6HQLRU+LJK6FKRRO6WXGHQWV8QGHUVWDQGLQJRI9HFWRU

&RQFHSWVLQ0DWKHPDWLFDODQG3K\VLFDO5HSUHVHQWDWLRQV
$XUHOLD$VWULD/-HZDUXD8PURWXOE6HQWRW.XVDLULFDQG1XJURKR$GL3UDPRQRG

Physics Department, Universitas Negeri Malang, Malang, Indonesia


D
DXUHOLD#JPDLOFRP
E
XPURWXO#VWXGHQWVXPDFLG
F
&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRUVHQWRWNXVDLULIPLSD#XPDFLG
GQXJURKRDGLIPLSD#XPDFLG

$EVWUDFW9HFWRULVDQLPSRUWDQWFRQFHSWXVHGLQDOPRVWDOOSK\VLFVWRSLFVOHDUQHGLQKLJKVFKRRO7KHJRDORIWKLVVWXG\
LV WR LGHQWLI\ WKH XQGHUVWDQGLQJ RI YHFWRU FRQFHSWV XVLQJ PDWKHPDWLFDO DQG SK\VLFDO UHSUHVHQWDWLRQ LQ *UDGH ; KLJK
VFKRRO VWXGHQWV LQ 0DODQJ (DVW -DYD ,QGRQHVLD DQG :DLNDEXEDN WRZQ 177 3URYLQFH ,QGRQHVLD 7KH TXDOLWDWLYH
SKHQRPHQRORJLFDO VWXG\ LQFOXGHV  VWXGHQWV ZLWK  VWXGHQWV LQ HYHU\ VFKRRO 0HWKRGV RI GDWD FROOHFWLRQ XVH LQGHSWK
LQWHUYLHZV DQG YHFWRU XQGHUVWDQGLQJ WHVWV 7KH UHVXOWV VKRZHG WKDW VWXGHQWV SHUFHLYLQJ YHFWRUV DUH DQ HDV\ SK\VLFV
FRQFHSW KRZHYHUPRVW VWXGHQWV H[SHULHQFH SUREOHPV ZLWK WKHYHFWRU FRQFHSW6WXGHQWVDSSHDUWR UHVSRQG FRUUHFWO\ WR
PDWKHPDWLFDOUHSUHVHQWDWLRQWHVWVEXWWKHUHDUHVWLOODORWRIHUURUVLQWKHUHSUHVHQWDWLRQVRISK\VLFV)RUIXUWKHUVWXGLHVLW
LVEHVWWREXLOGOHDUQLQJPHGLDIRUVWXGHQWVWRVWXG\WKHDSSOLFDWLRQRIYHFWRUVWRSK\VLFDOSKHQRPHQD

,1752'8&7,21
7KH FRQFHSW RI YHFWRUV LQ SK\VLFV LV IRXQG LQ DOO SDUWV RI WKH PDWWHU LQ OHDUQLQJ SK\VLFV 7KHUHIRUH D JRRG
XQGHUVWDQGLQJ RI YHFWRUV IRU VWXGHQWV LQ OHDUQLQJ 3K\VLFV LV LPSRUWDQW $OVR YHFWRUV DUH WDXJKW LQ PDWKHPDWLFV
OHDUQLQJIRUVWXGHQWVLQVHQLRUKLJKVFKRRO
0DQ\ VWXGHQWV XQGHUVWDQG YHFWRUV LQ WKHLU PDWKHPDWLFDO FRQWH[W DQG VD\ WKDW YHFWRUV DUH VWLOO HDV\ PDWWHU EXW
ZKHQYHFWRUVDUHDSSOLHGWRWKHDSSOLFDWLRQRISK\VLFVPDWWHUPDQ\VWXGHQWVVWLOOODFNXQGHUVWDQGLQJ7KHVHUHVXOWV
ZHUH REWDLQHG IURP SUHYLRXV VWXGLHV FRQGXFWHG E\  DQG  WKH UHVXOWV RI SURYLGLQJ YHFWRU XQGHUVWDQGLQJ WHVWV
ZLWKGLIIHUHQWFRQWH[WVXVLQJPDWKHPDWLFDODQGSK\VLFDOFRQWH[WV7KHUHDUHVWLOOPDQ\VWXGHQWVLQ8QLYHUVLW\ZKR
KDYH QRW EHHQ DEOH WR GUDZ WKH FRUUHFW DUURZ GLUHFWLRQ LQ WKH SK\VLFDO FRQWH[W HYHQ WKRXJK LQ WKH PDWKHPDWLFDO
FRQWH[W PDQ\ KDYH EHHQ FRUUHFW %HVLGHV VWXGHQWV DUH VWLOO GLIILFXOWLHV LQ XQGHUVWDQGLQJ WKH FRQFHSW RI YHFWRUV
EHFDXVHVRPHVWXGHQWVDUHVWLOOZURQJLQERWKGLIIHUHQWFRQWH[WV7KHEDVLFWKLQJDERXWYHFWRUVLQSK\VLFVVKRXOGEH
DQLPSRUWDQWFRQFHSWWKDWQHHGVWREHZHOOXQGHUVWRRG
7897HVW8QGHUVWDQGLQJRI9HFWRUDVXVHGE\ZKLFKLVDWHVWIRUXQGHUVWDQGLQJYHFWRUFRQFHSWVDFFRUGLQJ
WRWKHUHVXOWVRI5DVFK
VDQDO\VLVWKHPRVWGLIILFXOWYHFWRUFRQFHSWVWHVWHGIURP789VHTXHQWLDOO\LQFOXGHWKH
XQLW YHFWRU IROORZHG E\ WKH FURVV SURGXFW VXEWUDFWLRQ RI YHFWRUV GRW SURGXFW DQG WKH GLUHFWLRQ RI D YHFWRU
$FFRUGLQJ WR WKH UHVXOWV RI  UHODWHG WR WKH LQYHVWLJDWLRQ RI VWXGHQWV
 FRQFHSWLRQV LQ WKH YHFWRU FRPSRQHQW WKDW
VRPH VWXGHQWV VWLOO WHQG WR DQVZHU LQFRUUHFWO\ DQG H[SUHVV DOWHUQDWLYH FRQFHSWLRQV HVSHFLDOO\ ZKHQ DVNHG WR GUDZ
YHFWRUV LQ JUDSKV $Q LQYHVWLJDWLRQ FRQGXFWHG E\  RI  IRXQG WKDW VWXGHQWV H[SHULHQFHG GLIILFXOWLHV DQG
PLVFRQFHSWLRQVRIYHFWRUFRPSRQHQWVZLWKJUDSKLFDOUHSUHVHQWDWLRQV:KLOHUHVHDUFKE\DERXWFRPSDULQJVWXGHQW
XVHRIPDWKHPDWLFDODQGSK\VLFDOVWXGHQWVWHQGWREHULJKWLQDQVZHULQJTXHVWLRQVZLWKPDWKHPDWLFDOFRQWH[WVUDWKHU
WKDQLQSK\VLFVDQGLWLVSURYHQWKDWWKHGLIIHUHQFHLQUHSUHVHQWDWLRQWHVWVLVDFKDOOHQJHIRUVWXGHQWVLQXQGHUVWDQGLQJ
YHFWRUFRQFHSWV
)RUUHVHDUFKLQ,QGRQHVLDWKHUHLVDVWXG\FRQGXFWHGE\DERXWWKHDQDO\VLVRIYHFWRUXQGHUVWDQGLQJLQVHQLRU
KLJK VFKRRO VWXGHQWV EXW WKH DQDO\VLV LQ WKLV VWXG\ ZDV TXDQWLWDWLYH ZLWKRXW LQWHUYLHZV VR ZH GR QRW NQRZ PRUH

