Antenna Analysis and Design in MATLAB

A Project Report of

COURSE – SFE

Submitted in the partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the
degree of

Bachelor of Technology

in

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

By

180040505 MALLIKARJUNAREDDY GONGATI

Under the Supervision of

AMBATI NAVYA

KONERU LAKSHMAIAH EDUCATION FOUNDATION,

Green Fields, Vaddeswaram- 522502, Guntur (Dist.),

Andhra Pradesh, India.

KONERU LAKSHMAIAH EDUCATION FOUNDATION

1
 Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

Declaration

The SFE Project Report entitled “Antenna Analysis and Design in

MATLAB” is a record of bonafide work of 180040505
-MALLIKARJUNAREDDY GONGATI submitted in partial fulfilment for
the award of Bachelor of Technology in Electronics And Communication
Engineering.

We also declare that this report is of our own effort and it has not been
submitted to any other university for the award of any degree

180040505 MALLKARJUNAREDDY GONGATI

KONERU LAKSHMAIAH EDUCATION FOUNDATION

2
 Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

Certificate

The SFE Project Report entitled “Antenna Analysis and Design in

MATLAB” submitted by 180040505 – MALLIKARJUNAREDDY
GONGATI in partial fulfilment for the award of Bachelor of Technology in
Electronics And Communication Engineering.

Name of Project Supervisor – AMBATI NAVYA

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

3
We express the sincere gratitude to our HOD Dr. Suman Maloji for his
administration towards our academic growth.

We express sincere gratitude to our Course coordinator of Technical

Proficiency and Training-1 Dr. K.Praghash for his leadership and constant
motivation provided in successful completion of our academic semester.

We express our sincere thanks to our project supervisor AMBATI

NAVYA Sir for section-8 for novel association of ideas, knowledge,
encouragement, appreciation and intellectual zeal which motivated us to
venture this project successfully.

Finally, we are pleased to acknowledge the indebtedness to all those who

devoted themselves directly or indirectly to make this project report success.

180040505 MALLIKARJUNAREDDY GONGATI

TABLE OF CONTENTS
4
S.NO TOPIC PAGE
NO

1 ABSTRACT 6

2 SOFTWARE TOOLS USED AND THEIR 7

DESCRIPTION

3 INTRODUCTION 8-16

4 PROGRAM 16-27

5 OUTPUT FIGURES 28-31

6 RESULT AND CONCLUSION 32

5
ABSTRACT

Today, almost all applications are expected to be wireless, consume very

little power and have high data retention capability. For this, selection of an
effective media at the physical layer is important. Today, several wireless
devices featuring ZigBee protocol, IR transceiver, RF transceiver and dish
antennas are commonly used. Antenna plays a vital role in all these devices.

A good antenna design can result in a high degree of efficiency, better

directivity and more beamwidth for long-distance transmission without
much loss of information. Here is a program written in MATLAB for
designing antenna arrays & antenna analysis.

6
SOFTWARE TOOLS USED AND THEIR DESCRIPTION

Software used - MATLAB

MATLAB is a proprietary multi-paradigm programming language and

numerical computing environment developed by MathWorks. MATLAB
allows matrix manipulations, plotting of functions and data, implementation
of algorithms, creation of user interfaces

7
INTRODUCTION
Before delving into the MATLAB program, let’s go through the basics of
some parameters required for antenna analysis & design, such as signal
radiation pattern, sidelobes, efficiency, beamwidth and directivity.

8
Antenna basics

shows
the aperture of a typical antenna

Here BWΦ denotes the azimuth beamwidth and BWθ the elevation
beamwidth. Beamwidth is normally measured at the half-power or -3dB
point of the main lobe, unless otherwise specified.

9
the gain or directivity of the antenna is the ratio of the radiation intensity in a
given direction to the radiation intensity averaged over all directions. The
difference between directivity and gain is that the directivity neglects
antenna losses such as dielectric, resistance, polarisation and voltage
standing wave ratio (VSWR) losses. Since these losses are usually quite
small in most classes of antennas, directivity and gain are approximately
equal, disregarding unwanted pattern characteristics.

