RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES BANGALORE,

KARNATAKA

PROFORMA FOR REGISTRATION OF SUBJECT FOR DISSERTATION

1. Name of the Candidate and Address : Jyothi

I Year M.Sc Nursing
Mallige Institute of Nursing
Sector-II, HMT Post
Bangalore-13

2. Name of the Institution : Mallige Institute Of Nursing,

Sector-II, HMT Post
Bangalore-13

3. Course of Study and Subject : I Year M.Sc Nursing

Medical Surgical Nursing

4. Date of Admission to Course : 03-07-2010

5. Title of Topic : “A Comparative Study To Assess The

Knowledge And Attitude Regarding Organ
Donation Among Staff Nurses And Nursing
Students At Selected Hospitals And Colleges,
Bangalore”

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6.BRIEF RESUME OF THE INTENDED WORK:

6.1 NEED FOR THE STUDY:-

Organ donation is the most beautiful compensations of life that is certainly the highest
expression of humanity and gratitude of gifting life to those in need -Ralph Waldo Emerson .

Since you can’t take your body with you when you leave this world, you might as well give
away vital parts of it as a parting gift to those who need it most for a new lease of life –

Anonymous.

Human beings are multi systemic functioning units, Organs are basic units of system when ever
there is a threat of organ failure and medications fail to work the only solution is organ transplantation.
Organ transplantation is moving of an organ from one body to another, or from a donor site on the patient’s
own body, for the purpose of replacing the recipient’s damaged or absent organ. Organ transplants were first
attempted a hundred years ago, but early efforts failed because of rejection. The modern era of transplantation
was ushered in by improved tissue matching and the development of immunosuppressant’s - drugs that turn
off the immune response. During the 1960s, patients rarely survived for long. Gradually, though,
immunosuppressant’s and surgical techniques improved and organ transplantation is now relatively
straightforward. People who receive a new organ can expect to survive and enjoy good quality of life. 1

Organ that can be transplanted are the heart, kidney, liver, lungs, pancreas, intestine and thymus.
Tissues include bones, tendons, cornea, skin, heart valves, and veins. Today the number of living organ
donors is more than 6,000 per year. And one in four of these donors aren’t biologically related to the recipient.
By offering a kidney, lobe of a lung, portion of the liver, pancreas, or intestine, living donors offer their loved
one or friend an alternative to waiting on the national transplant waiting list for an organ from a deceased
donor. In addition, organs from deceased donor went down for the first time in 2008. Until then, the number
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of deceased donors had always increased compared to the previous year organ donation

Dr.Sunil Shroff, et al in 1996. Conducted a study which says that since, the legislation in India,
passed an organ transplant act called ‘Transplantation of Human Organ (THO) Act' in 1994, one of the
objective of THO was to clear the decks legally for the development of cadaver based organ transplantation.
There are however few hospital and organization that are working with the objective of putting in place an
effective cadaver transplantation programme and changing social attitude towards organ donation. The act
also talks about donor card, in which a potential donor should carry in case of an emergency, at the same time
for instance Brain dead patient has a donor card but the relative refuse to donate the organ, nothing can be

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done. The result Showed 72% of the population was willing to donate eyes and carry a 'Donor Card',
however less than 50% were willing to consider solid organ donation. 5

According to W H O in (2008) global incidence regarding organ donation were that about one million
organ donors are present and there will be new cases of 63000 kidney transplants operations conducted
annually and at least 2, 00, 000 more people are on a waiting list for these organs, 6

In India 150 to 120 Liver transplants, 100 Heart transplantations, and 3000 to 4000 kidney
transplants annually were performed. Organ failure incidence in kidney’s-(1, 50, 000) Heart (50,000) and
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Liver (1, 00,000) most of such patients require organ transplant respectively.