The 4th International Conference on Mathematics and Science Education (ICoMSE) 2020
AIP Conf. Proc. 2330, 050024-1–050024-8; https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0043433
Published by AIP Publishing. 978-0-7354-4074-6/$30.00

050024-1
DERXWWKHVWXGHQWV
WKRXJKWSURFHVVHV7KHUHLVDOVRUHVHDUFKE\DERXWVWXGHQWYHFWRUDQDO\VLV,QWHUYLHZDQDO\VLV
FRQGXFWHG RQO\ LQWHUYLHZHG VWXGHQWV ZKR DQVZHUHG LQFRUUHFWO\ RQ TXHVWLRQV ZLWK D KLJK OHYHO RI GLIILFXOW\ DQG
VWXGHQWVZKRDQVZHUHGFRUUHFWO\ZHUHQRWLQWHUYLHZHG
6WXGHQWVDWWKHVHQLRUKLJKVFKRROKDYHUHFHLYHGYHFWRUPDWWHULQOHDUQLQJSK\VLFVDQGPDWKHPDWLFVWKHUHIRUHWKH
QRYHOW\LQWKLVUHVHDUFKIURPWKLVVWXG\LVWRDQDO\]HVWXGHQWV
XQGHUVWDQGLQJRIFRQFHSWVDQGGLIILFXOWLHVLQYHFWRU
WHVWVZLWKPDWKHPDWLFDODQGSK\VLFVUHSUHVHQWDWLRQV7KHYHFWRUFRQFHSWLQFOXGHVYHFWRUDGGLWLRQYHFWRUVXEWUDFWLRQ
DQG YHFWRU FRPSRQHQWV 7KLV UHVHDUFK DGGV LQIRUPDWLRQ IRU HGXFDWRUV WR GHYHORS RU LPSOHPHQW D JRRG OHDUQLQJ
SURFHVVIRUVWXGHQWVLQXQGHUVWDQGLQJYHFWRUFRQFHSWVDWWKHKLJKVFKRROOHYHO

0(7+2'
7KLV UHVHDUFK LV TXDOLWDWLYH UHVHDUFK ZLWK D SKHQRPHQRORJLFDO DSSURDFK ZKLFK DLPV WR LQYHVWLJDWH WKH
XQGHUVWDQGLQJ RI FRQFHSWV DQG GLIILFXOWLHV IRXQG E\ VWXGHQWV LQ YHFWRU OHDUQLQJ 7KH VWXG\ ZDV FRQGXFWHG LQ WZR
PRQWKV VWDUWLQJ 0DUFK WR $SULO  7KLV VWXG\ WRRN VWXGHQWV *UDGH ; KLJK VFKRRO VWXGHQWV LQ 0DODQJ DQG
:DLNDEXEDNWRZQ7KHVHOHFWLRQRIVDPSOHVXVLQJPD[LPDOYDULDWLRQVDPSOLQJDLPVWRHQVXUHWKDWVWXGHQWVZKRDUH
VHOHFWHG GLIIHUHQWO\ KDYH GLIIHUHQW SHUVSHFWLYHV RQ FHQWUDO SKHQRPHQD RU UHVHDUFK WRSLFV 2EWDLQHG WKUHH VWXGHQWV
IURPHDFKVFKRROZLWKYDULRXVDELOLWLHVWKURXJKWKHSUHYLRXVVHPHVWHU
VILQDOSK\VLFVWHVWVFRUHVZLWKWKHKHOSRIWKH
WHDFKHU7KLVUHVHDUFKZDVFRQGXFWHGDIWHUVWXGHQWVKDGVWXGLHGWKH9HFWRUFKDSWHULQWKHSUHYLRXVVHPHVWHUDQGQRZ
WKH\DUHVWXG\LQJWKH1HZWRQ/DZFKDSWHU1RWRQO\LQSK\VLFVEXWVWXGHQWVDOVRJHWYHFWRUPDWWHULQPDWKHPDWLFV
WKLVVHPHVWHU
'DWDFROOHFWLRQXVLQJPXOWLSOHFKRLFHWHVWVDQGHVVD\WHVWVWKHQLQWHUYLHZVPHWKRGV7HVWLQVWUXPHQWGHVFULSWLRQV
RI PXOWLSOHFKRLFH WHVWV DQG HVVD\V FDQ EH VHHQ LQ 7DEOH  7KH WHVW JLYHQ ZDV DGDSWHG IURP  7KH W\SH RI
LQWHUYLHZLVDQLQGHSWKLQWHUYLHZRUVHPLVWUXFWXUHGWKHDLPLVWRILQGWKHSUREOHPPRUHRSHQO\DQGWKHUHVSRQGHQW
H[SUHVVHVKLVRSLQLRQRULGHDV
7$%/(7HVW,QVWUXPHQW'HVFULSWLRQ
7HVW,WHP,QGLFDWRU 7\SHRI5HSUHVHQWDWLRQ 7\SHRI,WHP 1XPEHU
'HWHUPLQHWKHYHFWRUDGGLWLRQRIWKHWZRYHFWRUV 0DWKHPDWLFDO 0& 
'HWHUPLQHWKHYHFWRUVXEWUDFWLRQRIWKHWZRYHFWRUV 0DWKHPDWLFDO 0& 
'HWHUPLQHWKHPDJQLWXGHRIWKHYHFWRUIRUPLQJWKHDQJOH 0DWKHPDWLFDO 0& 
'UDZYHFWRUVXEWUDFWLRQRIWZRYHFWRUV 0DWKHPDWLFDO (VVD\ 
'HWHUPLQHWKHQRUPDOIRUFHRQWKH[D[LV 3K\VLFDO 0& 
'HWHUPLQHVWKHYHFWRURIFKDQJHLQYHORFLW\RIDQREMHFW 3K\VLFDO 0& 
'UDZWKHYHFWRURIFKDQJHLQYHORFLW\RIDQREMHFW 3K\VLFDO (VVD\ 
'HWHUPLQHWKHUHVXOWDQWYHFWRURIIRUFHVRIDQREMHFW 3K\VLFDO 0& 
7KH GDWD DQDO\VLV WHFKQLTXH ZDV FDUULHG RXW DIWHU FROOHFWLQJ GDWD RQ WHVW UHVXOWV DQG LQWHUYLHZV 7KH LQWHUYLHZ
GDWD ZLOO EH JURXSHG LQ WKH IRUP RI GLIILFXOWLHV H[SUHVVHG E\ VWXGHQWV 6WXGHQW QDPHV DUH JLYHQ D FRGH DERXW WKH
VFKRRO DQG SK\VLFV VFRUH LQ WKH SUHYLRXV VHPHVWHU 6WXGHQWV LQ 0DODQJ ZHUH ODEHOHG ZLWK ILFWLWLRXV (QJOLVK ILUVW
QDPHVVWDUWLQJZLWKOHWWHU%DQG6WXGHQWVLQ:DLNDEXEDNWRZQZLWKOHWWHU&6WXGHQW¶VILQDOSK\VLFVVFRUHIURPWKH
SUHYLRXVVHPHVWHUXVHGQXPHULFFRGHWKHKLJKHVWVFRUHWRORZHVW6RZHKDYHIURPWKHILUVWVFKRRO%LNDB%HWVLB
%DUDBDQGWKHVHFRQGVFKRRO&DQGUDB&HNRB&KHULOB6RWKHUHDUHIRXUJLUOVDQGWZRER\V

