Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Abstract
'ULYHUV¶EHKDYLRULVRQHRIWKHPRVWLPSRUWDQWIDFWRUVLQWUDI¿FVDIHW\8QGHUVWDQGLQJRIWKLVLVVXHDQGLWVHIIHFWLYH
IDFWRUVFDQEHKHOSIXOWRUHGXFHWKHLQÀXHQFHVRIKXPDQIDFWRUVRQWUDI¿FDFFLGHQWV7KHREMHFWLYHRIWKLVVWXG\LVWR
DSSO\0DQFKHVWHUGULYHUEHKDYLRUTXHVWLRQQDLUH'%4WRDJURXSRIGULYHUVZKRKDYHRYHUWDNHQRQWZRODQHUXUDO
URDGVDQGWRDQDO\]HWKHLUEHKDYLRU$OVRWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQ'%4VXEVFDOHVDQGRYHUWDNLQJW\SHLVLQYHVWLJDWHG
'DWDFROOHFWLRQZDVSHUIRUPHGXVLQJ¿HOGPHWKRGREVHUYDWLRQVQH[WWRWKHURDGV,QRUGHUWRDQDO\]HWKHGDWDIDFWRU
DQDO\VLVDQDO\VLVRIYDULDQFHDQGORJLVWLFUHJUHVVLRQZHUHXVHG
)DFWRUDQDO\VLVOHGWRSURGXFLQJDIDFWRUVWUXFWXUHLQFOXGLQJHUURUVODSVHVRUGLQDU\YLRODWLRQVDQGDJJUHVVLYHYLROD-
WLRQV7KHUHVXOWVVKRZHGWKDWLQFUHDVLQJLQDJHDQGGULYLQJH[SHULHQFHVJDYHULVHWRDGHFUHDVHLQYLRODWLRQVVFRUHV
0RUHRYHUWKHUHVXOWVGHPRQVWUDWHGDUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQGHPRJUDSKLFYDULDEOHVWKHVFRUHRIYLRODWLRQVDQGW\SH
RIRYHUWDNLQJ,QDGGLWLRQROGHUGULYHUVKDGORZWHQGHQF\WRFRPPLWYLRODWLRQV7KHSXUSRVHRIWKHWULSZDVRQHRI
WKHHIIHFWLYHIDFWRUVIRUGULYHUV¶EHKDYLRUDQGW\SHVRIGULYHUV¶RYHUWDNLQJPDQHXYHU'ULYHUVZKRZHUHRQEXVLQHVV
WULSVFRPPLWWHGPRUHYLRODWLRQVDQGHUURUVWKDQRWKHUV$PRQJ'%4IDFWRUVRQO\WKHYLRODWLRQIDFWRUZDVHIIHFWLYH
IRUSUHGLFWLQJWKHW\SHRIRYHUWDNLQJ
Keywords: 'ULYHUEHKDYLRUTXHVWLRQQDLUHWZRODQHWZRZD\UXUDOURDGVRYHUWDNLQJ
&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU(PDLODOLWDYDNROL#LXVWDFLU
1 $VVLVWDQW3URIHVVRU'HSDUWPHQWRI&LYLO(QJLQHHULQJ,UDQ8QLYHUVLW\RI6FLHQFHDQG7HFKQRORJ\7HKUDQ,UDQ
06F*UDG'HSDUWPHQWRI&LYLO(QJLQHHULQJ,UDQ8QLYHUVLW\RI6FLHQFHDQG7HFKQRORJ\7HKUDQ,UDQ
1. Introduction W\SHRIURDGVLQ,UDQLWZDVIRXQGWKDWZKLOHRQO\
'ULYHUV¶EHKDYLRULVRQHWKHPRVWLPSRUWDQWIDFWRUVLQ RIDOODFFLGHQWVDUHUHODWHGWRRYHUWDNLQJPDQHXYHUEXW
WUDI¿F VDIHW\ DQG URDG DFFLGHQWV 7KH +XPDQ IDFWRU RIFDVXDOWLHVDQGRIGHDWKVDUHUHODWHGWRWKH
LV RQH RI WKHPDMRUFDXVHVLQKDOIRIWUDI¿F DFFLGHQWV RYHUWDNLQJ PDQHXYHU >WDYDNROL @ $FFRUGLQJ WR
>/DZWRQ3DUNHU0DQVWHDGDQG6WUDGOLQJ@8Q- WKHUHSRUWVE\,UDQLDQ/HJDO0HGLFLQH2UJDQL]DWLRQLQ
GHUVWDQGLQJ RI WKLV LVVXH DQG LWV HIIHFWLYH IDFWRUV FDQ DERXWSHRSOHZHUHNLOOHGLQWUDI¿FDFFL-
UHGXFH WKH LQÀXHQFHV RI KXPDQ IDFWRUV RQ WUDI¿F DF- GHQWVDERXWRIWKLVIDWDOLWLHVZDVLQUXUDOURDGV
FLGHQWV ,Q WKH SUHYLRXV VWXGLHV RQ KXPDQ IDFWRUV LQ $OVRRIURDGDFFLGHQWVLQZHUHGXHWRWKH
road accidents, it has been concluded that applying GHYLDWLRQWRWKHOHIWDQGRYHUWDNLQJPDQHXYHU>%DKD-
a proper theoretical framework for accident analysis GRULPRQIDUHG HW DO @ +LJK FRQWULEXWLRQ RI WKH
UHTXLUHV GLIIHUHQWLDWLRQ EHWZHHQ HUURUV DQG YLRODWLRQV human factor in accidents, high death rate of accidents
>5HDVRQ 0DQVWHDG 6WUDGOLQJ %D[WHU DQG &DPSEHOO FDXVHGE\RYHUWDNLQJPDQHXYHUDQGPDMRUDEVHQFHRI
@ 7KHVH WZR IRUPV RI DQRPDOLHV KDYH GLIIHUHQW VWXGLHV UHODWHG WR RYHUWDNLQJ PDQHXYHU PRWLYDWHG WKH
psychological roots and consequently, different reform UHVHDUFKHUVRIWKLVSDSHUWRVWXG\WKHVWUXFWXUHRI'%4
SUDFWLFHV>;LHDQG3DUNHU@2QHRIWKHEHQH¿FLDO LQ D VDPSOH RI GULYHUV ZKR KDG DWWHPSWHG RYHUWDNLQJ
HIIRUWVIRUFODVVLI\LQJWKHVHEHKDYLRUVKDVEHHQGRQHE\ PDQHXYHU DQG DOVR DQDO\]H WKH UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ
0DQFKHVWHUGULYHUEHKDYLRUUHVHDUFKJURXS7KH\SUR- DEHUUDQW EHKDYLRUV DQG RYHUWDNLQJ PDQHXYHU ,Q WKLV
YLGHGDTXHVWLRQQDLUHFDOOHG³GULYHUEHKDYLRUTXHVWLRQ- article we examined two hypotheses.
