Lecture - 05

IC Engines

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 Engine Performance Parameters

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Engine Performance Parameters
 Indicated thermal efficiency (ηith)

 Brake thermal efficiency (ηbth)

 Mechanical efficiency (ηm)

 Volumetric efficiency (ηv)

 Fuel-air ratio (F/A)
 Relative efficiency or Efficiency ratio (ηrel)
 Air-fuel ratio (A/F)
 Mean effective pressure (pm)
 Calorific value of fuel (CV)
 Mean piston speed (sp)

 Specific power output (Ps)

 Specific fuel consumption (s f c)

 Inlet valve Mach index (Z)

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Energy Flow of System

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Efficiencies

𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝒊𝒑
𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 (η𝒊𝒕𝒉 ) = =
𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑖𝑛 𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑬

𝐵𝑟𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝒃𝒑
𝐵𝑟𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 (η𝒃𝒕𝒉 ) = =
𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑖𝑛 𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑬

𝐵𝑟𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝒃𝒑 𝒃𝒑
𝑀𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 η𝒎 = = =
𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝒊𝒑 𝒃𝒑 + 𝒇𝒑

𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦

𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 η𝒓𝒆𝒍 =
𝐴𝑖𝑟 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑐𝑛𝑦

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Efficiencies

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Volumetric Efficiency

 Volumetric efficiency is a ratio or percentage of what quantity of air enters actually the
cylinders during suction process to the actual capacity of the cylinder under static
conditions.

 Your engine will not use the full volume 100% because of friction losses and leakage.

 Volumetric efficiency above 100% can be reached by using forced supercharging or

turbocharging.

 Remember more air means that more fuel can be burnt and more power can be derived
from the same stroke.

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Volumetric Efficiency

𝒎𝒂
η𝒗 =
𝝆𝒂 𝑽𝒅

𝒏. 𝒎𝒂ሶ
η𝒗 =
𝝆𝒂 . 𝑽𝒅 . 𝑵

𝒎𝒂 = Mass of air into the engine (or cylinder) for one cycle
𝒎𝒂ሶ = Steady state flow of air into the engine
𝝆𝒂 = Air density evaluated at atmospheric conditions outside the engine
𝑽𝒅 = Displacement volume
N = Engine speed
n = Number of revolutions per cycle

 Remember that irrespective of whether your engine is CI, SI or even gas engine for
that matter, the volumetric rate of flow of air is to be considered only.

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Mean Effective Pressure

𝒑𝒊𝒎 . 𝑳. 𝑨. 𝒏. 𝑲
i𝒑 =
𝟔𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎

𝒊𝒑 = Indicated power [kW]

𝒑𝒊𝒎 = Indicated mean effective pressure [N/m2 ]
L = Length of the stroke [m]
A = Area of the piston [m2]
N = Speed in revolutions per minute [rpm]
n = Number of strokes N/2 (4S) & N (2S)
K = Number of cylinder

i𝒑 . 𝟔𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝒑𝒊𝒎 =
𝑳. 𝑨. 𝒏. 𝑲

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Performance Parameters
i𝒑 . 𝟔𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝑰𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒏 𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆 = 𝒑𝒊𝒎 =
𝑳. 𝑨. 𝒏. 𝑲

𝒃𝒑 . 𝟔𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝑩𝒓𝒂𝒌𝒆 𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒏 𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆 = 𝒑𝒃𝒎 =
𝑳. 𝑨. 𝒏. 𝑲

𝒊𝒑 = Indicated power [kW]

𝒑𝒊𝒎 = Indicated mean effective pressure [N/m2 ]
L = Length of the stroke [m]
A = Area of the piston [m2]
N = Speed in revolutions per minute [rpm]
n = Number of strokes N/2 (4S) & N (2S)
K = Number of cylinder

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Mean Piston Speed

𝑺𝒑 = 𝟐. 𝑳. 𝑵

L = Length of the stroke [m]

N = Crank speed in revolutions per minute [rpm]

 An important parameter for correlating engine behavior as a function of speed.

 Resistance to air inflow and inertia due to moving parts restrict the value of this
parameter to within 5-20m/s.

 Higher end values for automobiles and lower end values for large diesel units (marine,
industry).

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Torque and Power

𝑾𝒃 = 𝟐𝝅𝝉

𝑽𝒅. 𝒃𝒎𝒆𝒑
𝑾𝒃 =
𝒏
𝒃𝒎𝒆𝒑 . 𝑽𝒅
𝝉=
𝟐𝝅𝒏

n = no of revolutions per cycle

n=1 (2-stroke cycle)
n=2 (4-stroke cycle)

𝒃𝒎𝒆𝒑 . 𝑽𝒅
𝝉=
𝟐𝝅
𝒃𝒎𝒆𝒑 . 𝑽𝒅
𝝉=
𝟒𝝅

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Calorific Value (CV)

Calorific value of a is the thermal energy released per unit quantity of the fuel when the
fuel is burning completely and the products of combustion are cooled back to the initial
temperature of the combustible mixture.

When water vapors resulting from the combustion process are condensed, the heating
value so obtained is called the higher or gross calorific value.

Lower or net calorific value.

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Air/Fuel or Fuel/Air Ratio
 A mixture which contains just enough air for complete combustion of all the fuel in the
mixture is chemically correct or stoichiometric fuel-air ratio.

 A mixture having more fuel than the chemically correct mixture is termed as rich
mixture.

 Similarly, a mixture that contain less fuel or more air is called a lean mixture.

𝑨𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝒇𝒖𝒆𝒍 − 𝒂𝒊𝒓 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐

𝝋=
𝑺𝒕𝒐𝒊𝒄𝒉𝒊𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄 𝒇𝒖𝒍 − 𝒂𝒊𝒓 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐

𝝋 = 1 means stoichiometric (chemically correct) mixture

𝝋 < 1 means lean mixture (>19 is too lean)
𝝋 > 1 means rich mixture (<6 is too rich to sustain combustion)

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Air/Fuel or Fuel/Air Ratio

 These ratios are critical for combustion and efficiency of engine standpoints.

 In a SI engine, the fuel air ratio remains practically constant over a wide range of
operations (15:1).

 In a CI engine, at a given speed, the air flow does not vary with the load; rather, the
fuel flow varies directly with load. Therefore the term fuel-air ratio is considered rather
than the air fuel ratio.

 For CI Engines range is 18-70

 For SI engines ranges is 12-18

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Specific Fuel Consumption

𝑭𝒖𝒆𝒍 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒖𝒎𝒑𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕 𝑻𝒊𝒎𝒆

𝒔𝒇𝒄 =
𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓

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 Any Questions?

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