5(68/76$1'',6&866,216
7KH LQWHUYLHZ GDWD FROOHFWLRQ ZDV DQDO\]HG DQG WKH UHVXOWV RI WKH UHVHDUFK ZHUH D VXPPDU\ RI WKH VWXGHQWV

H[SODQDWLRQV IRU HDFK WHVW LWHP DORQJ ZLWK WKH GLIILFXOWLHV H[SUHVVHG E\ WKH VWXGHQWV FDQ EH VHHQ LQ 7DEOH 

050024-2
 7$%/(6XPPDU\RIVWXGHQWV
H[SODQDWLRQVDQGGLIILFXOWLHVRQHDFKWHVWLWHPZKHUHWKHGLIILFXOW\LVFRGHG
,WHP 6WXGHQW1DPHV6HQLRUKLJKVFKRROVWXGHQWVLQ0DODQJ
%LNDB %HWVLB %DUDB
 $QVZHUHG FRUUHFWO\ $QVZHUHG FRUUHFWO\ 6KH FDQ $QVZHUHG LQFRUUHFWO\ DQG H[SODLQ
&RUUHFWO\ XVH PDWKHPDWLFDO H[SODLQ PDWKHPDWLFDOO\ EXW WKH LQFRUUHFW VWDWHPHQW DERXW WKH
FDOFXODWLRQV EXW FDQQRW FDQQRW H[SODLQ XVLQJ JUDSKLFDO UHVXOWDQWRIWKHWZRYHFWRUV
H[SODLQYHFWRUFRQFHSWVZLWK PHWKRGV 'LIILFXOW\$)0
JUDSKLFDOPHWKRGV 'LIILFXOW\')
'LIILFXOW\$%(0
 $QVZHUHG FRUUHFWO\ $QVZHUHG FRUUHFWO\ 6KH FDQ $QVZHUHG FRUUHFWO\ %H DEOH WR
'HVFULEHG WKH UHVXOWDQW H[SODLQ XVLQJ JUDSKLFDO DQG H[SODLQ WKDW WKH GLUHFWLRQ RI YHFWRU
YHFWRU XVLQJ WKH DQDO\WLFDO DQDO\WLFDOPHWKRGV $ KDV FKDQJHG EHFDXVH LW EHFRPHV
PHWKRGV FDOFXODWLRQ DQG
WKH YHFWRU FRQFHSW XVHG WKH
WULDQJOHUXOH
 $QVZHUHG FRUUHFWO\ 6WDWHV
WKDW WR GHWHUPLQH WKH VL]H RI
WKH YHFWRU RQ WKH [D[LV
XVLQJ VLQ EHFDXVH WKH DQJOH
XVHGLVIRUPHGWRWKH\D[LV
 $QVZHUHGFRUUHFWO\DQGZDV
DEOH WR H[SODLQ XVLQJ
DQDO\WLFDO DQG JUDSKLFDO
QHJDWLYH $ EXW GRHVQ¶W XQGHUVWDQG
WKH PHDQLQJ RI WKH PDJQLWXGH DQG
GLUHFWLRQRIWKHYHFWRU
'LIILFXOW\$(+
$QVZHUHG LQFRUUHFWO\ 6WDWHV WKDW $QVZHUHGLQFRUUHFWO\6WDWHVWKDWWR
WRGHWHUPLQHWKHPDJQLWXGHRIWKH ILQG WKH YHFWRU TXDQWLW\ RQ WKH x
YHFWRU RQ WKH xD[LV DOZD\V XVH D[LV XVH FRV DQG GLYLGH E\ WKH
FRV K\SRWHQXVH
'LIILFXOW\*, 'LIILFXOW\*,
$QVZHUHG FRUUHFWO\ EHFDXVH +H $QVZHU LQFRUUHFWO\ FDQQRW SDUVH
GHVFULEHG WKH UHVXOWDQW PDJQLWXGH JUDSKLFDOO\ EXW FDQ XVH
RI WKH WZR YHFWRUV DV VHYHQ DQG PDWKHPDWLFDO FDOFXODWLRQV
PHWKRGV
 $QVZHUHGLQFRUUHFWO\6WDWHV
WKDW WR GHWHUPLQH WKH
PDJQLWXGH RI WKH YHFWRU RQ
WKH xD[LVXVLQJ FRVEHFDXVH
WKHDQJOHIRUPHGLVWKHVDPH
DVWKHDQJOHIRUPHGRQWKHx
D[LV
'LIILFXOW\*
 $QVZHUHGLQFRUUHFWO\&ODLP
WKDW QR FRUUHFW DQVZHU DQG
H[SODLQ WKH ZURQJ
PDWKHPDWLFDOFDOFXODWLRQ
WKHGLUHFWLRQWRWKHOHIW DQDO\WLFDOPHWKRG
'LIILFXOW\$+
$QVZHUHG LQFRUUHFWO\ 6WDWHV WKDW $QVZHUHGLQFRUUHFWO\WKDWWRILQGD
WRGHWHUPLQHWKHPDJQLWXGHRIWKH YHFWRU TXDQWLW\ RQ WKH xD[LV XVH
QRUPDOIRUFHYHFWRULVHTXDOWRWKH FRVDQGGLYLGHE\WKHK\SRWHQXVH
PDJQLWXGH RI WKH JUDYLWDWLRQDO 'LIILFXOW\*,
IRUFHPXOWLSOLHGE\FRVĮ
'LIILFXOW\'*,
$QVZHUHG LQFRUUHFWO\ 6WDWHV WKDW $QVZHUHG LQFRUUHFWO\ +H VDLG WKDW
WKH YHFWRU  RI FKDQJH LQ YHORFLW\ WKHYHORFLW\YHFWRULVFKDQJLQJEXW
LVIDOVHEHFDXVHLWGRHVQRWFKDQJH FDQQRWGHVFULEHLWJUDSKLFDOO\
WKHGLUHFWLRQRIWKHLQLWLDOYHORFLW\ 'LIILFXOW\$%-/
'LIILFXOW\&+-
 $QVZHUHG FRUUHFWO\ ([SODLQ
WKHPDWKHPDWLFDOFDOFXODWLRQ
FRUUHFWO\EXWLQGHWHUPLQLQJ
WKH GLUHFWLRQRI WKH UHVXOWDQW
YHFWRUv
'LIILFXOW\-
$QVZHUHG LQFRUUHFWO\ EHFDXVH $QVZHUHG LQFRUUHFWO\ EHFDXVH
VKH GHVFULEHV LQFRUUHFWO\ ZKHUH GHWHUPLQLQJWKHYHFWRURIFKDQJHLQ
VKH FKDQJHV WKH GLUHFWLRQ RI WKH YHORFLW\ ZLWK WKH ZURQJ
ILQDOYHORFLW\YHFWRUWRQHJDWLYH PDWKHPDWLFDOFDOFXODWLRQ
YHFWRULVZURQJ vf 'LIILFXOW\$%&-
'LIILFXOW\& 'LIILFXOW\-
 $QVZHUHG FRUUHFWO\ XVLQJ $QVZHUHG LQFRUUHFWO\ 6WDWHV $QVZHUHG LQFRUUHFWO\ +H VWDWHG
PDWKHPDWLFDOFDOFXODWLRQVRU WKDWWKHUHVXOWDQWRIWKHWZRIRUFHV WKDWQRULJKWDQVZHUDQGH[SODLQHG
DQDO\WLFDOPHWKRGV PRYH WR WKH ULJKW EHFDXVH WKH F WKDW WKH UHVXOWDQW WZR IRUFHV DUH DOO
'LIILFXOW\(* IRUFH LV ODUJHU DQG WKH UHVXOWDQW GLUHFWHG KRUL]RQWDOO\ WR WKH ULJKW
 YHFWRU IRUPV DQ DQJOH EHFDXVH EHFDXVH WKH IRUFH F WR WKH ULJKW LV
WKHUHLVDQDQJOHRQF JUHDWHUWKDQF
'LIILFXOW\$%'*/ 'LIILFXOW\'*/