In Karnataka it is been estimated that 230-240 new patients profiles are registered, out of which 60%
females and 40% males. A survey in 2008,revealed that 50% were willing to consider solid organ
donation.74% of Hindu’s, 72% Christians, 58% muslims were willing to consider organ donation. 4

In 1998, India had 1% of the world’s road vehicles’ and 6% of the world’s road accidents, these
accidents have increased to 10% in 2006. The total number of road accident is approximately 90,000 per
annum and in 2005 Tamilnadu alone reported 13,000 fatal deaths due to road accidents. In nearly 40-50% of
all fatal road accidents in the world, the cause of death is head injury leaving potential organ donors in India
from road traffic accident alone. Other causes of brain death such as sub-arachnoids’ hemorrhage and brain
tumors’ would potentially add more numbers for organ donation. 2

The study by Philippe Le Conte MD, PhD et al in 2010 reveals, that there is a shortage of organs for
transplantation which has led to strategies to recruit older potential donors who may die of stroke. They
included patients who died of a neurologic cause but had no clinical findings affecting their donor status. No
diagnostic procedures were performed to assess brain death a significant number of Patients who die in
emergency departments could be organ donors; However, this Percentage of organ donors may be reduced
due to family Opposition. 7

According to customs and religious beliefs, the large population of orthodox Jews in Israel has
controversial issues on organ donation. The rate of agreement to organ donation is only 45% which is 50%
lower than the rate in most western countries, the percentage of people who hold an organ donation card in
Israel is only 10 %, in western countries the rate is 30-40 %. As a result, there are about 1,000 Israelis
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currently on the “waiting list” for organs, and it is estimated that roughly 10% of them die annually.

In India the last 6 years 35 hospitals in the country have undertaken cadaver organ donation, among
their transplantations Chennai (189), New Delhi (68), Ahmadabad (46), Pune (32), Bangalore (32), Vellore
(22), Mumbai (20) and Coimbatore (12) had performed respectively. However most of them lacked
motivated medical or social workers who could be trained to speak to the relatives in brain death situations.
The number of living donors is on decline according to a new study, the result shows that overall organ
donation has decreased over the last 5 years, going from about 7,000 in 2004 to 6,219 in 2008. The reasons for
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prevention of donation were Medical contraindications, inability to identify a potential organ donor, provide
optimal medical care, the treatment and care of next of kin, fear of body mutilation, images of harassment,
not getting body on time, difficulty in taking decision in a crisis, against once religions, lack of medical
facilities, the attitude of ICU staff towards the process and behavior of the transplant team during organ
recovery.9

According to the study by PH mishra(2006) which states that major reasons for poor performance of
Organ Transplant program is lack of awareness amongst public, Negative attitude and motivation among
medical professionals including staff nurses, has led to poor organ pool. This study demonstrated that
educational programs can enhance nurses' knowledge and commitment to the organ donation process and
ultimately, increase the donation rate. Consequently, it is of great importance for organ procurement units to
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focus on regular training programs for all their healthcare staffs.

The preparation of staff nurses and nursing students for the real world of practice is a significant
enabled through positive role model and attitudes which impact on ward culture. The most crucial act to
increase donation is early identification and optimal medical care occur more frequently when there is a good
positive attitude of the staff nurse and students towards organ donation. This study is aimed to understand and
compare the knowledge and attitude of staff nurses and students regarding organ donation and to provide
information Guide sheet on organ donation in order to enhance their knowledge and to develop positive
attitude since. “We make a living by what we get, but we make a life by what give”.

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6.2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE:

The purpose of the review of literature is to discover what has previously done about the problem to
be studied, what remains to be done, what methods have been employed in other research and how the
results of other research in the area can be combined to develop knowledge. 11

Thus a review of literature can help to clarify a problem, justify research for the proposed problem,
shed light on appropriate methodologies and contribute toward the development of a conceptual frame work.
It can be done before and after selecting the problem. According to Abdullah and Levine, “The material
gathered in the literature review should be created as an integral part of research data, since what is found in
literature not only can have an important influence on formulation of problem and design of research, but also
provide comparative material when the data collected in research is analyzed. 11

