The term (1/SRT) can be thought of as the biomass dilution rate

Recall that the highest specific

This corresponds to the case where SRT is at a minimum, i.e.

Satisfying this condition would require a large volume reactor. To

Application of 3-Component Biochemical Model to a CSTR with Biomass Recycle

Let’s compare our handy-dandy expressions* for

CSTR without CSTR with

*These expressions assume that XBH 0 = 0

In Class Prob. 4.05—Minimum SRT and minimum start-up volume

Given an aerobic CSTR with biomass separation that has the

a. What is the minimum SRT for growth of biomass in the

b. How large should the reactor be so that the process can be

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