050024-3
&RQWLQXDWLRQRI7DEOH
,WHP 6WXGHQW1DPHV6HQLRUKLJKVFKRROVWXGHQWVLQ:DLNDEXEDNWRZQ
&DQGUDB &HNRB &KHULOB
 $QVZHUHG FRUUHFWO\ DEOH WR $QVZHUHG FRUUHFWO\ H[SODLQ WKDW $QVZHUHG FRUUHFWO\ EXW FDQQRW
H[SODLQ YHFWRUV ZLWK WKH UHVXOWDQW YHFWRU LV REWDLQHG H[SODLQDQGGHVFULEHWKHFRQFHSWRI
FDOFXODWLRQ 6KH FDQ H[SODLQ IURP WKH SRLQW ZKHUH WKH WZR UHVXOWDQWYHFWRUDQGVWDWHWKDWWKHUH
WKHUHVXOWDQWZLWKWKHUXOHRI YHFWRUV PHHW EXW KH FDQQRW LV QR UHVXOWDQW EHFDXVH QR DQJOHV
WKH WULDQJOH LI WKH YHFWRU LV H[SODLQ WKH YHFWRU DGGLWLRQ DUHIRUPHG
QRW SODFHG RQ WKH &DUWHVLDQ FRQFHSW RI D SDUDOOHORJUDP LQ WKH 'LIILFXOW\')*0
GLDJUDP &DUWHVLDQGLDJUDP
'LIILFXOW\%) 'LIILFXOW\$%')0
 $QVZHUHG FRUUHFWO\ DQG EH $QVZHUHG FRUUHFWO\ 6WDWHV WKDW $QVZHUHG LQFRUUHFWO\ EHFDXVH WKH
DEOH WR H[SODLQ WKH UHVXOWDQW WKH QHJDWLYH YHFWRU $ LV URWDWHG GLUHFWLRQ RI WKH UHVXOWDQW YHFWRU LV
YHFWRU XVLQJ WKH DQDO\WLFDO R IURP YHFWRU $ WKHQ ZURQJ EXW DEOH WR H[SODLQ WKH
FDOFXODWLRQ DQG JUDSKLFDO FRQQHFWHGWRWKHYHFWRU%DQGKH FKDQJH LQ YHFWRU $ WR QHJDWLYH $
PHWKRGV FDQ GHVFULEH WKH UHVXOWDQW YHFWRU DQGWKHQFRQQHFWLWZLWKYHFWRU%
E\DQDO\WLFDOPHWKRGV 'LIILFXOW\$+
 $QVZHUHG FRUUHFWO\ $QVZHUHG LQFRUUHFWO\ 6WDWHV WKDW $QVZHU WKH LQFRUUHFW RSWLRQ
H[SODLQLQJ WKDW WR FDOFXODWH WRGHWHUPLQHWKHPDJQLWXGHRIWKH H[SODLQ WKDW WR GHWHUPLQH WKH
WKH PDJQLWXGH RI WKH YHFWRU YHFWRURQWKHxD[LVXVLQJFRV PDJQLWXGH RI WKH YHFWRU RQ WKH x
$ RQ WKH xD[LV FRPSRQHQW 'LIILFXOW\*, D[LVXVLQJFRV
E\ XVLQJ WKH DQJOH WKDW 'LIILFXOW\*,
IODQNV WR WKH xD[LV WKHQ
XVLQJFRV
 $QVZHUHG FRUUHFWO\ VKH $QVZHUHG FRUUHFWO\ 'HFLSKHU $QVZHUHG LQFRUUHFWO\ H[SODLQ ZLWK
H[SODLQHG WKH UHVXOWDQW RI SURSHUO\ DQG GHVFULEH WKH PDWKHPDWLFDO PHWKRGV +RZHYHU
ERWK YHFWRUV XVLQJ UHVXOWDQWRIERWKYHFWRUVFRUUHFWO\ LQWHUSUHW WKH QHJDWLYH VLJQ DV WKH
PDWKHPDWLFDO FDOFXODWLRQV PDJQLWXGH RI WKH YHORFLW\ QRW WKH
DQDO\WLFDOPHWKRGV GLUHFWLRQ
'LIILFXOW\,.
 $QVZHUHG FRUUHFWO\ DEOH WR $QVZHUHG LQFRUUHFWO\ DQG VWDWHG $QVZHUHG LQFRUUHFWO\ H[SODLQ WKDW
H[SODLQ FRUUHFWO\ DERXW WKH WKDW WKH PDJQLWXGH RI WKH QRUPDO WR GHWHUPLQH WKH PDJQLWXGH RI WKH
UHODWLRQRIDQJXODU IRUFH DOZD\V HTXDOV WKH YHFWRURQWKHxD[LVDOZD\VXVHFRV
PDJQLWXGH RI WKH JUDYLWDWLRQDO 'LIILFXOW\*,
IRUFH
'LIILFXOW\'*,
 $QVZHUHGFRUUHFWO\E\XVLQJ $QVZHUHG FRUUHFWO\ EXW FDQQRW $QVZHUHG LQFRUUHFWO\ VWDWHV WKH
PDWKHPDWLFDO FDOFXODWLRQV H[SODLQ WKH FRQFHSW RI WKH YHFWRU FKDQJH LQ WKH YHORFLW\ YHFWRU E\
EXW LV ZURQJ LQ GUDZLQJ WKH RI FKDQJH LQ YHORFLW\ DQG FRQQHFWLQJ WKH WZR EDVHV RI WKH
YHFWRURIFKDQJHLQYHORFLW\ PDWKHPDWLFDOFDOFXODWLRQV YHFWRURIvDQGv
'LIILFXOW\+- 'LIILFXOW\&- 'LIILFXOW\$%,-
 $QVZHUHG FRUUHFWO\ LQ $QVZHUHG FRUUHFWO\ 'HFLSKHU $QVZHUHG LQFRUUHFWO\ VWDWHV WKDW
PDWKHPDWLFDO FDOFXODWLRQV SURSHUO\ XVH PDWKHPDWLFDO WKH FKDQJH LQ YHORFLW\ LV WKH LQLWLDO
EXW LV ZURQJ LQ GHWHUPLQLQJ FDOFXODWLRQV EXW KH GUHZ WKH YHORFLW\vLPLQXVWKHILQDOYHORFLW\
WKHGLUHFWLRQRIWKHYHFWRURI DUURZYHFWRUGLUHFWLRQZURQJ YHFWRUvI
FKDQJHLQYHORFLW\ 'LIILFXOW\$. 'LIILFXOW\&-
 $QVZHUHG FRUUHFWO\ XVH $QVZHUHG FRUUHFWO\ +H FDQ¶W $QVZHUHG FRUUHFWO\ 6KH
PDWKHPDWLFDO FDOFXODWLRQV H[SODLQWKHUHVXOWDQWYHFWRUVRIF FRQVLVWHQWO\ H[SODLQV OLNH LWHP 
DQG FDQ¶W H[SODLQ YHFWRU DQGF DQG VWDWHV WKDW WKH GLUHFWLRQ RI WKH
FRQFHSWV ZLWK JUDSKLFDO 'LIILFXOW\$%/ UHVXOWDQW IRUFH HTXDOV WKH GLUHFWLRQ
PHWKRGV RIFEHFDXVHRQO\FKDVDQDQJOH
'LIILFXOW\$% 'LIILFXOW\$%(*/