López-Montesinos et al, in (2010) conducted a study on Organ donation and transplantation

training for future professional nurses to see their attitudes toward the organ donation Administered for
.questionnaire for 48 students in the third year of nursing who were attending a 32-hour training course about
donation and transplantation. And the results show that the Attitudes toward donation were favorable in 87%
of respondents increasing to 94% after course completion. Before starting the course, 87% believed that there
were not enough transplantable organs available to cover needs compared to 96% after the course. Before the
course, 46% stated that they did not have complete information about the subject. Taking part in the course
has encouraged family discussion about the subject (85% to 90%) and improved knowledge about family
opinions (64% to 83%; P = .031). Attitudes toward living donation did not change after the course. However,
there was an improvement in knowledge of the Spanish organ distribution system. Attitudes toward organ
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donation among third-year nursing students were favorable, after undergoing the training program me.

Ríos A, et al, in (2010) Conducted a study of Living kidney donor (LKD) transplantation provides
better results than deceased donor donation, involving minimum risk for the donor. However, LKD donation
rates are low in most countries. Analyzed attitudes toward LKD in transplant hospitals in Spain, Mexico, and
Cuba. Data were obtained from five transplant hospitals the random sample (2273 employees) was stratified
according to job category. The results shows that 88% (n = 2002) of Spanish, Mexican, and Cuban transplant
hospital personnel were in favor of related LKD and 24% nonrelated LKD (n = 555). Attitudes were more
favorable among centers in Cuba 97% (n = 195), followed by Mexico 88% (n = 793) and by Spain 87% (n =
1014; P < .001). 91% (n = 617) of physicians wherein favor. Attitudes toward LKD in Hispanic/Latin
Transplant Hospitals were favorable and could encourage an increase in LKD in the coming years assuming
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suitable sociopolitical and economic condition, as well as support from nephrologists.

S Radunz et al in, (2010) conducted a study on the persistent shortage of organs for transplantation
could be minimized by increasing the number of potential donors. In 2007, conducted a first voluntary survey

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concerning organ donation among the staff of the university hospital of Essen. A short information campaign
and further opinion poll among staff as well as visitors was performed in 2009 to compare professional and
public attitudes toward organ donation. The first poll comprised 242 questionnaires showing 55% of the
hospital staff carrying organ donor cards, particularly more women (60%) than men (46%). After this survey,
an additional 19% of the hospital staff imagined they might carry an organ donor card in the future. In the
second survey, we analyzed 151 questionnaires, showing 66% of staff members carrying an organ donor card,
an incidence significantly greater than among visitors (48%). The need for information regarding organ
donation was greater among visitors (35%). However, 21% of the hospital staff still also needs education
concerning organ donation. More education and increased transparency of transplantation practice are
necessary for hospital staff to act successfully as initiators. Hospital staff with positive attitudes toward organ
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donation may have a positive impact on the attitudes of the general public toward organ donation.

Golchet G. et al, in (2009) conducted a study of Organ donation provides a second chance for those
who have experienced severe disease or injury. A survey of 200 optometry students at the University
California, Berkeley, School of Optometry was conducted to augment the literature review. Seventy-six
students (38% of those surveyed) completed the survey process. Results of the survey indicated that 64.5% of
who responded was willing to donate body organs, while 31.6% were not. Of those not willing to donate
organs, 11.8% cited religious reasons. Other personal reasons included: fear (4%), respect for the human body
(7.9%), and parental disapproval (6.4%) Only 46.1% of respondents had donation stickers on their driver's
licenses. The literature review and survey indicate that age, religion, culture, personality characteristics,
views on death and mortality, body image, and humanitarian concerns are among the many factors that
influence people's opinion concerning organ donations. Education of the public and health care professionals'
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awareness of the importance of obtaining corneas for donation is crucial to end the shortage of organ donor.