QDLUH´'%4WKDWFDWHJRUL]HVLPSURSHUGULYHUEHKDY- 7KH )LUVW K\SRWKHVHV 7KHUH LV D FOHDU GLIIHUHQFH EH-
LRUVLQWRVOLSVRUODSVHVHUURUVDQGYLRODWLRQV(UURUV WZHHQGULYLQJYLRODWLRQVDQGHUURUVLQDVDPSOHRIGULY-
are described as inability and incompetency to make a HUVZKRKDGDWWHPSWHGRYHUWDNLQJPDQHXYHU
FRUUHFWMXGJPHQWDQGGRDVHULHVRIGHVLJQHGDFWLRQVWR 7KH VHFRQG K\SRWKHVHV 'HPRJUDSKLF YDULDEOHV DQG
JHW WKH GHVLUHG UHVXOW >g]NDQ /DMXQHQ &KOLDRXWDNLV GULYHUYLRODWLRQVFDQSUHGLFWRYHUWDNLQJW\SH
3DUNHUDQG6XPPDOD@9LRODWLRQVDUHWKHEHKDY- ,QWKLVUHJDUGLWLVDVVXPHGWKDW'ULYHUV5HVSRQVHVDUH
LRUVZKLFKHQGDQJHUGULYLQJVDIHW\VXFKDVVSHHGLQJ UHOLDEOHDQG2YHUWDNLQJPDQHXYHUKDGEHHQFDUULHGRXW
RUGULYLQJZLWKRXWDVXI¿FLHQWJDSZLWKRWKHUYHKLFOHV ZLWKRXWWKHLQWHUYHQWLRQRIVRPHRQH
>(XJHQLD*UDVHWDO@/DZWRQHWDOLGHQWL-
¿HGDQRWKHUIDFWRUZKLFKZDVHIIHFWLYHLQWKHRXWEUHDN 2. Background of Overtaking and Driver
RI DEHUUDQW EHKDYLRUV DQG FDOOHG LW ³VOLSV´ 6OLSV DUH Behavior
a set of problems related to the lack of attention and 6LQFH WKH SXEOLFDWLRQ RI 5HDVRQ¶V UHVHDUFK UHVXOWV LQ
memory defects that cause embarrassment, like forget- VRIDUPDQ\VWXGLHVKDYHEHHQFRQGXFWHGRQWKH
WLQJWKHSODFHWKDW\RXSDUNHG\RXUFDU$OVRYLRODWLRQV
EHKDYLRUVRIGULYHUVLQGLIIHUHQWFRXQWULHVVWXGLHV
FDQEHGLYLGHGLQWRDJJUHVVLYHYLRODWLRQVREYLRXVDJ-
LQKDYHXVHG'%4>'H:LQWHUDQG'RGRX@
JUHVVLYHDFWLRQVDQGRUGLQDU\YLRODWLRQVLQFOXGLQJWKH
,QDFDVHVWXG\XVLQJ'%4LQ(QJODQGLWZDVVKRZQ
LJQRUDQFH RI WKH UXOHV ZLWKRXW DQ\ DJJUHVVLYH LQFHQ-
WKDW \RXQJ DQG PDOH GULYHUV SHUIRUPHG PRUH YLROD-
WLYH>/DZWRQHWDO@7KHLVVXHRIWUDI¿FVDIHW\
WLRQVWKDQROGDQGIHPDOHGULYHUV)XUWKHUPRUHLWZDV
road accidents, fatalities and consequent related costs,
UHYHDOHGWKDWYLRODWLRQVXEVFDOHFRPSDUHGWRWZRRWKHU
are undoubtedly of the most important issues in the
VXEVFDOHV VOLS DQG HUURU KDG D PRUH VLJQL¿FDQW UH-
world, in which, low- and middle-income countries are
ODWLRQVKLS ZLWK WKH RFFXUUHQFH RI WUDI¿F RIIHQVHV DQG
LQYROYHG PRUH WKDQ GHYHORSLQJ RQHV ,Q ,UDQ FDU DF-
SUREDEOH URDG DFFLGHQWV ,W LV WR EH QRWHG WKDW GDWD
cidents, in addition to economic losses, cause human
collection was conducted by mail [Westerman and
FDVXDOWLHV,WLVHVWLPDWHGWKDWRQHPLOOLRQDQGWZRKXQ-
+DLJQH\@6XOOPDQHWDOZRUNHGRQWUXFN
GUHGWKRXVDQGSHRSOHDURXQGWKHZRUOGORVHWKHLUOLYHV
GULYHUV¶ EHKDYLRU LQ 1HZ =HDODQG DQG IRXQG RXW WKDW
GXHWRURDGDFFLGHQWV>2UJDQL]DWLRQ@6WXGLHVLQ
WKH'%4VWUXFWXUHDQGWKHUHODWLRQRILWVVXEVFDOHVZLWK
,UDQKDYHVKRZQWKDWRIDFFLGHQWVRFFXULQUXUDl