050024-4
 7KHGLIILFXOWLHVZHUHFRGHGWKHQWKHLGHQWLILFDWLRQRIVWXGHQWGLIILFXOWLHVGXULQJWKHLQWHUYLHZZKLFKZDVFRGHG
LVSUHVHQWHGSHUFHQWDJHLQ7DEOH)RUWKHDQDO\VLVRIXQGHUVWDQGLQJWKHFRQFHSWVWXGHQWVZLOOEHH[SODLQHGLQWKH
GLVFXVVLRQ
7$%/('LIILFXOWLHVLGHQWLILHGGXULQJLQWHUYLHZV
/DEHO 'LIILFXOW\ 'LIILFXOW\ 6WXGHQW
IUHTXHQF\ IUHTXHQF\
$ 'HWHUPLQHVWKHGLUHFWLRQRIWKHYHFWRU  
% 'HWHUPLQHWKHYHFWRUPDJQLWXGH  
& 'HWHUPLQHWKHUHVXOWDQWPDWKHPDWLFDOO\  
' 'HVFULEH YHFWRUV RQ WKH x RU yD[LV FRPSRQHQW RI WKH &DUWHVLDQ  
GLDJUDP
( 'HVFULEH YHFWRUV XVLQJ WKH UXOH RI WULDQJOHV SDUDOOHORJUDP RU  
SDUDOOHOYHFWRU
) 'HWHUPLQH WKH UHVXOWDQW RQ WKH &DUWHVLDQ GLDJUDPXVLQJ WKH UXOH  
RIWULDQJOHVDQGSDUDOOHORJUDP
* 8QGHUVWDQGWKHDQJOHWKDWLVIRUPHG  
+ 'UDZYHFWRUVRUFRPELQHWZRRUPRUHYHFWRUV  
, ,QWHUSUHWWKHXVHRIVLQDQGFRV  
- ,QWHUSUHWWKHYHFWRURIFKDQJHLQYHORFLW\  
. ,QWHUSUHW WKH UHVXOWDQW FDOFXODWLRQ UHVXOW RI WKH YHORFLW\ RU IRUFH  
YHFWRUZKLFKLVQHJDWLYHRUSRVLWLYHDVWKHGLUHFWLRQRIWKHYHFWRU
/ 8QGHUVWDQGWKHFRQFHSWRIIRUFHDVDYHFWRUTXDQWLW\  
0 'HWHUPLQH WKH UHVXOWDQW PDWKHPDWLFDOO\ RQ WKH &DUWHVLDQ  
GLDJUDP

',6&866,21
9HFWRUDGGLWLRQLVIRXQGLQWKHWHVWLWHPVQXPEHUVDQG)RUWHVWQXPEHUZLWKDPDWKHPDWLFDOUHSUHVHQWDWLRQ
WKHYHFWRUDGGLWLRQLVORFDWHGRQWKH&DUWHVLDQGLDJUDP7KHUHLVRQHVWXGHQWZKRDQVZHUHGWKHZURQJRSWLRQZLWK
WKHFRGHQDPH%DUDB%DVHGRQWKHUHVXOWVRIWKHLQWHUYLHZZLWK%DUDBUHJDUGLQJWKHDGGLWLRQRIWZRYHFWRUVRU
WKH UHVXOWDQW RI WKH WZR YHFWRUV KLV UHVSRQVH LV WKH UHVXOWDQW RI WKH WZR YHFWRUV LQ WKH GLDJUDP E\ PDNLQJ WKH
UHVXOWDQW YHFWRU VWDUWLQJ IURP WKH PHHWLQJ RI WKH EDVHV RI YHFWRUV $ DQG % WKHQ EHLQJ GUDZQ WR D FHUWDLQ SRLQW
ZLWKRXWNQRZLQJWKHUDWLRQDOHXVHGVRKHFKRRVHVWKHZURQJRSWLRQZKLFKLVQRULJKWDQVZHUEXWKHFDQFRQQHFW
WKHWZRYHFWRUVFRUUHFWO\LIWKHWZRYHFWRUVDUHQRWSODFHGRQD&DUWHVLDQGLDJUDPDQGXVHWKHUXOHRIWULDQJOHVDV
VKRZQLQ)LJ7RVXFFHHGLQSK\VLFVOHVVRQVVWXGHQWVFDQXQGHUVWDQGDQGDSSO\PDWKHPDWLFDORUSK\VLFVFRQFHSWV
WKURXJK&DUWHVLDQGLDJUDPV
Interviewer: Do you think that the method of the triangle rule cannot be applied to a Cartesian diagram? try to
explain your opinion.
Bara_3: I think yes ma'am because the triangle rule only applies if the vector is not on the Cartesian diagram,
because if it is moved it will change its position in the diagram.
Interviewer: Then what methods can be used to find the resultant of the two vectors if the vector is in the
Cartesian diagram?
Bara_3: only use calculations, but I also don't understand because I am confused about how much value,
usually in Cartesian there is a value, ma'am. For example, the x-axis is 6 newtons, then the y-
axis is 3 newtons.
%DUDBDVVXPHVWKDWLIWKHYHFWRULVLQWKH&DUWHVLDQGLDJUDPLWFDQQRWEHPRYHGDQGWKHUXOHRIWKHWULDQJOHFDQQRW
EH XVHG 6R WKH VWXGHQW GRHV QRW XQGHUVWDQG KRZ WR DQDO\]H XVLQJ PDWKHPDWLFDO FDOFXODWLRQV DQG KH GRHV QRW
XQGHUVWDQGWKHFRQFHSWRIYHFWRUVWKDWYHFWRUVKDYHYDOXHVDQGGLUHFWLRQV6WXGHQWVZLWKORZVFRUHFDWHJRULHVWHQGWR
VROYHSUREOHPVZLWKRXWXQFOHDUFRQFHSWVDQGFDOFXODWLRQV6WXGHQWVWKLQNVWLIIO\LQXQGHUVWDQGLQJYHFWRUVZKHUH
WKH\XVXDOO\XQGHUVWDQGYHFWRUVXVLQJWKHYDOXHVWKDWKDYHEHHQZULWWHQRQWKHTXHVWLRQV6RPHRIWKHRWKHUVWXGHQWV
ZKR DQVZHUHG WKH FRUUHFW RSWLRQ WHQGHG WR KDYH WKH VDPH UHVSRQVHV DV %DUDB WKH\ WKRXJKW WKDW WKH XVH RI WKH
WULDQJOH RU SDUDOOHORJUDP UXOH FRXOG QRW EH DSSOLHG WR &DUWHVLDQ GLDJUDPV LQFOXGLQJ WKH UHVSRQVHV JLYHQ E\
&DQGUDBDQG%LNDB$QRWKHUUHVSRQVHWKDWWHQGVWREHWKHVDPHLVWKDWVWXGHQWVFDQILQGWKHFRUUHFWRSWLRQEHFDXVH