Int J Artif Aghayan, et al, in (2009) conducted a survey on nurses' knowledge and attitudes toward
organ and tissue donation in Iranian Tissue Bank, Tehran, Iran. The objectives were to survey nurses'
knowledge and attitudes toward organ and tissue donation and to examine the effect of having them attend a
workshop on organ donation. A 39-item questionnaire was completed by 66 nurses, before and after
participation in a 1-day organ donation workshop that was held at the Iranian Tissue Bank (in Tehran, Iran).
Questionnaire contained questions regarding knowledge, and 8 questions on attitudes toward organ. : 69.7%
women and 30.3% men participated in this study. The mean score for 16.89 (SD= 3.33)before and 23.76
(SD=1.66) after the workshop (p=0.000). The mean was 4.76 (SD=1.71) before and 5.08 (SD=1.34) after the
workshop (p=0.235). Claimed they were willing to have a donation card only 15.15% actually. This study
demonstrated that educational programs can enhance nurses' knowledge and commitment to the organ
donation process and, ultimately, increase the donation rate. Consequently, it is of great importance for organ
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procurement units to focus on regular training programs for all their healthcare staff.

Martinez-Alarcon L, et al, in (2009) conducted a study as when information is provided to the

general public. in this area because to determine the knowledge of nursing students about the concept of
brain death. A multicenter study that included Nursing Diploma students (n = 721) studying in academic 2005

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and 2006 year at 3 universities in the southeast of Spain. The questionnaires were self-administered and
anonymous. . The questionnaire completion rate was 98% (n = 721). A total of 70% (n = 508) of students
correctly understood the concept of brain death; 27% (n = 193) had doubts; 3% (n = 20) believed a person
with brain death could recover to lead a normal life. Knowledge was greater among final year than first year
students (81% vs. 59%; P = .000).However, knowledge was not related to their university or their attitude
87% (n = 630) believed it would be interesting to receive a talk about brain death and its relationship to
ODT. : Thirty percent of nursing students did not know or had doubts about the concept of brain death. It is
therefore important to take this group into account in information campaigns to improve training of these
future professionals. 17

Rodríguez-Villar et al, in (2009) conducted a study on Attitude of health professionals toward

cadaveric tissue donation. A positive attitude toward organ donation would be expected among health
professionals from transplant centers with active donor activities. An anonymous survey composed of 23
questions was given to health professionals. : Among 600 distributed questionnaires, 514 completely
answered surveys .Gender distribution was 399 females/115 males of ages ranging from 18-65 years, namely
18-28 years, 27%; 29-39 years, 31%; 40-50 years, 32%; and 51-65 years, 10%. Among the sample, 31% of
health professionals had never been in contact with a transplant recipient. In this study 99.4% had knowledge
about cadaveric organ donation compare with 89.7% about tissue donation. The knowledge about various
types of tissue donation was as follows: eye, 96%; musculoskeletal, 87%; skin, 72%, and cardiovascular,
67%. In the sample, 93% and 92% accepted the opportunity to receive an organ or tissue transplantation,
respectively Participant acceptance of a relative's tissue donation was 74%, refusal was 22%, and with doubts
was 4%. Insufficient knowledge about cadaveric tissue was demonstrated among health professionals more
exposed to the donation process. These results highlighted the importance of health professional's education to
facilitate public information about organ and tissue donation. 18

Shabanzadeh Ap, et al, in (2009) conducted a study of Organ and tissue donation knowledge among
intensive care unit nurses. Increased cadaveric donation may be achieved by improving medical staff
education to enhance consent rates. This study was designed to examine the critical items that influence nurse
knowledge regarding the concepts of brain death and the attitudes toward cadaveric donor renal
transplantation. . A 31-item questionnaire was distributed to 418 nurses in 24 intensive care units (ICUs)
302 women and 116 men participated in this study. Their mean age was 31.98 years (range = 22-55 years).
256 (61.2%) of them were married. Three hundred sixteen (75.6%) expressed favorable attitudes regarding
cadaveric donation. The major reason for their consent was humanity, and the major reason for their
disagreement was "body respect." Of the 418 nurses, 105 (25.1%) stated positive attitudes toward living
kidney donation. It was observed that the relatively high rate of misinterpretation of the brain-death concept
among respondents negatively affected nurses’ attitudes toward cadaveric renal transplant. It was concluded
that the "concept of brain death “and the "preferences of transplant over other treatment modalities" are the
two items that need further attention in educational programs for nurses. 19