accidents were different from those in the studies on
URDGV$ERXW WR RI UXUDO DFFLGHQWV KDSSHQ LQ
UHJXODU FDU GULYHUV ,Q WKHLU VWXG\ WKH TXHVWLRQQDLUHV
WZRZD\WZRODQHURDGVWKDWFRPSULVHRIURDGVLQ
ZHUH VHQW WR GULYHUV¶ ZRUNSODFHV ,Q DQRWKHU VWXG\ LQ
,UDQ >0RKD\PDQ\ .DVKDQL DQG 5DQMEDUL @ %\
\HDU'H:LQWWHUDSSOLHGDGULYLQJVLPXODWRUGH-
examining a three-year period accident data, for this
4.2 Case Study and Experimental Data 8VLQJ YDULPD[ URWDWLRQ >.RQWRJLDQQLV .RVVLDYHORX
,Q WKLV VWXG\ ¿HOG PHWKRG QH[W WR WKH URDG VXUYH\ DQG0DUPDUDV/DMXQHQHWDO@7KHUHVXOW
was applied. Data collection was performed by an ex- RI .LVHU0D\HU2ONLVHQ WHVW .02 ZDV VDW-
pert –a transportation engineer– accompanied by the LVIDFWRU\ DQG WKDW RI .HUYLW %DUWOHW WHVW S
SROLFH7KH\REVHUYHGFDUVGXULQJRYHUWDNLQJDQGWKHQ ZDVVLJQL¿FDQW$OWKRXJKWKHDQDO\VLVVKRZHGVL[IDF-
VWRSSHG WKHP IRU DQ LQWHUYLHZ 6LQFH GDWD FROOHFWLRQ WRUVZLWKHLJHQYDOXHV!WKHH[DPLQDWLRQRIWKHVFUHH
LQ WKLV UHVHDUFK ZDV YHU\ WLPHFRQVXPLQJ DQG FRVWO\ SORWFRQ¿UPHGIRXULQWHUSUHWDEOHIDFWRUV7KHQIDFWRU
¿YH PDLQ VXEXUEDQ URDGV LQ WKH SURYLQFHV RI (DVWHUQ analysis was repeated while considering the four fac-
$]HUEDLMDQDQG=DQMDQZHUHFRQVLGHUHGDVWKHSK\VL- tors as output factors [Cordazzo, Scialfa, Bubric, and
FDODUHDRIWKHVWXG\LQ6HSWHPEHUDQG2FWREHU 5RVV@)RXUJURXSVRITXHVWLRQVZLWKWKHIDFWRU
,W VKRXOG EH PHQWLRQHG WKDW WKH SROLFH ZHUH FDPRX- ORDGLQJJUHDWHUWKDQZHUHREWDLQHGDQGWKHUHVXOWV
ÀDJHG WKHUHIRUH WKH SUHVHQFH RI WUDI¿F SROLFH LQ WKH DUHVKRZQLQ7DEOH
DUHDGLGQRWLQÀXHQFHWKHGULYHUV¾EHKDYLRUZKHQSHU- 7KHVH IRXU IDFWRUV DFFRXQWHG IRU DERXW RI
IRUPLQJ RYHUWDNLQJ PDQHXYHUV &RQVLGHULQJ WKDW WKH WRWDO YDULDQFH 7KH ¿UVW IDFWRU ³RUGLQDU\ YLRODWLRQV´
DLPRIWKLVVWXG\ZDVWRLQYHVWLJDWHGULYHUV¾EHKDYLRU FRQWDLQHGRIWRWDOYDULDQFHLQFOXGLQJLWHPV
LQ RYHUWDNLQJ PDQHXYHU LW ZDV QHFHVVDU\ WR VDPSOH RI RUGLQDU\ YLRODWLRQV DQG LWHPV RI DJJUHVVLYH YLR-
ODWLRQV7KHVHFRQGIDFWRUFRQVWLWXWHVRIWRWDO
GULYHUVZKRKDGDWWHPSWHGWRSHUIRUPWKLVPDQHXYHU
YDULDQFH HQFRPSDVVLQJ LWHPV RI HUURUV DQG LWHP
Therefore, the sample should be included both permit-
RIDJJUHVVLYHYLRODWLRQV'XHWRWKHKLJKSHUFHQWDJHRI
WHG DQG XQSHUPLWWHG RYHUWDNLQJ WR EH FRPSDUHG )RU
errors in this factor, it was called, “errors”. The third
WKHVHUHDVRQVURDGVLGHVXUYH\ZDVFKRVHQ$FFRUGLQJ
IDFWRUFRPSULVHGRIWRWDOYDULDQFHDQGFRQWDLQHG
WRPRUDOSULQFLSOHVGULYHUVLQIRUPHGDERXWRQJRLQJUH-
LWHPVRIODSVHVDQGLWHPRIHUURUV7KLVIDFWRUZDV