050024-5
WKH\ XVH PDWKHPDWLFDO FDOFXODWLRQV ZKLOH WKHUH DUH RWKHU VWXGHQWV OLNH &KHULOB 6KH VWDWHG WKDW ³determine the
resultant if there is no angle, ma'am. On the question, the angle is not known.” 6WXGHQWVXQGHUVWDQGWKHDQJOHRQD
YHFWRULIWKHDQJOHLVZULWWHQGLUHFWO\RQWKHSUREOHP
0DWKHPDWLFDO5HSUHVHQWDWLRQ 3K\VLFDO5HSUHVHQWDWLRQ

 
),*85(6WXGHQWV
DQVZHUVWRTXHVWLRQQXPEHUVDQG

)RULWHPQXPEHUZLWKSK\VLFVUHSUHVHQWDWLRQPDQ\VWXGHQWVDQVZHUHGZURQJ6RPHRIWKHPWKRXJKWWKDWWKH
YHFWRU GLUHFWLRQ ZDV WR WKH ULJKW EHFDXVH LW IROORZHG WKH GLUHFWLRQ RI WKH ODUJHU IRUFH YHFWRU DQG RWKHU VWXGHQWV
DQVZHUHGEHFDXVHLWGLUHFWO\FRQQHFWHGWKHYHFWRUV)DQG)7KHGLIILFXOW\PRVWRIWHQH[SHULHQFHGE\VWXGHQWVZDV
GHWHUPLQLQJWKHGLUHFWLRQRIWKHYHFWRUXQGHUYDULRXVFRQGLWLRQVDVVKRZQLQWDEOH)RUVWXGHQWVZKRDQVZHUHG
FRUUHFWO\ RQH RI WKHP LV &DQGUDB XVLQJ D PDWKHPDWLFDO FDOFXODWLRQ PHWKRG DV VKRZQ LQ )LJ  8QGHUVWDQGLQJ
FRQFHSWVIRUVWXGHQWVLVQRWMXVWXQGHUVWDQGLQJWKHFDOFXODWLRQVEHFDXVH3K\VLFVLVDFKDOOHQJLQJVXEMHFWIRUVWXGHQWV
HYHQWKRXJKWKHIRUPXODLVVLPSOHEXWDSSO\LQJLWDFFRUGLQJO\WRSK\VLFVSUREOHPVLVDSUREOHPIRUWKHVWXGHQW
9HFWRUVXEWUDFWLRQLVIRXQGLQWKHWHVWLWHPVQXPEHUVDQG6XEWUDFWLRQYHFWRUVIRUQXPEHUVDQGDUH
LQ PDWKHPDWLFDO UHSUHVHQWDWLRQ 0DQ\ VWXGHQWV
 DQVZHUV RQ WKH WHVW IRU TXHVWLRQ QXPEHU  KDYH EHHQ DQVZHUHG
FRUUHFWO\E\XVLQJWKHPDWKHPDWLFDOPHWKRGRUXVLQJWKHVXEWUDFWLRQPHWKRGRUXVLQJWKHWULDQJOHUXOH+RZHYHURQH
VWXGHQWZLWKFRGHQDPH&KHULOBDQVZHUWKHLQFRUUHFWRSWLRQEHFDXVHWKHGLUHFWLRQRIWKHYHFWRUZDVZURQJ7KLV
VKRZV WKDW DOWKRXJK VWXGHQWV FDQ GHWHUPLQH WKH QHJDWLYH YHFWRU RI D YHFWRU WKH\ VWLOO GR QRW XQGHUVWDQG KRZ WR
FRPELQHLWZLWKRWKHUYHFWRUV6WXGHQWVKDYHGLIILFXOW\GHWHUPLQLQJWKHFRUUHFWYHFWRUGLUHFWLRQZKHQFRPELQLQJWKH
WZRYHFWRUV7KLVVKRZVWKDWHYHQWKRXJKVWXGHQWVFDQGHWHUPLQHWKHYHFWRUIRUPHGE\PDWKHPDWLFDOFDOFXODWLRQV
VWXGHQWVKDYHGLIILFXOW\GHWHUPLQLQJWKHGLUHFWLRQRIWKHYHFWRUDUURZZLWKRXWFDOFXODWLRQ
Interviewer: How do you determine the vector D?
Cheril_3: After I combined vectors A and B, I quickly drew vector D to connect vectors A and B, ma’am. Mm
... so the arrow tail of the vector D meets the arrowhead of the vector A.
6WXGHQWV WHQG WR KDYH GLIILFXOW\ ZKHQ GHVFULELQJ WKH YHFWRU VXEWUDFWLRQ WKDW FRQQHFWV WKH WZR YHFWRUV ,Q LWHP
QXPEHULQWKHSK\VLFVUHSUHVHQWDWLRQVWXGHQWVWHQGWRDQVZHUZURQJHYHQWKRXJKLWHPVQXPEHUDQGKDYHWKH
VDPH FRQFHSW 6WXGHQWV DUH FRQIXVHG ZKHQ JLYHQ TXHVWLRQV LQ WKH SK\VLFV UHSUHVHQWDWLRQ LQYROYLQJ WKH YHORFLW\
YHFWRUVRWKDWVWXGHQWVDUHXQDEOHWRDSSO\WKHFRQFHSWRIFKDQJHLQYHORFLW\LWFDQEHVHHQLQ)LJ