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 Vincent JL, et al, in (2009) conducted a study Non-heart-beating donors: an inquiry to ICU nurses
in a Belgian university hospital. by .Demand for organs for transplantation continues to be greater than
supply. On-heart-beating donation (NHBD) has been reintroduced to reverse this trend. This study
determined the attitudes and feelings of nursing staff in a department of intensive care with an established
NHBD program. Despite several educational sessions, only 3% of the nurses thought they were adequately
informed about NHBD. 38% of nurses were less comfortable with NHBD than with brain death organ
donation. NHBD is an ethically controversial area but one that can improve organ availability for
transplantation. Adequate education, ongoing audit, and full transparency are needed in units that use NHBD.
20

Thomas SL, et al, in (2009) conducted a study of Understanding organ donation in the collaborative
era: a qualitative study of staff and family experiences. Identify whether the in Australia had any additional
influence on in the organ donation process. IN-depth qualitative interviews with 17 family members 13
families who had agreed to the organ donation of a deceased relative and 25 nurses and intensive care
specialists at the Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria were carried out. Decision to donate was prior.
Although most family members did not regret their decision to donate, many were deeply dis-satistified and,
at times, confused by the technical and administrative nature of the donation process. Most staff members
commented that the key community message about donation should be to encourage people to discuss
donation rather than urging people to sign donor registers. This study identified valuable insights into the
processes by which family members and intensive care unit staff deal with the actual processes of donation.
Findings suggest that the process for families is far more complex than a simple agreement or refusal to
donate. This study suggests that we should not assume that 'rates' donation in Australia would increase merely
through administrative programmers or marketing campaigns. 21

Daniel Xavier Lima, et al, in (2006) conducted a study Live donor kidney transplantation is a
procedure conducted with proven efficacy and safety for its recipients, although the post-operative outcome of
the donors has been subjected to little investigation. This study assessed 100 donors (34 men and 66 women)
for kidney transplants conducted at the Hospital of Clinics of the Federal University of Minas Gera is, Brazil
in a post-operative period longer than 2 years. The quality of life evaluation was performed according to the
SF-36 health survey. The quality of life of donors, especially female ones, was equal to or higher than the
quality of life of the control group with respect to all the parameters of the short-form health survey. The main
complaints dissatisfaction with the medical service (31%) and with the aspect of the scar (24%). Six percent
of the donors regretted the donation and the relationship of 13% of the donors with the recipient of the
transplant deteriorated. The rates of overweight and obesity were larger than the Brazilian people averages.
The frequency of arterial hypertension did not differ from the average of the Brazilian population, although
half of these patients did not previously know their blood pressure levels. The quality of life of kidney donors
was not different than it was for the healthy individuals of the community, although there were variations
8
among donor subgroups. There was dissatisfaction related to the medical service and over the surgical scar, in
addition to prevalence of obesity and arterial hypertension above the expectancy. 22

Kerri Barber et al, in (2006) conducted a study of contra indication of organ donation to determine
the true potential for solid organ donation from deceased heart beating donors and the reasons for non-
donation from potential donors. An audit of all deaths in intensive care units carried out for, 1 April 2003 to
31 March 2005. The study was hierarchic, in that information was sought on whether or not brain stem testing
was carried out; if so, whether or not organ donation was considered; if so whether or not the next of kin were
approached; if so, whether or not consent was given; if so, whether or not organ donation took place. For the
study 341 intensive care units in 284 hospitals in the United Kingdom. Were selected 46 801 dead patients,
leading to 2740 potential heart beating solid organ donors and 1244 actual donors were consider . Over the
two years of the study, 41% of the families of potential donors denied consent. The refusal rate for families of
potential donors from ethnic minorities was twice that for white potential donors, but the age and sex of the
potential donor did not affect the refusal rate. In 15% of families of potential donors there was no record of
the next of kin being approached for permission for organ donation. 23

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6.3 Objectives:
 Assess the knowledge and attitude of staff nurses regarding organ donation.