VHDUFKDQGLQDJUHHPHQWZLWKWKHGULYHUV0DQFKHVWHU
FDOOHG³ODSVHV´7KHIRXUWKIDFWRUWKDWLQFOXGHGLWHPV
'ULYHU%HKDYLRU4XHVWLRQQDLUHZDVGHOLYHUHGWRWKHP
ZDV NQRZQ DV ³DJJUHVVLYH YLRODWLRQV´ EHFDXVH DOO
,WLVZRUWKPHQWLRQLQJLIWKHGULYHUUHIXVHGWRUHVSRQG
TXHVWLRQV ZHUH RQ DJJUHVVLYH YLRODWLRQV 7KLV IDFWRU
to the questionnaire, there was no force application in FRQWDLQHGRIWRWDOYDULDQFH
RUGHU WR PDNH WKH UHVSRQVHV UHOLDEOH )DFWRU DQDO\VLV
was used to determine the questionnaire’s structure, 7DEOH&KDUDFWHULVWLFVRIWKHYDULDEOHV
$129$ZDVXVHGWRXQGHUVWDQGVLJQL¿FDQWGLIIHUHQFHV
Variables Group Number Percentage
between the groups, and logistic regression was used to
SUHGLFWIDFWRUVFRUHVDQGRYHUWDNLQJW\SH 92
7RWDOO\RYHUWDNLQJZHUHREVHUYHGDQGTXHV-
WLRQQDLUHVZHUHFRUUHFWO\¿OOHGRXWRIWKHFDVHV $JH\HDU
112
ZHUHSHUIRUPHGSHUPLWWHGRYHUWDNLQJDQGZHUH
XQSHUPLWWHG 7KH PHDQ DJH RI WKH GULYHUV ZDV !
DQGWKHPHDQGULYLQJH[SHULHQFHVZDV7DEOH
7KHPHDQDQGVWDQGDUGGHYLDWLRQRIWKH'%4TXHVWLRQV 111
IRUWKHGDWDZHUHFDOFXODWHGDQGSURYLGHGLQ7DEOHLQ 'ULYLQJ
9-12
DGHVFHQGLQJRUGHURIWKHPHDQYDOXH experience
\HDU
7DEOHVKRZVWKDWWKHPRVWIUHTXHQWYLRODWLRQFRPPLW-
!
WHGE\GULYHUVZDVWKHXVHRIKRUQZKHQJHWWLQJPDGDW
RWKHUGULYHUVPHDQRIDQGWKHOHDVWYLRODWLRQZDV 2YHUWDNLQJ permitted 222
UDFLQJZLWKRWKHUGULYHUVPHDQRI7KHKLJKHVW type 1RWSHUPLWWHG
number of occurred errors was inattention to pedestri- +LJKHYHU\GD\
DQVZKLOHWXUQLQJWRDVLGHVWUHHWPHDQRIDQG 0HGLXPVRPH
WKH OHDVW ZDV PLVUHDGLQJ WKH WUDI¿F VLJQV DQG H[LWLQJ 'ULYLQJ GD\VDZHHN
frequency /RZVRPHGD\VD
IURPDURXQGDERXWRQWKHZURQJURDGPHDQRI
PRQWK
4.3 Factor Analysis purpose of business
,QRUGHUWRXQGHUVWDQGWKHIDFWRUVWUXFWXUHRI'%4WKH the trip recreational
questions were tested by principal component analysis
7DEOH0HDQVDQGVWDQGDUGGHYLDWLRQVRI'%4LWHPV
No Item Average SD
Errors
/DSVHV
RUGLQDU\YLRODWLRQV
$JJUHVVLYHYLRODWLRQV
1 Sound your horn to indicate your annoyance at another road user
2 6WD\LQDODQHDERXWWRFORVHXQWLOWKHODVWPLQXWHWKHQGLYHLQ
3XOORXWRIDQLQWHUVHFWLRQVRIDU\RXIRUFH\RXUZD\LQWRWKHWUDI¿F
$QJHUHGE\DFHUWDLQW\SHRIGULYHUVKRZ\RXUKRVWLOLW\
$QJHUHGE\DQRWKHUGULYHUJLYHFKDVH
5DFHDZD\IURPWKHWUDI¿FOLJKWVWREHDWDQRWKHUGULYHU
7DEOH)RXUIDFWRUVROXWLRQRIWKH'%4LWHPVDQGHLJHQYDOXHV
1RRILWHPLQTXHV-
tionnaire item 1 2
Errors
/DSVHV
2UGLQDU\YLRODWLRQ
$JJUHVVLYHYLRODWLRQ
AGE
)LJXUH0HDQVFRUHVRI'%4IDFWRUVLQWHUPVRIDJH
)LJXUH0HDQVFRUHVRI'%4IDFWRUVIRUSHUPLWWHGDQGXQSHUPLWWHGRYHUWDNLQJ
4.4 Analysis of Drivers’ Behavior JURXSV RI RUGLQDU\ YLRODWLRQV ODSVHV DQG HUURUV WKDQ