However, antennas are different practically, and do not have ideal radiation
distribution. Energy varies with angular displacement and losses occur due
to sidelobes.

ypical antenna radiation pattern with side lobes

If you can measure the radiation pattern, and determine the beamwidth, you
can use two or more ideal antenna models to approximate a real antenna
pattern as shown in Fig. 2. Assuming the antenna pattern to be uniform, gain
G is equal to the area of the isotropic sphere divided by the sector (cross-

10
section) area as:

Antenna efficiency is a factor that includes all reductions from the maximum
gain. It can be expressed as a percentage or in dB. Several types of losses
must be accounted for while determining the efficiency:

1. Illumination efficiency, which is the ratio of the directivity of the antenna

to that of a uniformly illuminated antenna of the same aperture size

2. Phase-error loss or loss due to the aperture not being a uniform phase
surface

3. Spillover loss (for reflector antennas), which reflects the energy spilling
beyond the edge of the reflector into the back lobes of the antenna

4. Mismatch loss expressed as voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), derived

from the reflection at the feed port due to impedance mismatch—especially
important for low-frequency antennas

5. RF losses between the antenna and the antenna feed port or measurement
point

Effective capture area (Ae) is the product of the physical aperture area (A)
and the aperture efficiency (η):

11
Thus gain is a function of aperture efficiency.

The gain of an antenna with losses is given by:

where ‘η’ is aperture efficiency, ‘A’ physical aperture

area and ‘λ’ wavelength.

Note that the gain is proportional to the aperture area and inversely
proportional to the square of the wavelength. So if the frequency is doubled,
or the wavelength halved, the aperture could be decreased four times to
maintain the same gain.

Radiation patterns of various antennas

According to ANITA’s website
(www.phys.hawaii.edu/~anita/new/papers/militaryHandbook/freqphas.pdf),
radiation patterns of the antennas presented in the previous section are for
the most commonly used antenna geometries. The antenna should be viewed
as a matching network that takes the power from a transmission line (50-
ohm, for example) and matches it to the free space impedance of 377 ohms.
The most critical parameter is the change of VSWR with frequency. The
pattern usually does not vary much from acceptable to the start of

12
unacceptable VSWRs (>2:1). For a given physical antenna geometric size,
the actual radiation pattern varies with frequency.

Cartesian plot

13
Polar plot

Antenna arrays

According to AntennaTheory.com, an antenna array, often called a ‘phased

array,’ is a set of two or more antennas, as shown in Fig. 3. The signals from
the antennas are combined or processed in order to achieve improved
performance over a single antenna.

It is generally noticed that the antenna array factors for arrays with uniform
weights have unequal sidelobe levels (refer Fig. 4). Often, it is desirable to
reduce the highest sidelobes at the expense of increasing number of lower
sidelobes. The optimal sidelobe level for a specified beamwidth will occur
when the sidelobes are all equal in magnitude.

14
Yagi-Uda antenna

Eleven-element Yagi-Uda antenna

here is a method for obtaining weights for uniformly spaced linear arrays
steered to broadside (θd=90 degrees). It is a popular weighting method

15
because the sidelobe level can be specified, and the minimum possible null-
null beamwidth obtained.

 cartesian and polar plots of the antenna radiation pattern, respectively.

Effective selection of lamda (λ) and the number of elements can reduce the
sidelobe level of antenna

Yagi-Uda antenna is the most common terrestrial TV antenna used on the

rooftops. It is usually used at frequencies between 30 MHz and 3 GHz, or a
wavelength range of 10 metres to 10 cm.

The design of the antenna depends on the number of elements used in the
antenna. The lengths of rods in a Yagi-Uda are about a half wavelength
each, and the spacing of the elements about one-third of a wavelength.

16
As shown in the table, you can estimate the approximate operating
frequency of a Yagi-Uda antenna by looking at its length from afar. A Yagi-
Uda antenna with eleven elements is shown in Fig. 8.

To obtain the radiation pattern of a Yagi-Uda antenna in MATLAB

program, a table with theta (or θ) values for polar angles and corresponding
amplitudes of radiation patterns is required. These values can be obtained
using antenna trainer. The data table should be saved in text (.txt) format.