 Assess the knowledge and attitude of nursing students regarding organ donation.

 Compare the knowledge and attitude of staff nurses and Nursing students regarding organ donation.

 Find the association between the knowledge and attitude among staff nurses and nursing students
regarding organ donation with selected socio - demographic variables.

 Develop an Information Guide Sheet regarding organ donation based on knowledge scores.

6.4 Assumptions:-

 Nursing students may have more knowledge regarding organ donation

 Staff nurses may have positive attitudes regarding organ donation

6.5 Operational definitions:

Assess:

Refers to estimate the knowledge among staff nurses and nursing students regarding organ donation.

Knowledge:

The information that the staff nurses and nursing students have regarding organ donation as evidenced
by the number of correct responses to the items in the structured questionnaire.

Attitude:

Refers to positive or negative views of a staff nurses and nursing students regarding organ donation.

Organ Donation:

Process of removal and transplantation of viable organ from donor to recipient.

Staff Nurse:

Refers to an individual who has qualified degree/ diploma in Nursing and is presently working in
any hospital.

Nursing Student:

Refers to an individual who is doing her or his fourth year Baccalaureate of Science in nursing.

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7. Materials and methods:-

7.1 Sources of data:

Data will be collected from Staff nurses and nursing students at selected Hospitals and Colleges,
Bangalore.

7.2 Method of collecting data:

7.2.1 Inclusion and Exclusion criteria:-

Inclusion criteria:
 Staff nurses who are working in the selected hospitals at Bangalore.
 Student who are in their 4th year Bsc Nursing at selected colleges, Bangalore.
 Staff nurses and students who are willing to participate in the study

Exclusion criteria:-
 Staff nurses and students who are not willing to participate,
 Who are not available at the time of data collection,
7.2.2 Research Design:
Non experimental Descriptive comparative Design

7.2.3 Settings:
Selected hospitals and colleges, Bangalore

7.2.4 Sampling technique:

Convenient Sampling

7.2.5 Sample size:

50 staff nurses and 50 nursing students

7.2.6 Tool of research:

Structured Questionnaire to assess Knowledge and Modified Likert scale to assess Attitude are
administered among the staff nurses and nursing students

7.2.7 COLLECTION OF DATA:

The investigator collects the data from the staff nurses and nursing students. Sample will be selected
based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Structured knowledge (self administered) questionnaire and Likert
scale regarding organ donation will be given to the sample. Comparisons of the knowledge scores and attitude

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of the staff nurses and nursing students will be done. An information guide sheet will be developed and
distributed based on the results.

7.2.8 METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION:

 Descriptive and Inferential Statistics

a) Descriptive statistics:

The investigator will use descriptive statistical techniques like frequency, mean, mode and
percentile and standard deviation for data analysis and analyzed data will be presented in the form of
tables, diagrams, and graphs based on the findings.

b) Inferential statistics:

Test of significance such as paired‘t’ test and chi square test will be used depending on the results
obtained.

7.3 Does the study require any investigation or intervention to be conducted on patient or
human beings or animals? If so please describe briefly?

No

7.2 Has ethical clearance has been obtained from your institution in case of 7.3
Administrative permission and ethical clearance with regard to the study will be obtained from the
Institutions and samples. Prior to conducting the study.

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8. LIST OF REFERENCES

1. Jesús Villar, et al, Critical care medicine in the 21st century: CPR to PCR critical care 2001; 5(3) :

125-130.