$QDO\VLVRIGULYHUV¶EHKDYLRUVLQWHUPVRIDJHVKRZHG WKHGULYHUVZKRRYHUWRRNOHJDOO\6XFKDGLIIHUHQFHZDV
WKDWGULYHUVFRPPLWWHGIHZHUYLRODWLRQVZLWKDQLQFUHDVH PRUHSHUFHSWLEOHIRURUGLQDU\YLRODWLRQVWKDQRWKHUVXE-
LQDJHS'ULYHUVROGHUWKDQFRPPLWWHGDERXW VFDOHVDQGZDVVWDWLVWLFDOO\VLJQL¿FDQWS
IHZHUYLRODWLRQVWKDQWKH\RXQJHURQHVWR $QDO\VLVRIGULYHUV¶EHKDYLRUVLQWHUPVRIWKHLUH[SHUL-
,QDGGLWLRQDFFRUGLQJWR)LJXUHVOLSVLQFUHDVHGZLWK HQFHVKRZHGWKDWWKHPRUHH[SHULHQFHGWKHGULYHUVWKH
DQLQFUHDVHLQDJH,QRWKHUFDVHVQRVWDWLVWLFDOO\VLJ- IHZHUWKHQXPEHURIRUGLQDU\DQGDJJUHVVLYHYLRODWLRQV
QL¿FDQWGLIIHUHQFHVZHUHREVHUYHG)LJXUH EXW WKH PRUH WKH ODSVHV FRPPLWWHG ZRXOG EH )XUWKHU-
$FFRUGLQJWR)LJXUHLWFDQEHLQIHUUHGWKDWWKHGULY- PRUH GULYHUV ZLWK PRUH WKDQ \HDUV RI H[SHULHQFH
HUV ZKR RYHUWRRN LOOHJDOO\ KDG KLJKHU VFRUHV LQ WKUHH FRPPLWWHGPLQLPXPYLRODWLRQV,QRWKHUZRUGVGULYHUV
ZLWKPRUHWKDQ\HDUVRIGULYLQJH[SHULHQFHFRP- $QDO\VLV RI GULYLQJ EHKDYLRUV DQG SXUSRVH RI WULS LQ
PLWWHGDERXWIHZHUYLRODWLRQVWKDQWKHOHVVH[SH- WHUPV RI RYHUWDNLQJ W\SH )LJXUH VKRZHG WKDW GULY-
ULHQFHGRQHV1RVSHFL¿FWUHQGZDVREVHUYHGLQWHUPV HUV ZKR RYHUWRRN LOOHJDOO\ KDG KLJKHU VFRUHV LQ YLROD-
RIHUURUV)LJXUH WLRQVDQGHUURUVWKDQWKRVHSHUIRUPLQJSHUPLWWHGRYHU-
$QDO\VLVRIGULYHUV¶EHKDYLRULQWHUPVRIWULSDLP)LJ- WDNLQJ7KHIROORZLQJ¿JXUHVKRZVWKHDVFHQGLQJWUHQG
XUHVKRZHGWKDWWKRVHZKRZHUHRQEXVLQHVVWULSV RI YLRODWLRQ DQG HUURU VFRUHV LQ WZR JURXSV RI GULYHUV
KDGKLJKHUVFRUHVLQDOOEHKDYLRUVXEJURXSVWKDQWKRVH ZLWK EXVLQHVV DQG UHFUHDWLRQDO SXUSRVHV 'ULYHUV ZLWK
ZKRWUDYHOHGZLWKDUHFUHDWLRQDOSXUSRVHDOVRGLIIHU- the business purpose of trip that performed unpermitted
HQFHVLQRUGLQDU\YLRODWLRQVDQGHUURUVVXEVFDOHVZHUH RYHUWDNLQJKDGPRUHYLRODWLRQVDQGHUURUVWKDQWKHGULY-
UHOLDEOHDWWKHVLJQL¿FDQFHOHYHORI,QRWKHUZRUGV ers with a recreation purpose of trip that performed un-
GULYHUVZKRWUDYHOHGZLWKDEXVLQHVVSXUSRVHFRPPLW- SHUPLWWHGRYHUWDNLQJ7KLVWUHQGLVDOVRWUXHLQUHODWLRQ
WHGPRUHYLRODWLRQVDQGHUURUV WRWKHGULYHUVSHUIRUPHGSHUPLWWHGRYHUWDNLQJ
'5,9,1*(;3(5,(1&(<($5
)LJXUH0HDQVFRUHVRI'%4IDFWRUVLQWHUPVRIGULYLQJH[SHULHQFH
$9(5$*(
recreational business
)LJXUH0HDQVFRUHVRI'%4IDFWRUVLQWHUPVRISXUSRVHRIWULS
)LJXUH0HDQVFRUHVRI'%4IDFWRUVLQWHUPVRISXUSRVHRIWULSDQGRYHUWDNLQJW\SH
7DEOH5HVXOWVRIORJLVWLFUHJUHVVLRQ
7DEOH3HDUVRQFRUUHODWLRQFRHI¿FLHQWVEHWZHHQ $QDO\VLV RI WKH GDWD VKRZHG WKDW WKHUH DUH D VLJQL¿-
questionnaire’s subscales cant relationship between questionnaire’s subscales.