0DWKHPDWLFDO5HSUHVHQWDWLRQ 3K\VLFDO5HSUHVHQWDWLRQ

 
),*85(6WXGHQWV
DQVZHUVWRTXHVWLRQQXPEHUVDQG

050024-6
 )RU LWHP QXPEHU  LQ PDWKHPDWLFDO UHSUHVHQWDWLRQ VWXGHQWV DUH DOUHDG\ JRRG DW FDOFXODWLQJ WKH YHFWRU
VXEWUDFWLRQ LW FDQ EH SURYHQ E\ WKH VWXGHQW
V DQVZHU ZKHQ WKH\ ILQG WKH PDJQLWXGH RI WKH YHFWRU VXEWUDFWLRQ
+RZHYHUWKHUHZHUHVWLOOVWXGHQWVZKRZHUHZURQJZKHQGUDZLQJWKHGLUHFWLRQRIYHFWRUR UHVXOWDQW
Interviewer: Your mathematical calculation is correct, the result is negative 7, what does the negative mean?
Cheril_3: negative means that the magnitude of the negative vector is 7, ma'am.
6WXGHQWVLQWHUSUHWQHJDWLYHDVWKHPDJQLWXGHRIWKHYHFWRUQRWWKHGLUHFWLRQEHFDXVHWKLVXQGHUVWDQGLQJLVVWLOO
ZHDNVWXGHQWVZLOODQVZHULQFRUUHFWO\HYHU\WLPHZLWKRXWXVLQJPDWKHPDWLFDOFDOFXODWLRQV)RUTXHVWLRQQXPEHU
ZLWKSK\VLFVUHSUHVHQWDWLRQWKHUHZHUHVWLOOPDQ\VWXGHQWVZKRDQVZHUHGLQFRUUHFWO\
7KHUHVXOWRI&KDQGUDB
VDQVZHULVFRUUHFWLQGHWHUPLQLQJWKHPDJQLWXGHDQGGLUHFWLRQRIWKHYHFWRURIFKDQJH
LQ YHORFLW\ EXW LW GRHV QRW DFFXUDWHO\ GHVFULEH WKH YHFWRU RI FKDQJH LQ YHORFLW\ 6WXGHQWV WHQG WR KDYH GLIILFXOW\
VROYLQJSUREOHPVDERXWYHFWRUVXEWUDFWLRQDQGGLUHFWLRQDUURZRIDYHFWRU
Interviewer: Why do you get the difference like that?
Cheril_3: Yes ma'am, the change in velocity is a kind of difference between the final velocity and the initial
velocity, so I just took the difference from the two vectors.
6WXGHQWVWKLQNWKDWWKHFKDQJHLQYHORFLW\LVWKHGLIIHUHQFHIURPWKHPDJQLWXGHRIWKHYHFWRUZKHUHWKHVWXGHQW
GRHV QRW SODFH WKH DUURZKHDG YHFWRU vL ZLWK WKH DUURZ WDLO YHFWRU vI ,Q WKLV FDVH VWXGHQWV GR QRW XQGHUVWDQG WKH
FRQFHSWRIWKHYHFWRUTXDQWLW\LWVHOIZKLFKKDVYDOXHDQGGLUHFWLRQHYHQWKRXJKWKH\DOUHDG\NQRZWKHPDWKHPDWLFDO
FDOFXODWLRQ6WXGHQWVVWLOOKDYHWKHPLVFRQFHSWLRQLQLQWHUSUHWLQJWKHZRUGFKDQJH´ZLWKYHFWRUTXDQWLWLHV6WXGHQWV
GRQRWUHODWHWKHFRQFHSWRIYHORFLW\FKDQJHWRWKHYHFWRUWKH\DUHERWKUHODWHG7KHSK\VLFVOHDUQLQJSURFHVV
LVPRUHIRFXVHGRQWKHPDWKHPDWLFDOHTXDWLRQVGLUHFWO\JLYHQE\WKHWHDFKHUUDWKHUWKDQFRQFHSWVVRWKDWVWXGHQWV
KDYHZHDNFRQFHSWVHYHQWKRXJKSK\VLFVOHDUQLQJDLPVWRPDNHVWXGHQWVXQGHUVWDQGWKHEDVLFFRQFHSWVRISK\VLFV
DSSURSULDWHO\DQGEHDEOHWRXVHWKHVHFRQFHSWVZKHQVROYLQJSUREOHPV
9HFWRU FRPSRQHQWV ,WHPV  DQG  DERXW ZKLFK DUH GHVFULEHG RQ WKH xD[LV ,Q LWHP QXPEHU  XVLQJ D
PDWKHPDWLFDOUHSUHVHQWDWLRQDQGLWHPXVLQJDSK\VLFVUHSUHVHQWDWLRQWKHUHVXOWVRIWKHVWXGHQWV
DQVZHUVDUHVKRZQ
LQ)LJ$OPRVWDOOVWXGHQWVWKDWLVRXWRIVWXGHQWVDQVZHUHGLQFRUUHFWO\LQLWHPPDWKHPDWLFDOUHSUHVHQWDWLRQ
E\DVVXPLQJWKDWWKH[D[LVDOZD\VXVHVFRVDQGWKHyD[LVDOZD\VXVHVVLQ
Interviewer: Why does the x-axis always use cos and the y-axis sin?
Betsi_2: we were taught like that ma'am, the x-axis is always cos.
6WXGHQWVGRQRWLQWHUSUHWWKHXVHRIVLQDQGFRVDSSURSULDWHO\EHFDXVHWKHNQRZOHGJHWKDWLVVWRUHGLQWKHLUPLQGV
DOZD\VUHIHUVWRWKHVDPHW\SHRISUREOHPZKHUHWKHWHDFKHUJLYHVTXHVWLRQVXVLQJWKHDQJOHGHVFULEHGWRWKHxD[LV
VRVWXGHQWVDVVXPHWKDWWKHxD[LVDOZD\VXVHVFRVVRZKHQWKHDQJOHVDUHGUDZQRQWRWKHyD[LVWKHVWXGHQWNHHSV
RQXVLQJWKDWNQRZOHGJH,QLWHPQXPEHUVWXGHQWVFRQVLVWHQWO\XVHWKRXJKWVDERXWWKHXVHRIFRVRQWKHxD[LVDQG
VLQRQWKHyD[LV7KHRWKHUVWXGHQWVZKRDQVZHUHGLQFRUUHFWO\DVVXPHGWKDWWKHQRUPDOIRUFHZDVWKHVDPHDVWKH
JUDYLWDWLRQDO IRUFH ZLWKRXW VHHLQJ WKH FDVH WKDW WKH REMHFW LQ TXHVWLRQ ZDV RQ DQ LQFOLQHG SODQH 7KLV VKRZV WKDW
VWXGHQWV KDYH GLIILFXOW\ VROYLQJ SUREOHPV ZLWK REMHFWV RQ DQ LQFOLQHG SODQH EHFDXVH VWXGHQWV GR QRW XQGHUVWDQG
YDU\LQJWKHSODFHPHQWRIDQJOHVFRQVLVWHQWO\:KHQDVNHGWRGHVFULEHWKHDQJOHWRZKLFKWKHQRUPDOIRUFHRQ
WKH [D[LV DSSOLHV %HWVLB H[SODLQV ³«WKH DQJOH IRU 1RUPDO IRUFH RQ WKH [D[LV HTXDOV WKH DQJOH RQ WKH LQFOLQHG
SODQH´1RWRQO\DERXWXQGHUVWDQGLQJWKHFRQFHSWRIYHFWRUVVWXGHQWVVWLOOGRQRWXQGHUVWDQGWKHUHODWHGDQJOHVVR
WKH\ DUH QRW DEOH WR H[SODLQ WKH VDPH DQJOHV LQ HDFK TXDGUDQW $OWKRXJK VWXGHQWV XQGHUVWDQG WULJRQRPHWU\ LQ
PDWKHPDWLFVOHVVRQVWKH\GRQRWNQRZH[DFWO\KRZWULJRQRPHWU\LVXVHGLQSUDFWLFDOVLWXDWLRQV