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PROGRAM
Antenna polar radiation pattern

%To plot normalized field strength, normalized power and

%normalized power(dB) vs polar angle 'theta' for antennas

clc;

if ((size(data)~= [360,2])&(size(data)~= [72,2]));

error('incorrect size of data array!');
end

[rows,columns]=size(data);
EdB = [data;data(1,1),data(1,2)];% first(0) and last(72 or 360)
% values are the same

EdBnorm=(EdB(:,2)-max(EdB(:,2))+40)/40;
E3dB=(37/40)*ones((rows+1),1);

E = 10.^(EdB(:,2)/20);% actual field strength

Enorm=E/max(E);% normalized field strength
Ehp=(1/sqrt(2))*ones((rows+1),1);% half-power normalized
% field strength

Pnorm=Enorm.^2;% normalized radiated power

Php=(1/2)*ones((rows+1),1);% normalized radiated half-power

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Theta=((0:360/rows:360)*2*pi/360).';

figure(1);
polar(Theta,EdBnorm,'green');
hold on;
polar(Theta,E3dB,'red');
title('2D Radiation Pattern: PdB vs theta');
hold off;

figure(2);
polar(Theta,Pnorm,'green');
hold on;
polar(Theta,Php,'red');
title('2D Radiation Pattern: P vs theta');
hold off;

figure(3);
polar(Theta,Enorm,'green');
hold on;
polar(Theta,Ehp,'red');
title('2D Radiation Pattern: E vs theta');
hold off;

antenna directivity

%To plot directivity vs polar angle 'theta' for antennas

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clc;

if ((size(data)~= [360,2])&(size(data)~= [72,2]));

error('incorrect size of data array!');
end

[rows,columns]=size(data);
EdB = data(:,2);% field strength in dBuV/m
Theta = data(:,1);% polar angle in degrees

E = 10.^(EdB/20);% actual field strength uV/m

Enorm=E/max(E);% normalized field strength
Pnorm=Enorm.^2;% normalized radiated power

Thetazero=...
input('Enter offset "Thetazero" degrees from polar plot : ');
Phi=Theta-Thetazero;% polar angle is now w.r.t. "Thetazero"
for i=1:rows;
if Phi(i)<0; Phi(i)=Phi(i)+360;
end;
end;% values of "Phi" are now all positive between 0 and 360 degrees

Psin=Pnorm.*abs(sin(Phi*pi/180));
Prad=pi*sum(Psin)*2*pi/rows;% 2*pi*(sum(Psin)/2)*2*pi/rows

Directivity=4*pi*Pnorm/Prad;
MaxDirectivity=4*pi/Prad;% since Pnormmax = 1
disp(['Maximum Directivity is ',num2str(MaxDirectivity),' or ',...
20
 num2str(10*log10(MaxDirectivity)),'dB']);

figure(1);
Rtheta=Theta*pi/180;% polar angle "Rtheta" is now in radians
plotarray=[Rtheta,Directivity];
plotarray = [plotarray;plotarray(1,1),plotarray(1,2)];
% first(0) and last(72 or 360)
% values are the same, for wrap around
polar(plotarray(:,1),plotarray(:,2),'green');
view(90,-90);
title('2D Radiation Pattern: Directivity vs theta');

Odd DT array 9 elements 0.25 lambda

close all;
clc;

Nelem=10;
Mn=4;
d=1;
RodB=26;

M=1800;
theta=linspace(0,pi,M+1);

21
theta=theta';
dtheta=pi/M;

Ro=10^(RodB/20);
Zo=cosh(1/(Nelem-1)*acosh(Ro));

for i=1:Mn+1;
Coef(i)=0;
for j=i:Mn+1;
if i==1,EN=2;
else EN=1;
end

Coef(i)=Coef(i)+(-1)^(Mn-j+1)*Zo^(2*j-2)*factorial(j+Mn-2)*2*Mn/(EN*f
actorial(j-i)*factorial(j+i-2)*factorial(Mn-j+1));
end
end

u=pi.*d.*cos(theta);
AF=0;
for i=1:Mn+1;
AF=AF+Coef(i).*cos((2.*i-2).*u);
end

U=(abs(AF)./max(abs(AF))).^2;
Prad=2*pi*sum(U.*sin(theta).*dtheta);
D=4*pi*U/Prad;

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DdB=10.*log10(D+eps);
Do=max(D);
DodB=max(DdB);

disp(['Directivity = ',num2str(DodB),' dB']);

disp(['Directivity = ',num2str(Do),' dimensionless']);