2. www. Organdonor.gov/terms.htm –

3. www.medvoy.com/provider/Apollo-hospital/.../dr.subash-gupta - United States

4. www.ebookbyte.com/.../Stem%20Cells,%20Human%20Embryos%20&%20Ethics%20-

%20Interdisciplinary%20Perspectives%20.

5. Dr.Sunil Shroff, S, et al legislation in India, entitled, 'Transplantation of Human Organ vol.16,

No,1(2004-01-2004-06)

6. WHO Guiding, Principles on human cell, tissue and organ transplantation, Annexed to

[http://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/A62/A62_15-en.pdf] World Health Organization, 2008.

7. Philippe Le Conte MD, PhD Identification of potential organ donors of advanced age in EDs. 2010

American Journals, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.

8. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_transplantation_in_Israel –

9. www.medindia.net/articles/article5print.htm -

10. PH Mishra, et al legislation in India, entitled, 'Transplantation of Human Organ vol.16, No,1(2004-

01-2004-06)

11. Burns Nancy and Grove Susan. Nursing Reseach,4th Edition. Elserier publishers 2002.

12. Lopiza-montesinos M J, et al, Attitudes towards living kidney donation and transplantation training

for future professional nurses as a health and social awareness policy.2010 Jan-Feb;42(1):239-42

13. Ríos A, López-Navas A,et al, Attitudes toward living kidney donation in transplant hospitals: a

Spanish, Mexican, and Cuban multicenter study. 2010 Jan-Feb;42(1):228-32.

14. Radunz S, et al, Attitude of health care professionals to organ donation: two surveys among the staff

of a German university hospital. 2010 Jan-Feb; 42(1):126-9.

15. Golchet G et al. Organ donation provides a second chance for those who have experienced severe

disease or injury 2009 Mar 13 03:46:54

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16. Int J Artif Aghayan HR, Organ donation workshop - a survey on nurses' knowledge and attitudes

toward organ and tissue donation in Iran. Organs. 2009 Oct;32(10):739-44.

17. Martínez-Alarcón L,Do nursing students understand the meaning of brain death. 2009 Jul-

Aug;41(6):2060-3.

18. Rodríguez-Villar C,Attitude of health professionals toward cadaveric tissue donation.,2009 Jul-

Aug;41(6):2064-6.

19. Shabanzadeh AP,et al. Organ and tissue donation knowledge among intensive care unit nurses. 2009

Jun;41(5):1480-2.

20. Vincent JL, Maetens Y,et al Non-heart-beating donors: an inquiry to ICU nurses in a belgian

university hospital 2009 Mar;41(2):579-81.

21. Thomas SL, Milnes S,et al, Understanding organ donation in the collaborative era: a qualitative study

of staff and family experiences.2009 Sep;39(9):588-94. Epub 2008 Nov 3.

22. Daniel Xavier Lima, Dwight Kroening first heart transplant to do ironman Retrieved 27 August 2008.

Artif Organs. 2006 Aug;30(8):626-9.

23. Kerri Barber,et al, Potential for organ donation in the United Kingdom: audit of intensive care records

2006 May 13; 332(7550): 1124–1127.

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9. Signature of the candidate :

10. Remarks of the Guide : This descriptive study is appropriate as it attempts

to compare the knowledge and attitude of staff
nurses and nursing students regarding Organ
Donation.
11. Name and Designation of :

11.1. Guide : Mrs. Padmavathi.S,

Asso. Professor,
Mallige Institute of Nursing,
Sector II, HMT Post, Bangalore 13.
11.2 Signature :

11.3 Co-guide : Mrs.Mariam Jaisy G,

Asst. Professor,
Mallige Institute of Nursing,
Sector II, HMT Post, Bangalore 13.
11.4 Signature :

11.5 Head of the Department : Mrs.Padmavathi.S,

Asso. Professor,
Mallige Institute of Nursing,
Sector II, H.M.T Post, Bangalore 13.

12. Remarks of the

Chairman/Principal :

12.1 Signature :

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