0DWKHPDWLFDO5HSUHVHQWDWLRQ 3K\VLFDO5HSUHVHQWDWLRQ

 
),*85(6WXGHQWV
DQVZHUVWRTXHVWLRQQXPEHUVDQG

050024-7
 &21&/86,216
0DQ\VWXGHQWVLQVHQLRUKLJKVFKRROVWHQGQRWWRXQGHUVWDQGWKHFRQFHSWRIYHFWRUV6WXGHQWVDSSHDUWRUHVSRQG
FRUUHFWO\WRPDWKHPDWLFDOUHSUHVHQWDWLRQWHVWVEXWWKHUHDUHVWLOODORWRIHUURUVLQWKHUHSUHVHQWDWLRQVRISK\VLFV)RU
IXUWKHUVWXGLHVLWLVEHVWWREXLOGOHDUQLQJPHGLDIRUVHQLRUKLJKVFKRROVWXGHQWVWRVWXG\WKHDSSOLFDWLRQRIYHFWRUVWR
SK\VLFDOSKHQRPHQD

5()(5(1&(6
 %DUQLRO3DEORDQG*HQDUR=DYDOD7HVWRIXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIYHFWRUV$UHOLDEOHPXOWLSOHFKRLFHYHFWRU
FRQFHSWWHVW3K\VLFDO5HYLHZ6SHFLDO7RSLFV3K\VLFV(GXFDWLRQ5HVHDUFK
 =DYDOD*HQDURDQG3DEOR%DUQLRO6WXGHQWV¶XQGHUVWDQGLQJRIWKHFRQFHSWVRIYHFWRUFRPSRQHQWVDQGYHFWRU
SURGXFWV$,3&RQIHUHQFH3URFHHGLQJV9RO1R$PHULFDQ,QVWLWXWHRI3K\VLFV
 :XWFKDQD8PSRUQDQG1DUXPRQ(PDUDW$ZRUNVKHHWWRHQKDQFHVWXGHQWV¶FRQFHSWXDOXQGHUVWDQGLQJLQ
YHFWRUFRPSRQHQWV-3K\V&RQI6HULHV9RO
 6XVDF$QDHWDO8VLQJWKH5DVFKPRGHOWRDQDO\]HWKHWHVWRIXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIYHFWRUV3K\VLFDO5HYLHZ
3K\VLFV(GXFDWLRQ5HVHDUFK
 'HYHQWHU-RHO9DQ&RPSDULQJVWXGHQWSHUIRUPDQFHRQLVRPRUSKLFPDWKDQGSK\VLFVYHFWRUUHSUHVHQWDWLRQV

 6DUL:LWUL3XVSLWD(NR6X\DQWRDQG:D\DQ6XDQD$QDOLVLV3HPDKDPDQ.RQVHS9HNWRUSDGD6LVZD
6HNRODK0HQHQJDK$WDV-XUQDO,OPLDK3HQGLGLNDQ)LVLND$O%LUXQL
 .XUQLDZDQ%DNKUXO5L]N\'LDQD(ND6DSXWULDQG0XKDPPDG,EQX6KRLTLQ$QDOLVLV3HPDKDPDQ.RQVHS
0DKDVLVZDSDGD7RSLN9HNWRU(IHNWRU
 )DUORZ%ULDQHWDO0DSSLQJDFWLYDWLRQRIUHVRXUFHVDPRQJXSSHUGLYLVLRQSK\VLFVVWXGHQWVLQQRQ&DUWHVLDQ
FRRUGLQDWHV\VWHPV$FDVHVWXG\3K\VLFDO5HYLHZ3K\VLFV(GXFDWLRQ5HVHDUFK
 6XSUL\DGL0UHWDO6WXGHQWV¶0HQWDO0RGHOLQJ$ELOLW\00$LQ&RQFHSW8QGHUVWDQGLQJRI9HFWRUVW
,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ6RFLDO6FLHQFHV,&66$WODQWLV3UHVV
 /HLQRQHQ5LVWR0HUYL$$VLNDLQHQDQG3HNND(+LUYRQHQ2YHUFRPLQJVWXGHQWV¶PLVFRQFHSWLRQV
FRQFHUQLQJWKHUPDOSK\VLFVZLWKWKHDLGRIKLQWVDQGSHHULQWHUDFWLRQGXULQJDOHFWXUHFRXUVH3K\VLFDO5HYLHZ
6SHFLDO7RSLFV3K\VLFV(GXFDWLRQ5HVHDUFK
 +HFNOHU$QGUHZ)DQG7KRPDV06FDLIH$GGLQJDQGVXEWUDFWLQJYHFWRUV7KHSUREOHPZLWKWKHDUURZ
UHSUHVHQWDWLRQ3K\VLFDO5HYLHZ6SHFLDO7RSLFV3K\VLFV(GXFDWLRQ5HVHDUFK
 6KDIIHU3HWHU6DQG/LOOLDQ&0F'HUPRWW$UHVHDUFKEDVHGDSSURDFKWRLPSURYLQJVWXGHQWXQGHUVWDQGLQJ
RIWKHYHFWRUQDWXUHRINLQHPDWLFDOFRQFHSWV$PHULFDQMRXUQDORISK\VLFV
 $JXLUUH-RVH06WXGHQWSUHFRQFHSWLRQVDERXWYHFWRUNLQHPDWLFV7KH3K\VLFV7HDFKHU

 6XWRSR66WXGHQWV
8QGHUVWDQGLQJRI)XQGDPHQWDO&RQFHSWVRI0HFKDQLFDO:DYH,QGRQHVLDQ-RXUQDORI
3K\VLFV(GXFDWLRQ
 0LNXOD%UHQGRQ'DQG$QGUHZ)+HFNOHU6WXGHQWGLIILFXOWLHVZLWKWULJRQRPHWULFYHFWRUFRPSRQHQWV
SHUVLVWLQPXOWLSOHVWXGHQWSRSXODWLRQV3URFHHGLQJVRIWKH3K\VLFV(GXFDWLRQ5HVHDUFK&RQIHUHQFH
3RUWODQG25
 .DPEHU'LQDDQG'MXUGMLFD7DNDFL2QSUREOHPDWLFDVSHFWVLQOHDUQLQJWULJRQRPHWU\,QWHUQDWLRQDO-RXUQDO
RI0DWKHPDWLFDO(GXFDWLRQLQ6FLHQFHDQG7HFKQRORJ\


050024-8