AFdB=10.*log10(U+eps);

for i=1:M+1,
if AFdB(i)<=-60,
AFdB(i)=-60;
end
end

AFdBnorm=(AFdB+60)/60;
thetafull=linspace(0,2*pi,2*M+1);
thetafull=thetafull';

rAFdBnorm=flipud(AFdBnorm(2:M,1));
AFdBfull=[AFdBnorm;rAFdBnorm;AFdBnorm(1)];

AF3dB=-3*ones((M+1),1);
AF3dBfull=((60-3)/60)*ones((2*M+1),1);

%Polar plot

figure(1);

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polar(thetafull,AFdBfull,'green');
hold on;
polar(thetafull,AF3dBfull,'red');
title(['Polar 2D Array factorialor, DT Array , 9 elements, 0.25',...
'\lambda,',' 26dB']);
view(90,-90);
hold off;
disp(['Polar 2D Array factorialor, DT Array, 9 elements, 0.25 ',...
'lambda,',' 26dB']);

%Cartesian plot

figure(2);
plot(theta.*180/pi,AFdB,'green',theta.*180/pi,AF3dB,'red');
axis([0 180 -60 1]);
xlabel(['\theta',' (degrees)']),ylabel('Normalized Array factorialor (dB)');
title(['Cartesian 2D Array factorialor, DT Array, 9 elements, 0.25',...
'\lambda,',' 26dB']);
disp(['Cartesian 2D Array factorialor, DT Array, 9 elements, 0.25 ',...
'lambda,',' 26dB']);

Even DT array 10 elements 0.25 lambda

close all;

Nelem=10;

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Mn=5;
d=0.5;
RodB=26;

M=1800;
theta=linspace(0,pi,M+1);
theta=theta';
dtheta=pi/M;

Ro=10^(RodB/20);
Zo=cosh(1/(Nelem-1)*acosh(Ro));

for i=1:Mn;
Coef(i)=0;
for j=i:Mn;
Coef(i)=Coef(i)+(-1)^(Mn-j)*Zo^(2*j-1)*factorial(j+Mn-2)*(2*Mn-1)/
(factorial(j-i)*factorial(j+i-1)*factorial(Mn-j));
end
end

u=pi.*d.*cos(theta);
AF=0;
for i=1:Mn;
AF=AF+Coef(i).*cos((2.*i-1).*u);
end

U=(abs(AF)./max(abs(AF))).^2;

25
Prad=2*pi*sum(U.*sin(theta).*dtheta);
D=4*pi*U/Prad;
DdB=10.*log10(D+eps);
Do=max(D);
DodB=max(DdB);

disp(['Directivity = ',num2str(DodB),' dB']);

disp(['Directivity = ',num2str(Do),' dimensionless']);

AFdB=10.*log10(U+eps);

for i=1:M+1,
if AFdB(i)<=-60,
AFdB(i)=-60;
end
end

AFdBnorm=(AFdB+60)/60;
thetafull=linspace(0,2*pi,2*M+1);
thetafull=thetafull';

rAFdBnorm=flipud(AFdBnorm(2:M,1));
AFdBfull=[AFdBnorm;rAFdBnorm;AFdBnorm(1)];

AF3dB=-3*ones((M+1),1);
AF3dBfull=((60-3)/60)*ones((2*M+1),1);

%Polar plot

26
figure(1);
polar(thetafull,AFdBfull,'green');
hold on;
polar(thetafull,AF3dBfull,'red');
title(['Polar 2D Array factorialor, DT Array , 10 elements, 1',...
'\lambda,',' 26dB']);
view(90,-90);
hold off;
disp(['Polar 2D Array factorialor, DT Array, 10 elements,1 ',...
'lambda,',' 26dB']);

%Cartesian plot

figure(2);
plot(theta.*180/pi,AFdB,'green',theta.*180/pi,AF3dB,'red');
axis([0 180 -60 1]);
xlabel(['\theta',' (degrees)']),ylabel('Normalized Array factorialor (dB)');
title(['Cartesian 2D Array factorialor, DT Array, 10 elements, 1',...
'\lambda,',' 26dB']);
disp(['Cartesian 2D Array factorialor, DT Array, 10 elements, 1 ',...
'lambda,',' 26dB']);

27
OUTPUT FIGURE
Antenna polar radiation pattern

28
29
Antenna directivity

30
Odd DT array 9 elements 0.25 lambda

31
Even DT array 10 elements 0.25 lambda

32
RESULT AND CONCLUSION

By this we can analysis the antenna and we can able to design th antenna

33