errors lapses
Ordinary $JJUHVVLYH 7KHFRUUHODWLRQFRHI¿FLHQWVDUHPRUHWKDQDWWKH
YLRODWLRQ YLRODWLRQ VLJQL¿FDQFHOHYHORI7DEOH$QDO\VLVRIRWKHU
errors 1 ** ** ** YDULDEOHVVXFKDVDJHDQGGULYLQJH[SHULHQFHZLWKWKH
lapses 1 ** ** DYHUDJHRIVXEVFDOHVVKRZHGWKDWZLWKDQLQFUHDVHLQ
Ordinary
1 **
DJHDQGGULYLQJH[SHULHQFHYLRODWLRQVZRXOGGHFUHDVH
YLRODWLRQ
$JJUHVVLYH
YLRODWLRQ
1 4.5 Prediction of Overtaking Type
*p<0.05ˬ**p<0.01ˬ***p<0.001
0DQFKHVWHU GULYHU EHKDYLRU TXHVWLRQQDLUH LV RQH RI
the most common tools for examining the relationship
JUHVVLYHYLRODWLRQV´7KLVIRXUIDFWRUVWUXFWXUHFRYHUHG VWXG\VKRZHGWKDWYLRODWLRQVIDFWRULVUHODWHGWRRYHU-
RI WKH YDULDQFH RI ,UDQLDQ GULYHUV¶ DEHUUDQW EH- taking type and predicting it properly.
KDYLRU ZKLFK ZDV JUHDWHU WKDQ WKH YDOXH REWDLQHG LQ
VRPHVWXGLHVLQ,UDQ>0DPGRRKLHWDO9DUPD]\DU 6. Conclusions and Recommendations
HWDO@7KHGLVWLQFWLRQEHWZHHQHUURUVODSVHVDQG ,Q WKH FXUUHQW VWXG\ WKH FRQGLWLRQ RI SDVVHQJHU FDU
YLRODWLRQVZDVWKHQRWDEOHSRLQWRISUHVHQWVWXG\ GULYHUV¶ EHKDYLRUV RQ WZRODQH WZRZD\ UXUDO URDGV
$QDO\VLVRIGULYHUV¶EHKDYLRUVLQWHUPVRIDJHDQGGULY- was examined by an experimental study and the fol-
LQJH[SHULHQFHVKRZHGWKDWGULYHUVFRPPLWWHGIHZHUYL- lowing results were obtained:
RODWLRQVZLWKDQLQFUHDVHLQDJHDQGGULYLQJH[SHULHQFH ,QYHVWLJDWLRQRIGULYHUV¶YLRODWLRQVVKRZHGWKDWLJ-
,WVHHPVWKDWDJLQJDQGLQFUHDVLQJGULYLQJH[SHULHQFH QRULQJ OHJDO VSHHG DQG XQSHUPLWWHG RYHUWDNLQJ ZHUH
GHFUHDVHGULYHUVVHQVDWLRQVHHNLQJDQGLQFUHDVHWKHUH- WKH PRVW RUGLQDU\ YLRODWLRQV WKDW GULYHUV FRPPLWWHG
VSHFWWRWUDI¿FODZV%XWLQFRQWUDVWZLWK5HDVRQHWDO DIWHUXVLQJWKHKRUQ&RQVLGHULQJWKDWWKHVHWZRYLROD-
ODSVHVDUHLQFUHDVLQJZLWKDJLQJ$QGDOVRUHVXOWV WLRQVDUHWKHPDMRUUHDVRQVRIDFFLGHQWVRQWZRODQH
VKRZHG WKDW GULYHUV ZKR KDG XQSHUPLWWHG RYHUWDNLQJ roads. More control on roads is one of the practical
UHSRUWHGKLJKHUYLRODWLRQVFRUHV,WFDQEHLQIHUUHGIURP VROXWLRQVWRUHGXFHVXFKYLRODWLRQV
WKLVUHVXOWWKDWGULYHUVZKRKDGXQSHUPLWWHGRYHUWDNLQJ ,QYHVWLJDWLRQRIHUURUVVKRZHGWKDWSHGHVWULDQVDUH
DUHYHU\ULVN\GULYHUV7KHQDJDLQGULYHUVZKRZHUHRQ LQGDQJHUZKHQWKHYHKLFOHWXUQVZKLFKLQFUHDVHVIDWDO
EXVLQHVV WULSV KDG KLJKHU VFRUHV LQ DOO EHKDYLRUDO VXE- accidents.
