Infiltration
Hydrology
FHYDLOY_CIV162
Roldan Q. Pineda
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Infiltration
The process of water penetrating into the soil is infiltration.
Factors affecting rate infiltration;
1. Condition of the soil surface
2. Vegetative cover
3. Soil properties
a. porosity
b. hydraulic conductivity
c. moisture content
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Infiltration
Unsaturated flow refers to flow through a porous medium when some of the voids
are occupied by air.
Saturated flow occurs when the voids are filled with water.
Water table is the interface between the saturated and unsaturated flow, where
atmospheric pressure prevails. Saturated flow occurs below the water table and
unsaturated flow occurs above the water table.
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Unsaturated Flow
The cross-section through an unsaturated porous medium is
now used to define porosity,
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Unsaturated Flow
Consider the control volume in Figure for
an unsaturated soil with sides of lengths
dx, dy, and dz, with a volume of dxdydz.
The volume of water contained in the
control volume is θdxdydz. Flowthrough
the control volume is defined by the
Darcy flux,
q= Q/A
which is the volumetric flow rate per unit
of soil area. For this derivation, the
horizontal fluxes are ignored and only the
vertical (z) direction is considered, with z
positive upward.
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Unsaturated Flow
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Unsaturated Flow
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Unsaturated Flow
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Unsaturated Flow
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Unsaturated Flow
Sample Problem
Answer: -0.03 cm/d
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Unsaturated Flow
Sample Problem
Answer: 0.000857 mm/s
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Green-Ampt Method
Figure (right) illustrates the distribution of
soil moisture within a soil profile during downward
movement. These moisture zones are the
saturated zone, the transmission zone, a wetting
zone, and a wetting front. This profile changes as a
function of time as shown in figure.
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Green-Ampt Method
The infiltration rate f is the rate at which water
enters the soil surface, expressed in in/hr or cm/hr. The
potential infiltrate rate is the rate when water is ponded on
the soil surface, so if no ponding occurs the actual rate is less
than the potential rate. Most infiltration equations describe
a potential infiltration rate. Cumulative infiltration F is the
accumulated depth of water infiltrated, defined
mathematically as
and the infiltration rate is the time derivative of the
cumulative infiltration given as
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Green-Ampt Method
Figure illustrates a rainfall
hyetograph with the infiltration
rate and cumulative infiltration
curves.
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Green-Ampt Method
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Green-Ampt Method
Figure 7.4.7 Infiltration into a
column of soil of unit cross-
sectional area for the Green–
Ampt model
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Green-Ampt Method
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Green-Ampt Method
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Green-Ampt Method
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Green-Ampt Method
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Green-Ampt Method
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Green-Ampt Method
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Green-Ampt Method
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Green-Ampt Method
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Green-Ampt Method
Sample Problem
Use the Green–Ampt method to evaluate the infiltration rate and
cumulative infiltration depth for a silty clay soil at 0.1-hr increments up
to 6 hr from the beginning of infiltration. Assume an initial effective
saturation of 20 percent and continuous ponding.
Answer: 1.78 cm/hr, 0.29 cm.
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Other Infiltration Methods
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Other Infiltration Methods
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