JURXSVWKDQWKRVHZKRWUDYHOHGZLWKDUHFUHDWLRQDOSXU- 5HVXOWVRIIDFWRUDQDO\VLVVKRZHGWKDWGULYHUEHKDY-
SRVH +DYLQJ D KXUU\ LV WKH PRVW LPSRUWDQW UHDVRQ RI LRUTXHVWLRQQDLUHKDGDIDFWRUVWUXFWXUHZLWKDFFHSW-
XQSHUPLWWHGRYHUWDNLQJLQEXVLQHVVWULSV DEOHLQWHUQDOFRUUHODWLRQFRHI¿FLHQWV
7DEOHVKRZVWKDWWKHUHLVDUHODWLYHO\KLJKFRUUHODWLRQ )LJXUHVKRZVWKDWGULYHUV¶DJHKDYHQHJDWLYHLPSDFW
between the questionnaire’s subscales. An increase in RQWKHLUFRPPLWWHGYLRODWLRQVDQGDQLQFUHDVHLQDJH
RQHRIWKHPLQFUHDVHVRWKHUVXEVFDOHVDVZHOO7DEOH UHGXFHVWKHLQFOLQDWLRQWRFRPPLWYLRODWLRQV
DOVRGHPRQVWUDWHVWKDWGULYLQJH[SHULHQFHLVRQHRIWKH )LJXUHGHPRQVWUDWHVWKDWGULYHUVZKRPDGHXQSHU-
VLJQL¿FDQW YDULDEOHV IRU SUHGLFWLQJ RYHUWDNLQJ W\SH ,Q PLWWHG RYHUWDNLQJ FRPPLWWHG PRUH YLRODWLRQV WKDQ
DGGLWLRQGULYHUV¶DJHKDYHDSRVLWLYHFRHI¿FLHQWLQWKH WKRVHZLWKSHUPLWWHGRYHUWDNLQJ
SUHGLFWLRQRIRYHUWDNLQJW\SHLQWKH¿UVWVWHS,WPHDQV )LJXUH VKRZV WKDW GULYHUV¶ H[SHULHQFH FDXVHGDUH-
WKDWLQFUHDVLQJLQDJHDQGGULYLQJH[SHULHQFHGHFUHDVH GXFWLRQRQYLRODWLRQVZKLOHVOLSVKDGDUHODWLYHO\DV-
WKHSUREDELOLW\RISHUIRUPLQJXQSHUPLWWHGRYHUWDNLQJ,Q cending trend.
WKHVHFRQGVWHSDQGDIWHUDGGLQJ'%4VXEVFDOHV5HVXOWV )LJXUHVDQGUHSUHVHQWWKDWWKHSXUSRVHRIWULSZDV
RIWKHVWXG\VKRZWKDWYLRODWLRQVFDQVLJQL¿FDQWO\SUH- RQHRIWKHHIIHFWLYHIDFWRUVIRUGULYHUV¶EHKDYLRUDQG
GLFWRYHUWDNLQJW\SH,QFUHDVLQJLQWKHYLRODWLRQVFRUHV W\SHRIWKHLURYHUWDNLQJPDQHXYHU'ULYHUVZLWKEXVL-
increases the probability of performing unpermitted QHVV SXUSRVHV FRPPLWWHG PRUH YLRODWLRQV DQG HUURUV
RYHUWDNLQJPDQHXYHU,QPDQ\VWXGLHVLQZKLFKGULYHUV¶ WKDQ RWKHU GULYHUV$OVR WKH PHDQ RI YLRODWLRQV DQG
EHKDYLRUVKDYHEHHQH[DPLQHGWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQ HUURUVRIGULYHUVZLWKEXVLQHVVSXUSRVHRIWULSZKRKDG
GULYHU EHKDYLRU DQG DFFLGHQWV DQG WUDI¿F RIIHQVHV KDV XQSHUPLWWHGRYHUWDNLQJZDVKLJKHUWKDQRWKHUJURXSV
9LRODWLRQ VXEVFDOHV ZHUH HIIHFWLYH IDFWRUV IRU WKH
EHHQ LQYHVWLJDWHG ,Q PRVW RI WKHVH VWXGLHV YLRODWLRQ
SUHGLFWLRQRIRYHUWDNLQJW\SH$FFRUGLQJWRSUHYLRXV
factor has been the predictor of accidents [Eugenia Gras
VWXGLHV ZKLFK KDYH LQWURGXFHG '%4 DV DQ HI¿FLHQW
HWDO@0DPGRRKLHWDOKDYHFRQGXFWHG
WRRO IRU LQYHVWLJDWLQJ WKH UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ DFFL-
DVWXG\RQ,UDQLDQGULYHUVDQGFRQFOXGHGWKDWHUURUDQG
GHQWVDQGKXPDQEHKDYLRUVLWFDQEHFRQFOXGHGWKDW
YLRODWLRQIDFWRUVZHUHVLJQL¿FDQWO\UHODWHGWRDFFLGHQWV
'%4FDQEHHI¿FLHQWDQGUHOLDEOHLQLQYHVWLJDWLQJWKH
6RPHVWXGLHVDOVRKDYHIRXQGRXWWKDWHUURUVDVVRFLDWHG
UHODWLRQVKLSRIKXPDQEHKDYLRUVDQGRYHUWDNLQJ
ZLWKDFFLGHQWVDQGYLRODWLRQVUHODWHGWRWLFNHWVUHFHLYHG
Generally, the results of the current study showed
LQ ODVW \HDU >/XFLGL HW DO @ 7KH UHVXOW RI SUHVHQW
,YHUVHQ + + DQG 5XQGPR 7 ³&KDQJHV LQ 0DPGRRKL$ +H]DYH$ 0 DQG =DYDUH 0 )
1RUZHJLDQGULYHUV¶DWWLWXGHVWRZDUGVWUDI¿FVDIHW\DQG ³$EHUUDQWGULYLQJEHKDYLRURILUDQLDQGULYHrs:
GULYHU EHKDYLRXU IURP WR ´ 7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ DQLQWHUQHWEDVHGVXUYH\´0RGDUHV&LYLO(QJLQHHULQJ
5HVHDUFK 3DUW ) 7UDI¿F 3V\FKRORJ\ DQG %HKDYLRXU -RXUQDO9RO1RSS
9SOSSGRLKWWSG[GRLRUJM 0HVNHQ-/DMXQHQ7DQG6XPPDOD+³,Q-
trf. WHUSHUVRQDO YLRODWLRQV VSHHGLQJ YLRODWLRQV DQG WKHLU
UHODWLRQ WR DFFLGHQW LQYROYHPHQW LQ )LQODQG´ (UJR-
.RQWRJLDQQLV7 .RVVLDYHORX = DQG 0DUPDUDV 1
QRPLFV9RO1SS
³6HOIUHSRUWVRIDEHUUDQWEHKDYLRXURQWKHURDGV
HUURUVDQGYLRODWLRQVLQDVDPSOHRI*UHHNGULYHUV´$F-
0RKD\PDQ\$6.DVKDQL$7DQG5DQMEDUL$
FLGHQW$QDO\VLVDQG3UHYHQWLRQ9RO1RSS
³,GHQWLI\LQJGULYHUFKDUDFWHULVWLFVLQÀXHQFLQJ
RYHUWDNLQJ FUDVKHV´ 7UDI¿F LQMXU\ SUHYHQWLRQ 9RO
/DMXQHQ73DUNHU'DQG6XPPDOD+³7KH 9RO1RSS
0DQFKHVWHU 'ULYHU %HKDYLRXU 4XHVWLRQQDLUH D FURVV
FXOWXUDOVWXG\´$FFLGHQW$QDO\VLVDQG3UHYHQWLRQ9RO 1RUGIM UQ7+H]DYHK$0DQG0DPGRRKL$5
1RSSGRLKWWSG[GRLRUJ ³$Q DQDO\VLV RI UHSRUWHG GULYHU EHKDYLRXU LQ
VDPSOHVRIGRPHVWLFDQGH[SDWULDWH,UDQLDQV´-RXUQDO
6
RI5LVN5HVHDUFKDKHDGRISULQWSS
/DMXQHQ 7 DQG 6XPPDOD + ³&DQ ZH WUXVW
:RUOG +HDVOWK 2UJDQL]DWLRQ ³:+2 JOREDO
VHOIUHSRUWVRI GULYLQJ"(IIHFWVRI LPSUHVVLRQPDQDJH-
VWDWXV UHSRUW RQ URDG VDIHW\ ´ VXSSRUWLQJ D GH-
PHQW RQ GULYHU EHKDYLRXU TXHVWLRQQDLUH UHVSRQVHV´
FDGHRIDFWLRQ:RUOG+HDOWK2UJDQL]DWLRQ
7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ5HVHDUFK3DUW)7UDI¿F3V\FKRORJ\DQG
%HKDYLRXU9SOSS
g]NDQ7/DMXQHQ7&KOLDRXWDNLV-(3DUNHU'
DQG 6XPPDOD + ³&URVVFXOWXUDO GLIIHUHQFHV
/DZWRQ53DUNHU'0DQVWHDG$6DQG6WUDGOLQJ
LQGULYLQJEHKDYLRXUV$FRPSDULVRQRIVL[FRXQWULHV´
6*³7KHUROHRIDIIHFWLQSUHGLFWLQJVRFLDOEH-
7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ 5HVHDUFK 3DUW ) 7UDI¿F 3V\FKRORJ\
KDYLRUVWKHFDVHRIURDGWUDI¿FYLRODWLRQV´-RXUQDORI
DQG%HKDYLRXU9RO1RSS
$SSOLHG6RFLDO3V\FKRORJ\9RO1RSS
g]NDQ 7 /DMXQHQ 7 DQG 6XPPDOD +
³'ULYHU %HKDYLRXU 4XHVWLRQQDLUH $ IROORZXS
/L - YDQ =X\OHQ + DQG YDQ GHU +RUVW (
VWXG\´ $FFLGHQW $QDO\VLV DQG 3UHYHQWLRQ 9RO
³7KH 'ULYHU %HKDYLRXU 4XHVWLRQQDLUH $Q LQYHVWLJD-
1R SS GRL KWWSG[GRLRUJM
WLRQVWXG\DSSOLHGWR&KLQHVHGULYHUV´&RPSXWHUEDVHG
DDS
0RGHOOLQJDQG2SWLPL]DWLRQLQ7UDQVSRUWDWLRQSS
6SULQJHU 3DUNHU'5HDVRQ-70DQVWHDG$6DQG6WUD-
GOLQJ6*³'ULYLQJHUURUVGULYLQJYLRODWLRQV
/XFLGL ) 0DOOLD / /D]DUXV / DQG 9LRODQL & DQGDFFLGHQWLQYROYHPHQW´(UJRQRPLFV9RO1R
³3HUVRQDOLW\DQGDWWLWXGHVDVSUHGLFWRUVRIULVN\ SS
GULYLQJ DPRQJ ROGHU GULYHUV´ $FFLGHQW $QDO\VLV DQG
3UHYHQWLRQ9ROSS 5HDVRQ - 0DQVWHDG $ 6WUDGOLQJ 6 %D[WHU -
DQG&DPSEHOO.³(UURUVDQGYLRODWLRQVRQWKH
0DOHNSRRU ) 0RKDPDGLDQ < DQG -DPVKLGL 0 URDGVDUHDOGLVWLQFWLRQ"´(UJRQRPLFV9RO1R
³7KH UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ SHUVRQDOLW\ DWWLWXGH SSGRL
WRVDIHW\DQGULVNEHKDYLRUVLQHPSOR\HHVPRWRUF\FOHV
LQ7HKUDQ´-RXUQDORI+HDOWKDQG6DIHW\DW:RUN9RO ùLPúHNR÷OXg1RUGIM UQ7=DYDUHK0)+H-
LQ)DUVL ]DYHK$0DQG0DPGRRKL$5DQG5XQGPR7